Physicochemical Analysis of pond water.. zoology

Physicochemical

1. Lucknow University Internal Assessment Paper 1 – applied fish and fishries Topic- PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF pond water Submitted to- Department of zoology Isabella Thoburn College Submitted by – Shweta singh MSC Semester lV College Roll no.- Z/22/ 18 University roll no.- 22103843100 35

2. TOPIC P H Y S I C O C H E M I C A L A N A L Y S I S O F POND WATER

3. P h y s i c a l c o n d i t io n s T e m p er a t u re Colour Turbidity C h e m i c a l C o n d i t i o n s Oxygen C a r b o n d i o x i d e Total alkalinity

4. T e m p e r a t u r e 1. Species-specific Needs: Different fish species have varying temperature preferences. 2. Optimal Range: Generally, 50°F to 77°F (10°C to 25°C) is suitable for freshwater fish. 3. Metabolic Impact: Temperature influences fish metabolism, affecting growth and feeding. 4. Breeding: Temperature cues are crucial for spawning activities in many fish species. 5. Survival and Stress: Extremes in temperature can cause stress and affect fish health. 6. Seasonal Fluctuations: Pond water temperatures vary seasonally, impacting fish behavior. 7. Management Strategies: Shading, aeration, and thermal management techniques help regulate water temperature. 8. Research and Monitoring: Continuous monitoring and research are essential for sustainable fisheries management.

5. Colour 1. Clear Water: Clear water indicates good water quality and allows sunlight penetration, vital for aquatic plant growth and oxygen production. 2. Brown or Tea-colored Water: Often caused by dissolved organic matter from decaying vegetation, which can be natural in some ecosystems like peatlands. 3. Green Water: Caused by algae blooms, indicating excessive nutrient levels (eutrophication) and potentially poor water quality. 4. Blue-green Water: A sign of cyanobacteria blooms, which can produce toxins harmful to aquatic life and humans. 5. Black Water: Typically found in highly acidic environments like peat bogs, with low nutrient levels and unique ecosystems. 6. Management: Pond water color can be managed through nutrient control, vegetation management, and proper aeration to maintain water quality and ecosystem balance.

6. T u r b i d i t y 1. Definition: Turbidity refers to the cloudiness or haziness of water caused by suspended particles. 2. Impact on Water Quality: High turbidity can reduce light penetration, affecting a q u a t i c p l a n t g ro w t h a n d p h o t o s y n t h e s i s . 3. Source of Turbidity: Common sources include sediment runoff, organic matter, a l g a l b l o o m s , a n d b o t tom d i s t u r b a nc e . 4. Effects on Aquatic Life: Excessive turbidity can stress fish by reducing visibility, affecting feeding behavior and reproduction. 5. Management: Strategies to reduce turbidity include erosion control measures, vegetative buffers, and sedimentation ponds to settle suspended particles.

7. C a r b o n d i o x i de Natural Component: CO2 is naturally present in pond water, primarily from respiration of a q u a t i c or ga n i s ms a n d d e c om p o s i t i on of or ga n i c ma tt e r . Photosynthesis: Aquatic plants use CO2 during photosynthesis, converting it into o x yg e n (O 2 ) e ss e n t i a l f or a q u a t i c li f e . Balance: CO2 levels should be balanced to support healthy plant growth and oxygen production without causing excessive fluctuations. Impact on pH: High levels of CO2 can lower pH, affecting water chemistry and potentially harming aquatic organisms. Management: Monitoring CO2 levels and promoting a balanced ecosystem with appropriate plant life helps maintain optimal conditions for aquatic life.

8. O x y g e n 1. Essential for Life: Oxygen is vital for the survival of aquatic organisms, including fish, invertebrates, and plants. 2. Sources: Oxygen enters pond water through diffusion from the atmosphere and photosynthesis by aquatic plants. 3. Consumption: Oxygen is consumed through respiration by organisms and decomposition of organic matter. 4. Factors Affecting Levels: Temperature, water movement, and organic load influence oxygen levels in pond water. 5. Consequences of Low Oxygen: Oxygen depletion can lead to fish kills, decreased biodiversity, and impaired water quality. 6. Management: Aeration systems, water circulation, and minimizing nutrient inputs help maintain adequate oxygen levels in ponds.

9. T o t a l a l k a l i n i t y 1. Buffering Capacity: Total alkalinity measures the water’s ability to resist changes in pH. 2. Bicarbonate and Carbonate: Alkalinity primarily comes from bicarbonate (HCO3-) a n d c a r b o n a t e ( C O 3 ^ 2 - ) i o n s d i ss o l v e d i n w at e r . 3. Stability: Higher alkalinity levels provide greater pH stability, which is crucial for maintaining a healthy aquatic environment. 4. Impact on Aquatic Life: Alkalinity influences the availability of nutrients and can affect the growth and survival of aquatic organisms. 5. Management: Monitoring alkalinity helps assess water quality and make adjustments to maintain optimal conditions for pond ecosystems.

10. Bibliography 1 . W e l c h P S 200 3 Limnological methods N a re n d r a p u b li c a t i on h o u s e. 2. Nelson JS 2006 Fishes of the world, John Wilkey and Sons , New Jersey.