PHYSICAL SCIENCE for senior high school.pptx

slide for senior high school

1. WELCOME

2. How we come to realize that the Earth is not the center of the Universe ?

3. In their model, the universe contained Earth at the center, the Sun, the Moon, five planets, and a sphere to which all the stars were attached. This idea held for many centuries until Galileo's telescope helped allow people to realize that Earth is not the center of the universe .

4. So this is the conclusion about how we come realize that the earth is not the center of the universe .

5. The realization that earth is not the center of the universe was a long and arduous journey. It required meticulous observations, innovative theories, and the courage to challenge established beliefs. This journey has not only expanded our understanding of the cosmos but has also highlighted the power of scientific inquiry and the importance of questioning assumptions.

6. Greek views of matter motion and the universe The ancient Greeks, renowned for their philosophical inquiries, developed profound and influential theories about the nature of matter, motion, and the universe. Their ideas, though often different from modern scientific perspectives, laid the groundwork for later scientific advancements .

7. Matter: from one to many Early Greek philosophers grappled with the question of what constitutes the universe. They sought to identify a fundamental element or elements from which all things are made.

8. monism Philosophers like Thales of Miletus (c. 624-546 BCE) believed in monism , proposing a single element as the origin of everything. Thales famously argued that water is the fundamental element, citing its ability to exist in solid, liquid, and gaseous states.

9. monism Anaximander (c. 610-545 BCE) proposed the “ apeiron ,” an unbounded and undefined primordial substance, as the origin of all things. Anaximenes (c. 545 BCE) believed air to be the primary element, suggesting its transformations through rarefaction and condensation give rise to other substances.

10. pluralism Later philosophers, like Empedocles (c. 492-432 BE), embraced Pluralism, proposing multiple elements as the building blocks of the universe. Empedocles identified four elements- fire, air, water, and earth – as the fundamental constituents of the cosmos, governed by the forces of love and strife.

11. pluralism Anaxagoras (c. 500-428 BCE) proposed an infinite number of “seeds” ( spermata ), each representing a specific type of matter, as the fundamental constituents of the universe.

12. atomism The atomists, Leucippus (5 th century BCE) and Democritus (c. 460-370 BCE), proposed a radical theory: the universe is composed of indivisible particles called atoms and empty space. Atoms, they argued, are eternal, uncreated, and indestructible, differing in size, shape, and arrangement, giving rise to the diverse properties of matter.

13. Motion: from natural forced The Greeks also pondered the nature of motion, seeking to explain why and how things move.

14. Natural Motion: Aristotle (384-322 BCE) developed the concept of natural motion, suggesting that objects have an inherent tendency to move towards their natural place. Earth, for example, naturally moves upwards, while fire naturally moves upwards. Objects move due to their inherent nature, striving to reach their natural state.

15. Forced Motion: Aristotle also recognized forced motion, which occurs when an external force acts upon an object, causing it to move against its natural inclination. For example, a rock thrown upwards moves against its natural downward motion due to the force applied by the throwner .

16. Competing models of the universe by Eudoxus , Aristotle, Aristarchus, Ptolemy

17. The models of Eudoxus , Aristotle, and Ptolemy all shared a geocentric view of the universe, with Earth at the center. However, they differed in their explanations of the celestial motions and the nature of the sphere. Eudoxus focused on mathematical constructions, while Aristotle introduced physical entities and a prime mover.

18. Ptolemy’s model, with its epicycles and deferents , provided a more complex and accurate description of the observed planetary motions.

19. Aristarchus’ heliocentric model, though ultimately proven correct, was largely ignored by the ancient world. This was likely due to lack of observable stellar parallax, which would have been a strong piece of evidence for his theory. Additionally, the geocentric model was more consistent with the prevailing philosophical and religious beliefs of the time.

20. Copernicus, brahe , and kepler

21. Nicolaus Copernicus: the heliocentric revolution Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a Polish astronomer who is credited with initiating the heliocentric revolution. His groundbreaking work , De Revolustionibus Orbium Coeestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres), published in 1543, challenged the prevailing geocentric view of the universe.

22. Nicolaus Copernicus: the heliocentric revolution Copernicus proposed that the sun was the center of the universe, with the earth and other planets revolving around it.

23. Tycho brahe : the greatest observer Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) was a Danish astronomer known for his incredibly precise astronomical observations. He built an observatory on the island of Hven , where he spent decades meticulously recording the positions of stars and planets.

24. Tycho brahe : the greatest observer Brahe’s data was significantly more accurate than any previous astronomical observations, providing a crucial foundation for future astronomical studies.

25. Johannes kepler : the laws of planetary motion Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) was a German astronomer who worked as an assistant to Tycho Brahe. After Brahe’s death, Kepler inherited his vast collection of astronomical data. Using this data, kepler meticulously analyzed the motions of Mars, discovering that its orbit was not circular, as previously assumed, but elliptical.

26. Evidence that the earth is not the center of the universe

27. A multitude of scientific observations and theoretical frameworks have conclusively demonstrated that earth is not the center of the universe. The heliocentric model, supported by evidence from stellar parallax, planetary phases, galactic redshift, and the cosmic microwave background radiation, provides a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of our place in the vast cosmos.