PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SHAT KRIYAS.pptx

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1. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SHAT KRIYAS Dr. Shreya S Revadi

2. SHAT KRIYAS “ Medhashleshma adhikaha purvam shatkarmani samacharet Anyastu na charetani doshanaam samabhavataha.” When fat or mucus is excessive, shatkarma the six cleansing techniques, should be practised before (pranayama).others, in whom the doshas i.e.,phlegm,wind and bile, are balanced should not do them. “Dhauti basti tatha neti tratakam naulikam tatha Kapalabhatischaitani shat karmani prachakshate.”

3. “Karma shataka idham gopyam ghatashodanakarakam Vichitraguna sandhayi pujyate yogi pungavaihi.” These shatkarma which effect purification of the body are secret.they have manifold, wondrous results and are held in high esteem by eminent yogis.

4.  I.DHAUTI    1. ANTAR DHAUTI (internal cleansing)          vatsara (gulping of air)  varisara (shankhaprakshalana)  vahnisara (angisara kriya)  bahiskirta (rectal cleaning ) 2. HRID DHAUTI (cardiac)                 vastra (cloth) danda (stick) vaman (kunjal & vyaghra )                      

5. 3. DANTA DHAUTI  (teeth)                          jihva (tongue)  karna randra(ear)  kapal randhra (frontal sinuses)  chakshu (eyes)   4.MOOLASHODANA II. BASTI: Jala (water) Sthala(air) III. NETI: Jala (water) Sutra(thread) Dugdha(milk) Ghrita(ghee)                       

6. IV. TRATAKA: Antaranga(internal) Bahiranga(external) V. NAULI: Dakshina(right) Vama(left) Madhyama(middle) VI. KAPALBHATI: Vatakrama(breathing) Vyutkrama(reversed) Sheetkrama(cooling)

7. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DHAUTI

8. Kunjal: a nonspecific protective factor in management of bronchial asthma. Singh V . Source Department of Medicine, S.M.S. Medical College, Jaipur, India. Abstract Seven asthmatic patients having nocturnal symptoms performed a yogic maneuver called Kunjal. Definite improvement was noticed subjectively and objectively in six patients during the week Kunjal was performed, and improvement in symptoms persisted into the third week in five patients.

9. Vamana dhauti- The stimulation of vagus nerve hence gag reflex and vomiting. The emetic reflex or vomiting leads to electrolyte and fluid imbalance in the body, this causes the production of ADH(vasopressin). Vasopressin is responsible for broncho dilation, hence this particular technique is good in case of bronchial asthma.

10. Respiratory Responses to Vastra Dhauti in Asthmatics by Gore, M.M and Bhole ; yoga mimamsa Timed Vital Capacity and Air velocity index was found to improve slightly immediately after Vastra dhauti in 13 male and 14 female asthmatics when studied in attack free condition .

11. Uropepsin Excretion as influenced by some Yogic practices. Karambelkar P.V.,Bhole A marked increase in uropepsin excretion was noted after the performance of vastra dhauti and danda dhauti.

12. Kymographic and X-Ray Studies of pressure changes in Agnisara Swami Kuvalayananda Intra thoracic pressure was seen to increase during the protraction of abdomen while near atmospheric pressure observed during pulled in state of abdomen during agnisara.

13. LAGHU SANKAPRAKSHALANA:Is it an influential factor in general health status The study was conducted on 40 students recruited from Devi Sanskriti Vishwavidhyalaya Haridwar. Blood pressure, body weight, temperature, pulse rate were measured before and immediately after the practice. There was no significant changes in these parameters. The practice only increases the motility of ailmentary canal which influences digestion, absorption, assimilation and excretion.

14. Non-significant changes in BP, Body weight, Temperature, Pulse rate indicates that laghu sankaprakshalana is physiologically safe even for hypertension. It does not have any severe effect on these variables. Hence health status is not disturbed.

15. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NETI

16. JALA NETI- 1.Mechanical action 2.Osmotic pressure 3.De-sensitization 4.Nerve stimulation

17. MECHANICAL ACTION: Increases the ciliary beating frequency and therefore increases mucociliary clearance. The warm temperature of water acts as bactericidal. Jala neti not only helps for cleansing the nasal passages but also clears the mucus from paranasal sinuses

18. OSMOTIC PRESSURE: The saline water which is a hypertonic solution creates a osmotic pressure gradient in the nasal passage and dissolves the mucus secretion in nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Based on this action, jala neti can be prescribed in case of sinusitis, nasal congestion, nose block etc…

19. DE-SENSITIZATION: Jala neti and sutra neti helps in developing tolerance to external objects. Jala and sutra being irritants of the nose, the hyperresponsive nasal would trigger off the whole chain of events including excessive sneezing, rhinorrhoea etc.. But under the background of deep relaxation and willpower the person learns to tolerate these irritants without any of these reaction.

20. In other words, these kriyas have taught how to tolerate the irritants entering the nose without reacting violently.

21. NERVE STIMULATION: Nasal cavity is highly innervated by nerve endings. Stimulates the sympathetic and parasympathetic post ganglion nerve fibres and thereby brings the autonomic nervous balance. Neti enhances nerve impulse transmission through left and right nostrils and hence brings balance between left and right cerebral hemispheres.

22. The frontal lobes of the cerebrum, responsible for the higher mental faculties begin to function optimally. It also clears the entrance to the eustacian tubes in the nasopharynx and promotes drainage of the sinuses, preventing stasis of mucus and keeping them clean and functional.

23. Has influence on olfactory, trigeminal and optic nerves. Olfactory nerves enters the nose via cibriform plate and innervates upper part of the nose.Trigeminal nerve enters the nose through sphenopalantine foramen. Stimulates the lacrimal gland and ducts through the lacrimal nerve, a small branch of opthalamic division of trigeminal nerve. Neti relieves muscular tension of the face and nervous tics, and helps maintain facial youth and freshness.

24. “Effect of Jala Neti on optic nerve conduction velocity” by kumar, kamakhya et al. Jala neti practice was given to healthy individuals for 40 days. Visual Evoked Potential was recorded using EEG. Before intervention (VEP) After intervention (VEP) Experimental group 96.9ms 102.0ms Control group 97.8ms 97.4ms

25. This indicates there is improved conduction velocity of impluses through optic nerve. Therefore jala neti brings clarity of vision. SUTRA NETI: Mechanical action De-sensitization Nerve stimulation

26. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRATAKA

27. Effect of trataka on Brain waves: Alpha waves are often seen in relaxed individual with closed eyes. Normally alpha rhythm is blocked when eyes are opened. During trataka alpha activity was not only persisted but also increased slightly.The visual stimuli could not block the alpha rhythm as they were less sensitive to external stimuli. Hence in trataka there is ‘blanking out’ of visual perception.

28. The increase in alpha activity is an indication of pleasant mood, less mental disturbance and high state of one pointed ness. Alpha waves allows increased secretion of neurotransmitter called serotonin which is an anti-depressant. In general, we are accustomed to using the beta brain rhythm. When we diminish the brain rhythm to alpha, we put ourselves in the ideal condition to learn new information, keep fact, data, perform elaborate tasks, learn languages, analyse complex situations. Meditation, relaxation exercises, and activities that enable the sense of calm, also enable this alpha state.

29. Effect on concentration and memory: Trataka and other single point gazing techniques increases new neurons in the cortex and hippocampus. Also increases the production of BDNF(Brain derived neurotrophic factor)which stimulates the production of neurons and synapses. Both neurogenesis and synapses formation boosts learning, memory, reasoning and creativity.

