PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF VEGETABLES

PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF VEGETABLES
TOMATO
BRINJAL
CHILLI AND CAPSICUM
CARROT
BEETROOT
RADISH
CAULIFLOWER
CABBAGE
BROCCOLI

1. PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF VEGETABLES Submitted by MOHAMMED ANFAS K T [email protected] https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohd-anfas-5409431a0

2. VEGETABLE CONTENTS TOMATO 01 BRINJAL 02 C HILLI AND CAPSICUM 03 CARROT 04

3. VEGETABLE CONTENTS BEETROOT 05 RADISH 06 C AULIFLOWER 07 CABBAGE 08

4. VEGETABLE CONTENTS BROCCOLI 09 CUCURBITS 10

5. 01 TOMATO

6. Fruit Cracking

7. Fruit Cracking Symptoms:
Cracking on the surface of the fruit at the stem end is a common occurrence. It is developed mostly in fully ripe fruit than in mature green or breaker stage.Sudden water availability causes rapid fruit expansion leading to fruit cracking.

Causes:
High temperature and high light intensity
Excessively rapid fruit growth cracking.
Some cultivars crack more than other because of genotypic differences.
boron deficiency (especially calcareous soil)
Fruit exposed to sunlight leads to more concentric cracking.

8. Fruit Cracking Management:

Soil application Borax @ 15-20 kg/ha.
Spraying of borax 0.25% 2-3 times fruiting stage to ripening stage.
Maintaining plants at low to medium soil moisture so preferable to grow in the greenhouse.

9. Blossom end rot

10. Blossom end rot Symptoms:
The water soaked area near the bottom or blossom end of the fruit. The area usually develops rapidly eventually resulting in a blackened, dry, sunken leathery spot.BER affects the blossom end of the placenta and adjacent locular contents as well as the outer wall. It can most easily be identified by a discolored, sunken spot at the blossom end of the fruit.

Causes:
BER is not caused by any single factor but a combination of one or more factors intensifying the effect it includes high salinity high MgSO4, NH4 and/ or K concentration. Accelerated growth rate, unfavorable moisture relationships.

11. Blossom end rot Management: Cultural practices, such as the use of polyethylene mulch maintain adequate soil moisture, and avoiding varieties that are most susceptible to BER will help reduce the incidence. Misting or fogging inside the greenhouse reduces the incidence. Foliar spray of CaCl2 solution 0.5%@time of fruit developed was an effective control.

12. PUFFINESS

13. PUFFINESS Symptoms:
Puffiness refers to the existence of open cavities between the outer walls and the locular content in one or more locules and is also known as hollowness or boxiness .

Causes: Nonfertilization of ovules
Embryo abortion after normal fertilization
High temperature and high soil moisture are predisposing factors. Management:
Maintenance of normal temperature.
Spraying of Borax or Solubor 10-15 ppm at the peak flowering time.

14. SUNSCLAD

15. SUNSCLAD Symptoms:
Green fruits exposed to direct sunlight ripen unevenly so that yellow patches appear on the side of the tomato fruit when it ripens. Symptoms are most likely to appear at the mature green to breaker stage of development. The lesions are infected by secondary infection of fungus which shows black dark spots making tomatoes units for consumption

Causes:
High fruit pericarp temperature 40.C
In bright sunlight, surface temperature may be more then10 c highest then the air temperature.

16. SUNSCLAD Management: The best protection against sunscald is to utilize cultivars with enough foliage to cover the fruit and to provide enough water and pest protection to maintain the healthy foliage Crop are planted at higher densities are less susceptible Cultivation of indeterminate /semi-determinate varieties without staking

17. Blotchy Ripening

18. Blotchy Ripening Symptoms:
This disorder also known as the gray wall is recognized as grayish appearance caused by partial collapse of the wall tissue hence the term gray wall. The affected area remain green or yellow are usually found nearly at the stem end of the tomato fruit

Causes:
K deficiency

Management:
Use of balanced fertilizer dose (after soil testing) in the crop prevents the occurrence of blotchy ripening
Adjust planting date to achieve favorable light intensity for good fruit development.

