Physical education and sports for cwsn class XII-UNIT 4 PPT

Physical education and sports for cwsn class XII-UNIT 4 PPT

1. Lesson -4 Physical Education and Sports for CWSN

2. Disability Disorder Meaning Disability is a disadvantage that restricts the functions or movements of a person Disorder is the disruption caused to the normal functions of a person. Parts Affected Disability Is often associated with body parts. Disorder Is often associated with mental competency Types Partial disability, complete disability, etc. Anxiety disorder, psychological disorder etc . Disability and Disorder

3. Types of Disability Cognitive Disability: Cognitive disability is a term used when a person has certain limitations in mental functioning and in skills such as communicating, taking care of him or herself, and social skills. These limitations will cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than a typical child. Children with cognitive disabilities may take longer to learn to speak, walk, and take care of their personal needs such as dressing or eating. They are likely to have trouble learning in school. There may be some things they cannot learn. A cognitive disability may be deemed to be mild, moderate or severe depending on the student’s level of intellectual functioning. Generally individuals having this type of disability have following symptoms: (a) Memory Disorder : Memory disorders are the result of damage to neuro-anatomiCal structures that hinders the storage, retention and recollection of memories. (b) Hyperactivity : it is characterized by difficulty paying attention, excessive activity, or difficulty controlling behavior which is not appropriate for a person’s age (c) Dyslexia : Dyslexia Is a type of specific learning disorder (sometimes called specific learning difference, difficulty or disability) that makes it difficult for children to read, write and spell. It is a language-based learning problem.

4. 2. Intellectual or Learning Disability: The term intellectual or learning disability generally refers to a reduced capacity of a person to learn tasks or process information. An intellectual disability is characterized by an IQ below 70 (the median lQ is 100), and significant difficulty with daily living such as self-care ,safety, communication, and socialization. People with an intellectual disability may process Information more slowly than others, have difficulty communicating and managing daily living kills, and also have difficulty with abstract concepts such as money and time. A learning disability may make it difficult for a person to take in information and communicate what they know. Learning difficulties can Cause difficulties in reading, writing or mathematics . An Intellectual disability may be caused by a genetic Condition, problems during pregnancy and birth, health problems or Illness, and environmental factors. Physical disability: A physical disability is the one that affects a person’s mobility. A person with a physical disability may need to use some sort of equipment for assistance with mobility. ft Includes people who have lost limbs or who, because of the shape of their body, require s1ht adaptations to be made to enable them to participate fully in society. Physical disabilities include injury or damage to the spinal cord, neck, varying degrees of loss of limb etc.

5. Other forms of physical disabilities include: (a) Locomotor disability : It includes persons with leprosy cerebral palsy, dwarfism, muscular dystroph, acid attack victims. ( b) Visual impairment : It includes person with blindness, low-vision, limitation of the field of vision. (c) Hearing Impairment: It includes deaf persons, hard of hearing. Hearing loss limits person’s awareness of environmental sounds and spoken language, limiting nor-r Language development and academic achievement. 4 . Psychiatric disabilities : A psychiatric disability (or mental illness) can develop at arty age a is often not apparent to other people. Mental illness is a general term for a group of illness that affect the mind or brain. These illnesses, which include bipolar disorder, depression schizophrenia, anxiety and personality disorders, affect the way a person thinks, feels and acts. A person with a mental health condition may experience difficulty concentrating. which can sometimes be a result of medication.

6. CAUSES OF DISABILITIES The major causes of disabling impairments are as under: 1. Diseases : Disease is a sickness of the body or the mind, which can strike almost any part of the body. It can also affect a person’s mental and emotional health. Certain nerve diseases may result In blindness, deafness, and lack of coordination. Cerebral palsy is a disorder that damages the brain before, during, or after birth. Depending on what part of the brain is damaged, cerebral palsy can cause speech problems, mental retardation, muscular weakness, or involuntary movements of the arms and legs. 2. Malnutrition : Malnutrition is a harmful condition caused by poor intake, absorption or use nutrients by the body. Symptoms of malnutrition include cramps, diarrhea, weakness. and weight loss. Primary malnutrition results when the body does not get enough food or the right kinds of food. 3. Poison and pesticides : The women who are exposed to chemicals in the fields or factories without the proper knowledge of using them while they are pregnant are more likely to have kids with birth defects. Smoking or chewing tobacco, breathing smoke, and drinking alcohol during pregnancy can also harm a child before it is born. Accidents in factories can release Poisons into the air, water, or ground, causing terrible health problems. including permanent disabilities. 4. Accidents : Violence, conflict and traffic and occupational accidents cause injuries, which also lead to disability. Accidents cause a wide range of handicaps, including spinal damage and loss of limbs. 5. Addictions : Use of addictive substances such as alcohol, opium, LSD may lead to disability.