30. Effect on pineal gland: By practising trataka the sympathetic branch of superior cervical ganglion carries impluses from eyes to pineal gland which is located between two cerebral hemispheres. Pineal gland when stimulated secretes the hormone called melatonin Regulates circadian rhythm(sleep-wake cycle) Strengthens immunity Decreases ageing process(a defense against free radicals) Improves higher mental functions

31. Effect on visual acuity: Visual acuity  (VA) is acuteness or clearness of vision, which is dependent on the sharpness of the retinal focus within the eye and the sensitivity of the interpretative faculty of the brain. A  refractive error , is the focusing of light by the eye and a frequent reason for reduced visual acuity. An eye that has refractive error(myopia), when not using accommodation, cannot focus parallel rays of light (light from distant objects) on the retina.

32. Trataka improves distant accomodation by strengthening/relaxing ciliary muscles and making lens flexible i.e., by flattening the lens. It also helps to improve visual perception due to improved information processing in the brain as well as due to increased number of neurons being formed.

33. The effect of trataka, a yogic visual concentration practice, on critical flicker fusion . Mallick T Mallick T,  Kulkarni R . Source Swami Vivekananda Yoga University, Bangalore, India. Abstract OBJECTIVES: The study objective was to study the change in the critical flicker fusion (CFF) after a yogic visual concentration practice (trataka). DESIGN: Thirty (30) subjects participated in a study where they were evaluated for the CFF immediately before and after the practice. The subjects also participated in a comparable control session. .

34. SUBJECTS: The subjects were 30 volunteers in the age range 25-40. Fifteen (15) of the volunteers were male. The mean age was 31.33 ± 4.67 RESULTS: The CFF showed a statistically significant increase from 37.35 ± 2.84 to 38.66 ± 2.91 after the yoga practice of trataka. The control session did not produce a statistically significant change in the CFF. CONCLUSIONS: An increase in the CFF is seen immediately after the yogic concentration practice called trataka.

35. CFFF  is the highest or lowest temporal frequency, at a given percentage modulation, that can be resolved.Distinguishing a flashing light from a steady one (at both the slow and fast end limits). In other words, the difference between the brightest/dimmest points in the cycle, averaged over the speed it takes to vary between the two points

36. “Effect of trataka on various psycho-physiological functions”. This study was conducted on 10 healthy female volunteers. They assessed Heart rate, respiratory rate, galvanic skin resistance. A shift of autonomic balance from sympathetic to parasympathetic predominance was indicated by decrease in HR, respiratory rate, galvanic resistance.

37. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NAULI

38. Isolation of abdominal muscles(rectus abdominis). Strenghtens and tonifies the rectus abdominis muscle. As rectus abdominis muscle keeps adbominal viscera intact, improved tone and strength of these muscles support the organs in a better way.

39. Barometric and x-ray experiments on Nauli: This experiment proved that partial vaccum develops in the colon during nauli. In nauli the isolation of recti and elevated position of diaphragm increases the volume of abdomen and decreases the abdominal pressure and allows the colon to dilate under internal gas pressure. A syphon barometer was selected for this purpose.The free end of this was connected with the colon by means of rubber tube passed through the rectum.As soon as muscles were moved for nauli, the mercury fell less than 40mm, indicating clear partial vaccum.

40. During Madhyama nauli, there is Bradycardia due to negative pressure in the viscera. Nauli prevents blood congestion in the abdomen and improves the blood circulation in the abdomen by creating negative pressure. It helps to activate autonomic nervous system connected with abdominal visceral nerve plexus.

41. Distribution of colon contents during nauli: Every part of can be filled and emptied during nauli. Caecum- gets completely emptied during uddiyana bandha and partially emptied during all 3 aspects of nauli. Ascending colon gets partially emptied during madhyama and vama nauli.

42. Position of colon during nauli: Caecum gets raised up in dakshina nauli Ascending colon raised and shifted towards the spine. Transverse colon moves upwards and reaches at the level of 11 th thoracic vertebra. Descending colon is shifted towards the spine.