19. Cat Face

20. Cat Face Symptoms:
Cat face is a disorder characterized by gross deformity of tomato fruit, which usually renders them unmarketable. The defect is usually located on the blossom end of the fruit cat face is a commonly observed in first harvest.

Causes:
In the field air temperature of 17/10c for a weak are sufficient to induce abnormal flower development Low temperature during the sensitive period increases the no. of locales in the fruit. The time of greatest sensitivity for an individual flower is well before anthesis .

21. Cat Face Control: Maintenance of sufficient soil moisture balance Recommended cultural practices should be adopted

22. GOLD FLECK

23. GOLD FLECK Symptoms :
Gold speck or flecks are often observed around the calyx and should of mature fruit particularly in a summer season. In green fruit, the speck is white and less abundant. The specks decrease the attractiveness of the fruit and significantly shorten its shelf life. Cells containing a granular mass of tiny calcium salt crystals, probably calcium oxalate appears as a golden color.

Causes:
These specks are considered to be symptoms of excess calcium in the fruit. Increasing the P level also increased calcium uptake rate and increased speckling. As temperature increases during the growing season, the incidence of gold spot also increases particularly when average temperatures are higher than usual.

24. GOLD FLECK Control:

Cultivars resistant to BER tend to be more susceptible to gold spots. Increasing the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution reduced the gold speck incidence

25. BRINJAL 02

26. BLOOSOM END ROT

27. BLOOSOM END ROT Blossom end rot isn't a disease caused by fungi or bacteria, but is instead a physiological disorder caused by a calcium deficiency in the fruit.

28. FRUIT CRACKING

29. FRUIT CRACKING In the field, wide differences in day and night temperatures or heavy rain or water availability promote cracking. During periods of rapid fruit expansion, high relative humidity at night in greenhouse production systems can also cause fruit cracking

30. SUN SCLAD

31. SUN SCLAD Sunscald isn't an infectious disease, it occurs when a fruit (usually a tomato or pepper) is directly exposed to sunlight and high temperature. The side of the fruit facing the sun becomes whitish, blistered and papery and the damage may eventually lead to infection by rot-causing organism

32. CHILLI AND CAPSICUM 03

33. BLOSSOM END ROT

34. BLOSSOM END ROT This is mainly a problem on the fruit of tomatoes and peppers and manifests itself as sunken brown and leathery patches on the blossom end of the first few fruit of the season. These patches may eventually turn black and rot, as the damaged skin facilitates the entrance of rot-causing organisms.

35. FLOWER DROP

36. FLOWER DROP Chilli  Flower Drop. ... Flower drop (known to some as “blossom drop”) is a relatively common problem faced not only by chilli growers but by gardeners growing all kinds of fruit and vegetables. It happens when your plant flowers then each flower falls off without any fruit forming

37. CRACKING

38. CRACKING Cracking is generally associated with rapid fruit growth or could be associated with recent pruning. Fine cracks appear in the skin of the fruit. Fruit splitting is the development of large cracks in the fruit. Fluctuations in water supply may promote this condition

39. CARROT 04

40. CAVITY SPOT

41. CAVITY SPOT cavity spot disease of carrots is caused by the soil-borne fungus Pythium sulcatum. Cavity spots are small elliptical lesions (usually less than 10mm across) often surrounded by a yellow halo. Infection can take place anywhere along the carrot root and lesions start as pinhead-size spots

42. CRACKING

43. CRACKING If your carrots are cracking, the malady is likely the result of inadequate environmental preferences; water needs to be exact. Carrot roots need moist soil, but don't like to be waterlogged. Moisture stress not only results in cracking in carrot crops, but may also cause underdeveloped, woody, and bitter roots

44. PHENOLIC BROWNING It can develop when carrots are washed and stored in cool rooms for long periods before packing. Abrasion caused by mechanical washing often removes the epidermal layer (outer skin), exposing the carrot tissue to oxidation of phenolic compounds, which turn brown, or black in severe cases

45. BEETROOT 05

46. FORKING

47. INTERNAL BLACK SPOT

48. INTERNAL BLACK SPOT Internal black spot (Brown heart or Breakdown of beet) It is caused due to deficiency of Boron in neutral or alkaline soils. Boron deficient plants remain dwarf and stunted. The leaves remain smaller than normal and may assume a variegated appearance