7. 6. Mental Disorders : Mental health diseases such as depression, mania, bipolar disorder etc. can lead to disabilities of varying types. 7. Poverty : Poor people are at the most risk because they live In unhygienic environment with Poor sanitation. They usually have limited or no access to proper nutrition education and Clean drinking water. This predisposes them to diseases and disabilities due to those diseases.

8. TYPE OF DISORDER ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISOROER(ADHD) It is a group of behavioral symptoms Including hyperactivity, Impulsiveness and inattentiveness. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed mental disorder of children. Children with ADHD may be hyperactive and unable to control their impulses or they may have trouble paying attention. It’s usually discovered during the early school years, when a child begins to have problems paying attention. Those who have ADHD, have the additional challenge of being hyperactive (inappropriately active for their age). In a constant physical whirl of unfocussed activity, they dart from here to there. Critically hampering their ability to achieve goals this variant of attention disorder can cause problems in family, school and social life. It can place great stress on parents. siblings, friends, teachers, and others closely connected with the child.

9. Symptoms of ADHD in Children. The primary symptoms of ADHD are as follow: 1. Self-focused behavior : A common sign of ADHD is an Inability to recognize other people’s needs and desires. A child with ADHD may Interrupt other people when they’re talking. They may have trouble waiting their turn for classroom activities or when playing games with other children. 2. Emotional turmoil : A child with ADHD may have difficulty keeping emotions in check. They may have outbursts of anger at inappropriate times. Younger children may have temper tantrums. 3. Fidgetiness : Children with ADHD often can’t sit still. They may try to get up and run around, fidget, or squirm in their chair when forced to sit. 4. Unfinished tasks : A child with ADHD may show interest in lots of different things, but they may have problems finishing them. For example, they may start projects, chores, or homework, but move on to the next thing that catches their interest before finishing. 5. Lack of focus : A child with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, even when someone is speaking directly to them. They’ll say they heard you, but they won’t be able to repeat back to you what you just said. 6. Mistakes : Children with ADHD have difficulty following instructions that require planning of executing a plan. This can then lead to careless mistakes, but it doesn’t indicate laziness or a lack of intelligence.

10. 7. Daydreams : Children With ADHD aren’t always rambunctions and loud. Another sign of ADHD is quieter and less involved than other kids, A child with ADHD may stare into space, daydream, and ignore what’s going on around them. 8. Forgetfulness : Children with ADHD are often forgetful They usually forget about their daily activities. 9. Extreme Talkativeness: A child with ADHD is usually very talkative. They like to keep speaking. 10. Short Attention Span : A child with ADHD is quite easily distractible They have short attention span and usually make careless mistakes. Symptoms In Adults 1. Restlessness and anxiety – Anxiety is a very common symptom of adult ADHD as the mind tends to replay worrisome events repeatedly. This leads to restlessness and often causes anxiety attacks. 2. Lack of motivation : A dults with ADHD have poor organisational skills and therefore keep postponing their work. This lack of motivation makes it difficult for them to finish projects or their work 3. Poor self-Image : Adults with ADHD are often hypercritical of themselves which can lead to a poor self image. 4. Emotional problems: Adults with ADHD have frequent mood swings. Small frustrations often seem intolerable or bring on depression.

11. 5. Impulsive behavior : Adults with ADHD tend to be very impulsive. This manifests as being f socially inappropriate, interrupting others during conversation, rushing through tasks etc. 6. Disorganisation : Life Is often chaotic for adults with ADHD due to poor organisational skills. 7. Time Management Problems : Adults with ADHD often have trouble using their time effectively. They may keep postponing Important tasks, show up late for important events etc. Causes of ADHD The exact cause of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) isn’t fully understood, although a combination of factors is thought to be responsible. 1 . Genetics : Attention disorders often run in families, so there are likely to be genetic influences. Studies indicate that 25 percent of the close relatives in the families of ADHD children also have ADHO, whereas the rate is about 5 percent in the general population. Many studies of twins now show that a strong genetic influence exists in the disorder. 2. Smoking and Alcohol: Studies have shown a possible correlation between the use of cigarettes and alcohol during pregnancy and risk for ADHD in the offspring of that pregnancy. 3. Disorder and Brain Injury : Some children who have suffered accidents leading to brain Injury may show some signs of behavior similar to that of ADHD.