43. Position of stomach during nauli: During madhyama nauli a J-shaped stomach becomes horizontal in the end expiratory position. The stomach was raised from 1 st lumbar vertebra to 8 th thoracic vertebra. The contents of the pyloric region were seen to move to jejunum under fluroscopy.

44. Effectof Madhyama Nauli on Stomach Acidity By Desai B.P and Gharote Practice of Madhyama Nauli by 4 male subjects was not found to influence the secretion of free hydrochloric acid, whereas it raised the concentration of organic acids.

45. “ Effect of Nauli upon Cardio vascular system” by Kaivalyadhama(vol.26 yoga mimasa) In a series of ten rounds of nauli, the reduction of heart rate was seen and monoatomic ventricular bigeminy appeared on certain occasion which ceased spontaneously. Prolongation of A-V conduction was also observed as an after effect of nauli.

46. “Effect of Madhyama nauli on cortical auditory evoked potential(a topographic study)” - by Novak P, Dostalek C The morphology and topography of Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEP’s) were examined during relaxed state and during madhyama nauli state. During relaxed state, well differentiated AEP components Na and Pa waves spreading out from left parietal area could be detected. Hence nauli can codify the response of brain system through deeper structures.

47. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF KAPALBHATI

48. Vatakrama kapalbhati: Respiration becomes shallow in nature. Tidal volume decreases. Normally it is 450-500ml per breath but during kapalbhati it decreases to 150-200ml per breath. Minute volume(MV) increases about three times more than that in the normal breathing due to increased breath rate. In normal breathing MV is 7.5 litres per minute. While in kapalbhati it is about 20.5 litres per minute.

49. Thus the oxygen consumption increases due to increased work of breathing. It increases by 10-40% over normal breathing and then decreases by 3 percent, after the practice is over, compared to the normal values. Consequently, CO 2 Is eliminated in large quantity from the blood, due to this the respiratory centres are not stimulated for breathing, and one experiences quiet or a tranquilized.

50. Experimentally it has been observed that the duration of antar kumbhaka increases. This helps one to hold breath comfortably for longer time. Kapalbhati clears the respiratory passages and keeps it free from impurities and mucus.

51. It stimulates the abdominal nerve plexus. Increases the strength and tone of the abdominal muscles. Ignites the gastric fire and hence increases digestion.

52. Kapalbhati increases venous return cardiac output increase in heartrate (15-20 beats/min) increase in SBP(7-10mmHg) The DBP remains more or less the same.

53. Kapalbhati brings about slight increase in sympathetic tone followed by parasympathetic predominance.

54. Effect of kapalbhati on blood urea, creatinine, and tyrosine. Desai BP, Gharote ML This particular study was conducted on 12 healthy male individuals. It showed decrease in blood urea, increase in creatinine and tyrosine after 1 min of Kapalbhati(120 strokes). From biochemical point of view Kapalbhati seems to promote decarboxylation and oxidation

55. Effect of kapalbhati on Weight loss and waist size In this study 40 obese patients were selected. 20 in control group and 20 in experimental group. It was a 60 days programme , 20mins daily. Assessment was done before the intervention and after 60 days of intervention by electrical weighing machine and measuring tape. CONTROL GROUP variables pre post weight 75.4 75.7 Waist size 100.21 101.18

56. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP P value was <0.01 Discussion: The result is supported by the studies of christoper, colorado state university. anaerobic exercise like kapalbhati burns 5 times more calories than aerobic exercise. It is also proven that 20mins of anerobic exercise daily like KB is more effective than 5hours of aerobic exercises. variables pre post Weight 76.63 69.71 Waist size 101.9 97.53

57. Kapalabhati--yogic cleansing exercise. EEG topography analysis. Stancák A Jr ,  Kuna M ,  Srinivasan Topography of brain electrical activity was studied in 11 advanced yoga practitioners during yogic high-frequency breathing kapalabhati (KB). Alpha activity was increased during the initial five min of KB. Theta activity mostly in the occipital region was increased during later stages of 15 min KB compared to the pre-exercise period.