49. RADISH 06

50. FORKING

51. FORKING It is a common disorder in radish and carrots. It generally occurs due to excessive moisture during root development. Forking generally occurs in heavy soil due to compactness of soil. Use of undecomposed organic matter also causes forking

52. PITHINESS

53. PITHINESS Pithiness in radish tubers ( Raphanus sativus L.) is a syndrome where xylem parenchyma cells die and are filled with air. Features associated with rapid tuber growth such as large cells, great distances between strands of vascular tissue and rupture of xylem vessels have been suggested to induce pithiness.

54. CAULIFLOWER 07

55. WHIPTAIL

56. WHIPTAIL Whiptail disorder is caused due to deficiency of molybdenum. In young plants the deficiency symptoms are chlorosis of leaf margins and the whole leaves may turn white. The leaf blades do not develop properly. ... The deficiency of molybdenum generally occurs in acid soils when the soil pH is below 5.5

57. RICEYNESS

58. RICEYNESS Riceyness : It manifests in the elongation on peduncle wearing flower buds, rendering curds, granular, loose and somewhat velvety. A premature initiation of floral bud is characterized by riceyness in cauliflower and is considered to be of poor quality for marketing.

59. BLIND CAULIFLOWER

60. BLIND CAULIFLOWER Blind cauliflower plants are those without terminal buds. The leaves which develop are large, thick leather and dark green. Blindness is supposed to be due temperature or injury due to cultural operation, insect and pest disease. Pinking of the curd occurs due to deposition of anthocyanin in high intensity of light

61. HOLLOW STEM

62. HOLLOW STEM The occurrence of hollow stems in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) forms a serious quality problem for Dutch cauliflower growers. The presence of cavities in the stem results in quality declassification, or worse, in the occurrence of bacterial rot in the stem, resulting in complete loss of the plant

63. CURD SEGMENTATION

64. CURD SEGMENTATION Loose and leafy curds of cauliflower. When bracts (small green leaves) grow between the curd segments in a head of cauliflower, the heads are said to be suffering from leafy curds. This condition is usually associated with high temperatures and low soil moisture levels (drought) at the time of head formation.

65. LEAFINESS

66. LEAFINESS Leafiness : This disorder is commonly seen by formation of small thin leaves from the curd which reduces quality of curd. Extremely small green leaves appear in between the curd segment due to inheritable or non-heritable factors. Prevalence of high temperatures during curding phase aggravates leafiness.

67. CABBAGE 08

68. INTERNAL BROWNING

69. INTERNAL BROWNING Brassicas, Tip Burn. Tipburn and internal browning are physiological disorders related to calcium uptake and transport. The inner leaves of heads of cabbage and Brussels sprouts are affected, often without external symptoms. 

70. BLACK SPECK

71. BLACK SPECK Black speck is a non-parasitic disorder of mature cabbage and Chinese cabbage. Lesions are discrete, dark brown or black, and up to 2 mm (1/16 in.) ... Lesions may coalesce, resulting in large, dead areas of leaf tissue. Minute specks occur on heart leaves.

72. BURSTING

73. BURSTING The first cause of cracking is an uneven growth tempo due to dry conditions and starting from a smaller, tight head. conditions suddenly change and rain or adequate irrigation becomes available close to maturity, the internal water pressure causes the cabbage to burst.

74. MULTIPLE HEAD

75. MULTIPLE HEAD Vegetable fields is usually indicated by the appearance of multiple cabbage heads per plant (Figure 73), and large quantities of frass produced by the caterpillars in between leaf surfaces. The presence of frass is usually the first noticeable sign of infestation. 