12. 4 . Food Additives and Sugar : The symptoms of ADHD get worse by sugar or food additives. It was found that diet restrictions helped about 5 percent of children with ADHD, mostly young children who had food allergies. Other possible causes Various other causes have also been suggested as playing a role In the development of ADHD. including: Being born prematurely (before the 37th week of pregnancy). (ii) Having a low birth weight. (iii Brain damage either In the womb or in the first few years of life. (iv) Birth injuries or birth trauma.

13. SENSORY PROCESSING DISORDER (SPD) Sensory processing disorder is a condition in which the brain has trouble receiving and responding to information that comes In through the senses. In this condition, sensory signals don’t get organised into appropriate responses. People with SPD find it difficult to process sensory information (e.g. sound, touch and movement) from the world around them. This means that they may feel sensory input more or less intensely than other people. These people are oversensitive to things in their environment. They misinterpret everyday sensory information, such as touch, sound and movement. Common sounds may be painful or overwhelming. Symptoms of SPD 1. Sensory processing disorder may affect one sense, like hearing, touch, or taste. Or It may affect multiple senses. 2. People can be over- or under-responsive to the things they have difficulties with. 3. In some children, for example, the sound of a leaf blower outside the window may cause them to vomit or dive under the table. They may scream when touched. But others seem unresponsive to anything around them. They may fail to respond to extreme heat or cold or even pain. 4. Many children with sensory processing disorder often don’t handle change well. They may frequently throw tantrums or have meltdowns.

14. Causes of Sensory Processing Disorder 1. Genetics : Children born to adults who have Autism, Aspergers, PDD, or other spectrum disorders (which are neurologically based too) are at higher risk for developing SPD. 2. Abnormal brain activity : Children with sensory processing problems have abnormal brain activity when they are simultaneously exposed to light and sound. 3. Neurological Disorders : Children who suffer fragile X Syndrome, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, Down Syndrome, ADD/ADHD and other developmental delays and neurological disorders may have SPD. 4. Drug addiction : If mother was a drug addict during fetal development, then the child have a higher risk of suffering from SPD. 5. Improper stimulation : Children who do not receive proper, or enough, stimulation to all senses during development may suffer from SPD. 6. Environmental factors : Children who have been exposed to a variety of environmental toxins like lead, mercury, polyvinyl chloride etc. are at higher risk. 7 . Low birth weight: It also considered as one of causes of SPD.

15. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASO) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological and developmental disorder that begins early In Childhood and lasts throughout a person’s life. It affects how a person acts and Interacts with others, communicates, and learns. People with ASD have difficulty with communication and interaction with other people, restricted interests and repetitive behaviours, symptoms that hurt the person’s ability to function properly in school, work, and other areas of life. It is called a “spectrum” disorder because people with ASD can have range of symptoms. People with ASD might have problems talking with you, or they might not look you in the eye when you talk to them. They may also have restricted interests and repetitive behaviours. They may spend a lot of time putting things In order, or they may say the same sentence again and again. They may often seem to be in their own world. Symptoms Parents or doctors may first identify ASD behaviours In infants and toddlers. There are two main types of behaviours: “restricted / repetitive behaviours” and “social communication I interaction behaviours” Restrictive / repetitive behaviours may include: (1) Repeating certain behaviours or having unusual behaviours. (ii) Having overly focused interests, such as with moving objects or parts of objects. (iii) Having a lasting, intense interest in certain topics. such as numbers, details, or facts.