58. Beta 1 activity increased during the first 10 min of KB in occipital and to a lesser degree in parietal regions. Alpha and beta 1 activity decreased and theta activity was maintained on the level of the initial resting period after KB. The results suggest a relative increase of slower EEG frequencies and relaxation on a subjective level as the after effect of KB exercise.

59. Effect of two selected yogic breathing techniques on heart rate variability . Raghuraj P ,  Ramakrishnan AG ,  Nagendra HR ,  Telles S . Abstract The heart rate variability (HRV) is an indicator of the cardiac autonomic control. Two spectral components are usually recorded, viz. high frequency (0.15-0.50 Hz), which is due to vagal efferent activity and a low frequency component (0.05-0.15 Hz), due to sympathetic activity.

60. The present study was conducted to study the HRV in two yoga practices which have been previously reported to have opposite effects, viz, sympathetic stimulation (kapalabhati, breathing at high frequency, i.e., 2.0 Hz) and reduced sympathetic activity (nadisuddhi, alternate nostril breathing). Twelve male volunteers (age range, 21 to 33 years) were assessed before and after each practice on separate days.

61. The electrocardiogram (lead I) was digitized on-line and off-line analysis was done. The results showed a significant increase in low frequency (LF) power and LF/HF ratio while high frequency (HF) power was significantly lower following kapalabhati. There were no significant changes following nadisuddhi. The results suggest that kapalabhati modifies the autonomic status by increasing sympathetic activity with reduced vagal activity. The study also suggests that HRV is a more useful psychophysiological measure than heart rate alone.

62. Kapalabhati--yogic cleansing exercise. I. Cardiovascular and respiratory changes. Stancák A Jr ,  Kuna M ,  Srinivasan ,  Vishnudevananda S , Abstract We studied cardiovascular and respiratory changes during yogic breathing exercise kapalabhati (KB) in 17 advanced yoga practitioners. The exercise consisted in fast shallow abdominal respiratory movements at about 2 Hz frequency

63. Blood pressure, ECG and respiration were recorded continuously during three 5 min periods of KB and during pre- and post-KB resting periods. The beat-to-beat series of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), R-R intervals and respiration were analysed by spectral analysis of time series.

64. The mean absolute power was calculated in three frequency bands--band of spontaneous respiration, band of 0.1 Hz rhythm and the low-frequency band greater than 15 s in all spectra. The mean modulus calculated between SBP and R-R intervals was used as a parameter of baroreceptor-cardiac reflex sensitivity (BRS). Heart rate increased by 9 beats per min during KB.

65. SBP and DBP increased during KB by 15mmHg and 6 mmHg respectively. All frequency bands of R-R interval variability were reduced in KB. Also the BRS parameter was reduced in KB. The amplitude of the high-frequency oscillations in SBP and DBP increased during KB. The low-frequency blood pressure oscillations were increased after KB. The results point to decreased cardiac vagal tone during KB which was due to changes in respiratory pattern and due to decreased sensitivity of arterial baroreflex

66. Decreased respiratory rate and increased SBP and low-frequency blood pressure oscillations after KB suggest a differentiated pattern of vegetative activation and inhibition associated with KB exercise.

67. Effect of Kapalbhati on some constituents of blood- A preliminary study By deshpande, R.R and Bhole, M.V Marginal increase in RBC count by 0.5ml/cumm, hHb by 0.4 gm%, TLC by 600/cumm and total eosinophils by 139/cumm were observed at the end of Kapalbhati for 1,2 and 3 minutes respectively. The changes were prominent for 1 min Kapalbhati.

68. REFERENCES Hatha Yoga Pradipika Yoga Mimsa Pubmed Text book of Medical Physiology by Guyton www.google.com