Physical Features of India Class 9 Free Study Material pdf

India, a land of diverse cultures, languages, and landscapes, boasts a rich tapestry of physical features that have shaped its history, culture, and economy. From the towering Himalayas in the north to the vast plains of the Indo-Gangetic region, and from the arid deserts of Rajasthan to the lush greenery of the Western Ghats, India's geography is as varied as it is captivating. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the intricate details of the physical features of India, providing a thorough understanding of the Physical Features of India Class 9 geography students.
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1. THEORY OF TECTONIC PLATES
There are seven major and some minor plates found
The movements of these plates caused building up of stress with the plates and
continental rocks leading to:
A) FOLDING CONVERSION OF MOUNTAIN
PLATES BUILDING
B) FAULT DIVERGENT OCEAN
BUILDING
C) VOLCANIC
ACTIVITY
A) B)
C)
PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISONS OF INDIA
The physical features of India is divides into :
A) The Himalayan Mountains
B) The Northern Plain
C) The Peninsular Plateau
D) The Indian Desert
E) The Coastal Plains
F) The Islands
HIMALAYAN MOUNTAIN RANGE
It consists ofTHREE PARALLEL RANGES :
A) Greater or Inner Himalaya called Himachal
B) Middle Himanchal called Himachal
C) Outer Himalaya called Shiwalik
And consist of four Longitudinal division from west to east:
A)Punjab Himalaya (in between Indus & Suttej River)
B)Kumaon Himalaya (in between Suttej & Kali River)
C)Nepal Himalaya (In between Kali & Teesta River)
D)Assam Himalaya(In between Teesta & Dihang River)
FLOW OF LAVA DUE GAP CREATION FROM MAGMA
CHAMBER PLATEAU, GREAT BARRIER (HORIZONTAL
MOVEMENT CAUSED COLLISION,
CRUMBLING AND SLIDING)
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2. SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIMADRI
 Inner Himalaya
 Average height- 6000mtr
 Perpetual snow cover, lack of rich Flora
 Many important glaciers found
 Most continuous range with lofty peak
 Mount Everest, Kanchanjhanga & Nangaparbat, Namcha Barua
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HIMACHAL
 Rugged topography
 Compressed and altered rocks
 Average height- 3,700 to 4,500mtr
 Width- 50km
 Important Hill Stations- Mussorie, Nainital, Ranikhet, Simla, Darjeeling
 Important valley- Kashmir, Kangra, Kullu valley
 Important mt. Ranges- Pir Pranjal, Dhaula Dhar, Mahabharat
SPECIAL FEATURES OF SHIWALIK
 Also called outer Himalaya
 Longitudinal valley found
 10 to 15km width
 900 to 1100 meters of altitude
 Concon solidated sediments
 Gravel and Alluvial deposit
- Himalaya is also known as the young fold mountain because:
- Formed recently during the tertiary age
- Made up of sedimentary rocks
- Snow-covered peaks
- Parallel ranges with steep slope
- Lofty peaks
CHARACTERISTICS OF PURVANCHAL
 Consist of Patkai Bum, Naga Hills, Mizo or Lushai Hills
 Consist of Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia from West to East
NORTHERN PLAIN
Situated at South of Himalaya
Spread over 7lakh sq. Km from North to East about 2400km long & 240km to
320km wide
Made of Alluvium brought by the river The Indus,The Bramhaputra & The Ganga
and its tributaries
Divided into two river system- Lower course River split due to a decrease in slope,
heavily loaded taken by them are deposited at the mouth and form Delta leading to
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3. DIVISION: FOUR DIVISION
A) BHABAR: - the foothill of Shiwalik deposited with pebbles and alluvial having a
width of 8 to 16km where the river disappears
B) TERAI: - south of Bhabar belt is Terai. The stream and rivers reemerge and create
a wet, swampy and marshy region is known as Terai. This region is rich
in Biodiversity, thick forest, and wildlife. Important Dudswa National Park
is situated here.
C)BHANGAR: - made up of old alluvial deposit. Lies above the flood plain of the rivers
and present a terrace-like feature. The soil of this region contains
Calcareous deposit locally known as Kankar
D)KHADAR:- young Alluvial deposit found in the flood plain, Peneplain, Delta and
riverbank
PENINSULAR PLATEAU
There are two major divisions of Peninsular Plateau: A)Central Highland and B) Deccan Plateau
A) CENTRAL HIGHLAND
“
 Lie in the North of the Narmada River
 The major area found: Vindhyachal Mt. Range, Vindhya scape land,
Kaimur Hills, Rajasthan upland, Madhya Bharat uplands, Aravali Range,
Bundelkhand upland. Important rivers found are Narmada, Mahi, Luni, Chambal,
Betwa River
C) DECCAN PLATEAU:
 South of Satpura mountain Range
 North Satpura to South Kanyakumari by 1500km
 Sahyadri west of Rajmahal hill
 Elevation- 1000mtrs
 Consist of Thal ghat, Bhorghat as important passes between Konkan and Interior plateau
 Have Sahyadri in its central section running parallel to the west coast
 Important Rivers can be found- the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri
Have three ranges radiate to three directions: I) Cardamon Hill towards South
II) Anamalai towards North III) Palani towards North East
 Maharastra plateau made of lava, Tapti river flowing through it.