76. BROCCOLI 09

77. INTERNAL TIP BURN

78. INTERNAL TIP BURN In cauliflower and broccoli, tipburn shows up on the margins of the younger leaves. Internal browning in Brussels sprouts and tipburn in white, red and Chinese cabbage. Tipburn symptoms are caused by a breakdown of the plant tissue

79. HEAT INJURY

80. HEAT INJURY The unusual high temperature has caused problems on early-planted broccoli. Broccoli is a heat-sensitive crop. ... Temperatures above 90°F during the critical period cause injury on the flower buds. As the crown continues to grow, an uneven head becomes noticeable, and these heads are inclined to be affected by pathogens

81. BRUSSELS SPROUT

82. BRUSSELS SPROUT LOOSE SPROUT Loose-leaved sprouts: Sprouts, like all brassicas , require to be firmly planted. A leaf should tear if tugged before the plant can be dislodged form the soil. However, loose planting is not a direct cause of fluffy sprouts. The usual cause is poor soil, lack of growth and especially the use of non-hybrid cultivars

83. CUCURBITS 10

84. BLOSSOM END ROT

85. BLOSSOM END ROT Symptoms: The blossom end of the fruit develops a dark leathery appearance. Symptoms may progress until the entire end of the fruit turns black and rots. Conditions for Disease Development: This disorder is associated with insufficient calcium uptake and alternating periods of wet and dry soil. Damage to the root system may also account for decreased calcium uptake and the development of blossom-end rot.

86. HOLLOW HEART

87. HOLLOW HEART Cracks in internal watermelon fruit flesh can occur due to accelerated growth in response to ideal growing conditions. Conditions for Disease Development: There is a genetic component to this disorder, but growing conditions can account for much of the variation observed. It appears to be associated with conditions that result in poor pollination (enough pollination to set the fruit but not enough to fertilize a high percentage of the ovules) followed by rapid fruit growing conditions (too much fertility, water and high temperatures).

88. LIGHT BELLY COLOUR

89. LIGHT BELLY COLOUR This disorder is characterized by the undersurface of cucumber fruit remaining light in color instead of turning dark green. Conditions for Disease Development: Commonly occurs on fruit lying on cool, moist soil. Control: Can be partially controlled by avoiding luxuriant vine growth. Avoid excessive nitrogen.

90. MEASLES

91. MEASLES Symptoms: Symptoms are most evident on smooth-skinned melons and cucumbers. Small brown spots are scattered over the surface of the fruit. The spots are superficial and do not penetrate beyond the outer epidermal layers of the fruit. These spots also may occur on leaves and stems. Conditions for Disease Development: Associated with environmental conditions favoring guttation . The guttation droplets develop high concentrations of salts which burn the epidermis. Measles spots occur where a guttation droplet had formed.

92. RIND NECROSIS

93. RIND NECROSIS Symptoms: Generally occurs in either cantaloupe or watermelon as dead, hard, dry reddish-brown to brown spots or patches of tissue in the fruit rind. Affected areas vary in size from 3mm (1/8″) spots to extensive dead areas throughout the entire rind. In watermelon, symptoms are not visible from the outside and are rarely found in the flesh. In cantaloupe, dead tissue may extend into the flesh of the fruit. Circular, water-soaked depressions also develop on the cantaloupe fruit surface. Conditions for Disease Development: Not well understood. However, it is thought that environmental conditions which place stress on the plants may trigger the onset of this disorder. Susceptibility to rind necrosis varies among varieties. The disorder occurs sporadically and is thought to be associated with bacteria that may be present in fruit, but the reasons for symptom development are not understood. Drought stress also is reported to predispose melons

94. SUN SCLAD

95. LEAF SILVERING

96. LEAF SILVERING Leaf silvering is an important physioiogical disorder of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo) grown in Israel. The symptom, in mild cases, is a silvering parallel to the veins in the upper surface of leaves, but in severe cases silvering includes the entire upper leaf surface and the bleaching of stems, petioles, flowers and fruits. Leaf silvering was distinguished from silver mottling, a genetically controlled characteristic, by differences in distribution of silver over the leaf surface, the developmental reversibility of silvering and the bleaching effect of severe silvering on various plant parts

97. MISHAPPEN FRUITS

98. MISHAPPEN FRUITS Poor pollination can cause cucumbers (Cucurbita) to be misshapen and stunted. Plants in the cucurbitaceae family such as squash, melons, and cucumbers fail to produce fruit when pollination does not occur.

99. THANK YOU Submitted by MOHAMMED ANFAS K T [email protected] https://www.linkedin.com/in/mohd-anfas-5409431a0