16. Social communication / interaction behaviours may include: (I) Getting upset by a slight change In a routine or being placed in a new or overly stimulating setting. (ii) Making little or inconsistent eye contact. (iii) Responding fl an unusual way when others show anger, distress, or affection. (iv) Failing to respond to someone calling their name or other verbal attempts to gain attention. (v) Often talking at length about a favorite subject without noticing that others are not interested or without giving others a chance to respond. (vi) Having facial expressions movements, and gestures that do not match what is being said. (vii) Having an unusual tone of voice that may sound sing song or flat and robot like. People with ASD may have other difficulties, such as being very sensitive to light, noise, clothing, or temperature. They may also experience sleep problems digestion problems and irritability. Causes of ASD The exact cause of ASD Is unknown, but it’s thought that several complex genetic. biologic and environmental factors are involved. 1. Genetic : There is a reason to believe that genes play a major role in the development of autism. Sometimes1 parents or other relatives of an autistic child have mild social impairments, (such as repetitive behaviours and social or communication problems) that look very much like autism. Some emotional disorders (such as manic depression) occur more often in families of a child with autism.

17. 2. Biological : In a few cases, autistic behaviour is caused by the following biological problems: ( i ) Rubella (German measles) in the pregnant mother. (ii) Tuberous sclerosis (a rare genetic disorder that causes benign tumors to grow n the brain as well as in other vital organs). (iii) Fragile X syndrome (the most common inherited form of intellectual disability). (iv) Encephalitis (brain inflammation). (v) Untreated phenylketonuria (PKU) — when the body lacks an enzyme needed for normal metabolism. 3. Environmental : Other potential causes of autism are environmental toxins, including pesticides and heavy metals such as mercury. It may be that people with autism or those at higher risk for developing it are more sensitive than others to these toxins.

18. OPPOSITIONAL DEFIANT DISORDER (ODD) Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) Is a type of behaviour disorder. It is mostly diagnosed in childhood. Children with ODD are uncooperative, defiant, and hostile toward peers. parents, teachers, and other authority figures. They are more troubling to others than they are to themselves. The child’s behaviour often disrupts the child’s normal daily activities, including activities within the family and at school. Many children and teens with ODD also have other behavioural problems, such as attention deficit disorder, learning disabilities, mood disorders (such as depression), and anxiety disorders. Symptoms of ODD may include: ( i ) Throwing repeated temper tantrums. (ii) Excessively arguing with adults, especially those with authority. (iii) Actively refusing to comply with requests and rules. (iv) Deliberately trying to annoy or upset others, or being easily annoyed by others. (v) Having frequent outbursts of anger and resentment. (vi) Being spiteful and seeking revenge. (vii) Swearing or using obscene language. (viii) Saying mean and hateful things when upset.

19. causes 1. Biological : Defects in or injuries to certain areas of the brain can lead to serious behaviour problems In children. In addition, ODD has been linked to abnormal functioning of certain types of brain chemicals, or neurotransmitters. 2. Genetics : Many children and With ODD have close family members with mental illness, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders and Personality disorders. This suggests that a vulnerability to develop ODD may be inherited. 3. Environmental : Factors such as a dysfunctional family life, a family history of mental illness, and/or substance abuse, and Inconsistent discipline by parents may Contribute to the development of behaviour disorders. 4. Physical Factors: ODD Symptoms have been linked to abnormal amounts of neurotransmitters which are brain chemicals. When an Imbalance occurs between level of these chemicals the messages are not communicated properly with other parts of brain causing symptoms of ODD.

20. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic and long lasting disorder In which, a person has uncontrollable repetitive thoughts and behaviours they cannot control. The anxiety (nervousness) produced by these thoughts leads to an urgent need to perform certain rituals or routines (compulsions) again and again. people with OCD may be aware that their obsessions and compulsions are senseless or unrealistic, but they cannot stop them. Symptoms of OCD The symptoms of OCD, which are the obsessions and compulsions, may vary. 1. Common obsessions include: (I) Fear of dirt or contamination by germs. (ii) Fear of causing harm to another. (iii) Fear of making a mistake. (iv) Fear of being embarrassed or behaving In a socially unacceptable manner. (v) Need for order, symmetry or exactness. (vi) Excessive doubt and the need for constant reassurance

21. 1. Common compulsions include: (a) Repeatedly bathing, showering, or washing hands. (b) Refusing to shake hands or touch doorknobs. (c) Repeatedly checking things, such as locks or stoves. (d) Constant counting, mentally or aloud, while performing routine tasks. (e) Constantly arranging things in a certain way. (I) Eating foods in a specific order. (g) Being stuck on words, images or thoughts. (h) Needing to perform tasks a certain number of times. ( i ) Collecting or hoarding items with no apparent value. Causes OF OCD 1. Biological Factors : OCD symptoms can sometimes get passed on from parents to children. This means the biological vulnerability to develop OCD may sometimes be inherited. A link between a certain type of infection caused by the Streptococcus been found. This Infection, If recurrent and untreated may lead to the development, and other disorders in children.