 Its central part consists of Mahadeva Hill, Eastern part consists of Maikal range,
South part covers Andhra & Karnatak plateau made up of Archean rock such
as gneiss, rivers such as Krishna & Kaveri flows through it
 In Baghelkhand Plateau river Son flows
 Chottanagpur Plateau, the extension of Deccan Plateau is made up of Granites and Gneisses in Jharkhand having an elevation of 700mtr.
 It is the old erosional surface and the other three lava Hill found are Dalma, Porhat, and Rajmal.
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4. Chattisgarh Plain is situated in the South-Eastern part of the Satpura range.
Mahanadi river draining through it and mix with the Bay of Bengal in Odisha. It is
one of the fertile lands and supports agricultural activities
 To the South-West of it, Dandakaranya Plateau in Odisa- Chatishgarh
GHATS: WESTERN GHAT & ESTERN GHAT
WESTERN GHAT (WG) ESTERN GHAT
Situated at the edge of Great Peninsula
Plateau and run North to South, almost
parallel to Arabian Sea Situated at the Eastern edge of Greater
Peninsular Plateau running from valley of
Mahanadi to Kanyakumari
Continues mountain ranges with passes
such as Bhor Ghat and Thal Ghat
Continuous and broken as few rivers cut
pass through them
The average height of WG is 1000mtsThe average height of EG is 600mts
WG is known by different local name
such as Sahyadri (in Maharastra &
Karnatak), Further South, Nilgiris
(Tamilnadu), still further south, Anaimali
and Cardamom Hill (along the Kerla &
Tamilnadu boarder)
EG is also know as Garhjat Hill in
Mahanadi Valley, as Nallamala Hill
further south, and beyond that as Javadi
Hills and Shevaroi Hills near the Kaver
Anaimudi(2695Mts) in Tamilnadu is the
highest peak
Mahendragiri (1501mts) in Odisha is the
highest peak
COAST: WESTERN AND EASTERN COAST
A) WESTERN COAST:
 Narrow strip flanked by the Arabean sea on the West and the Western Ghat on
the East.
 Border states are- Gujarat, Maharastra, Karnatak, Kerla, Tamilnadu and Goa
 Know as Malva coast at the south and Konkan coast at the south
 Many beautiful lagoons, estuaries, ports along the coast are found
 River Narmada and Tapti flow through it
 Less fertile
 Important ports are- Kandala, Mumbai, Murmagao, Mangalore, and Cochi
B) ESTERN COAST:
A wider strip of low land between the Bay of Bengal in the east and Eastern
Ghat in the west
Border states are- West Bengal, Odisha, Tamilnadu
Know as Nothern Circar in north and Coromandal coast in the south
Lagoon such as Chillika and Pulicot found
The important delta found here are Mahanadi, Godavari, Krisha, and Kaveri
deltas.
Very fertile land hence known as Rice bowl of India
Important port found are- Tuticorin, Chennai, Kolkata, Paradip, and
Vishakhapatnam
THE DESERT
Lies towards the western margin of Aravali Hills $OOULJKWFRS\UHVHUYHG1RSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDOFDQEHSURGXFHGZLWKRXWSULRUSHUPLVVLRQ

5. And undulating sandy plain
Mostly deposited with sand dunes
Recieve low rainfall (below 150mm per year)
Barchans is a crescent-shaped dune
Luni River drains through this area
Average Temp-nearly 40oC
The dust storm is a common phenomenon
Important vegetation belongs to Herbaceous or Stunted scrub(drought resistance,
exp- Acacia, euphorbia, Khajri
Common soil type found - Lithosols (Shallow weathered soil) and Regosols (soft,
loose soil), well-drained texture, Calcareous, Infertile
Low barren Hills are Barchan and sandy plain
Important rock is gneiss (metamorphic) formed 2.5billion year ago
THE ISLAND GROUPS OF INDIA
A)LAKSHDWEEP:
Close to Malbar coast of Kerala
Small coral Island
Area- 32 sq. Km
The administrative headquarter is situated at Kavarti Island
Have a great diversity of flora and fauna
A human-unoccupied Bird sanctuary is found at the Pitti Island
B) ANDAMAN & NICOBER
Elongated chain of Islands from north to south of Bay of Bengal
Bigger in size & numerous and scattered
Andaman region found in the North and Nicobar region found in South
An elevated portion of submarine mountains
Diversity of floral and fauna
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