22. 2. Environmental Factors : There arc environmental Stressors that can trigger OCD in people with a tendency toward developing the Condition. Certain environmental factors may also cause a worsening of symptoms, These factors include: (I) Abuse (ii) Changes in living situation (iii) Illness (iv) Death of a loved one (v) Work or school-related changes or problems (vi) Relationship concerns

23. DISABILITY ETIQUETTES Etiquettes for Communicating with People with Disabilities 1. Avoid asking personal questions about someone’s disability. 2. Be considerate of the extra time It might take for a person to do or say something. 3. Use a normal tone of voice when welcoming a person with disability. 4. When talking with a person with a disability, speak directly to that person rather than through a companion or sign language Interpreter. 5. When introduced to a person with a disability, it Is appropriate to offer person cannot shake hands, acknowledge them with a smile and a spoken greeting 6. When meeting a person who is visually impaired, always identify yourself and others who may be with you 7. When conversing in a group, remember to Identify the person to whom you are speaking 8. if you offer assistance, wait until the offer is accepted. Then listen to or ask for instruction

24. ADVANTAGE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES FOR CHILDEREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS Mental benefits : physical activities are beneficial for both the child’s body as well as their mind. These help to improve mood and general wellness of the child. These also help to Increase social awareness and self confidence In children with special needs. Thus, physical activities contribute to the mental well-being of the child. 2. Provide coping strategies : physical activities help to provide an outlet for their physical energy, which helps them cope with stress, anxiety and depression. 3. Improvement in social skills : Physical activities provide an opportunity for more social action. The child does not feel isolated. It has been observed that children with Special needs show Improvement in behaviour, academics, self Confidence and building friendships when they take part in physical activities. 4. Physical Benefits : Children with special needs often have difficulty with motor skills such as lumping, running etc. Physical activities help these children to improve their motor skills and physical fitness. By being physically active, children experience better balance, motor skills and body awareness. These help in improving muscle strength, coordination and flexibility. The also improve exercise endurance, cardiovascular efficiency and possibly increased life expectancy.

25. 5. Improvement in quality of life : By playing games and doing physical activities, children get experience a sense of accomplishment and possibly the taste of winning or personal satisfaction. Thus, physical activities help in improving the quality of life of children with special needs. Decrease risk of health complications : Physical activities decrease the risk of secondary health complications such as obesity, high blood pressure and diabetes. STRATEGIES TO MAKE PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES ACCESSIBLE FOR CHILDERN WITH SPECIAL NEED 1. Involve people with disabilities In decision making : it should also be ensured that people with disabilities are involved at all stages of planning and implementing community physical education programs. 2. Encourage Community Based Programs : Community based programs should be provided to meet the needs of children. It should be ensured that the environment and facilities conducive to being physically active are available and accessible to children with special needs such as offering safe, accessible and attractive trails for bicycling, walking and wheelchair activities. 3. Provide Training and Employment Opportunities : People with disabilities should be recruited for training and employment in field of leisure and sports. These people can further be involved in training more people to make physical activities accessible to as many children with special needs as possible.

26. 4. Use Different types of Instructional Strategies : The use of different mediums of instruction leads to a better compliance and understanding In children. Various types of instructional strategies include; Pictorial books to explain the rules of the game, Visual teaching, Verbal instruct ions, teaching amongst their peers etc. This helps to make the child more independent in learning about the physical activity. 5. Development of volunteering services : A nationwide volunteering service for sport and physic al activity for people with disabilities should be developed. This could be made possible through Local Sports Partnerships. 6. Regular Medical checkups: Regular medical checkups are important to understand about the type of disability of the child and thus help In deciding the physical activities which would be safe for the child. These can also help to document about the effect of physical activities on the physical and mental wellbeing of the child. 7. Use of Special Equipment : The equipment required for physical activities should be cording to the needs of the child. These should be of different shapes, colors and sizes as that helps to gather the interest of the child. If required, modifications can be done to the equipment to make it more convenient for use.

27. Thank You