Plagarism and how to avoiding plagiarism .pptx

The presentation talk in detail why it is important to avoid plagiarism and how students can avoid committing such academic offence when writing their paper.

1. Avoiding Plagiarism

2. Plagiarism is a concern for teachers and students, but it can be avoided by understanding the issues involved. In the English-speaking academic world, it is essential to use a wide range of sources for your writing and to acknowledge these sources clearly. This unit introduces the techniques students need to do this. Further practice is provided in

3. What is plagiarism? Basically, plagiarism means taking ideas or words from a source (e.g. a book or journal) without giving credit (acknowledgement) to the author. It is seen as a kind of theft, and is considered to be an academic crime. In academic work, ideas and words are seen as private property belonging to the person who first thought or wrote them. Therefore, it is important for all students, including international ones, to understand the meaning of plagiarism and learn how to prevent it in their work.

4. The main difficulty that students face is that they are expected: (a) to show that they have read the principal authorities on a subject – by giving citations. BUT (b) to explain these ideas in their own words and come to their own original conclusions.

5. There are several reason why students must avoid plagiarism: To show that they understand the rules of the academic community • Copying the work of others will not help them develop their own understanding • Plagiarism is easily detected by teachers and computer software • Plagiarism may lead to failing a course or even having to leave college

6. 2 Acknowledging souces If you borrow from or refer to the work of another person, you must show that you have done this by providing the correct acknowledgement. There are two ways to do this:

7. Summary and citation Smith (2009) claims that the modern state wield power in new ways. Quotation and Citation According to Smith: ‘The point is not the state is in retreat but that it is developing new forms of power ..’ (Smith, 2009, p. 103).

8. These in-text citation are linked to a list of references at the end of the main text, which includes the following details: Author Date Title Place of publication Publisher Smith, M. (2009) Power and the State Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan The citation makes it clear to the reader that you have read Smith and borrowed this idea from him. This reference gives the reader the necessary information to find the source if the reader needs more detail.

9. 3 Degree of plagiarism Working with a partner, consider the following academic situations and decide if they are plagiarism. Y 6. N Y 7. Y Y 8. N N 9. Y/N Y 10. Y

10. 4 Avoiding plagiarism by summarising and paraphrasing Quotations should not be overused, so you must learn to paraphrase and summarise in order to include other writers’ idea in your work. This will demonstrate you understanding of a text to your teachers. Paraphrasing involves rewriting a text so that the language is significantly different while the content stays the same. Summarising means reducing the length of a text but retaining the main points.

11. Railway Manias In 1830 there were a few dozen miles of railways in all the world – chiefly consisting of the line from Liverpool to Manchester. By 1840 there were over 4,500 miles, and by 1850 over 23,500. Most of them were projected in a few bursts of speculative frenzy known as the ‘railway manias’ of 1835–1837 and especially in 1844–1847; most of them were built in large part with British capital, British iron, machines, and know-how. These investment booms appear irrational because in fact, few railways were much more profitable to the investor than other forms of enterprise, most yielded quite modest profits and many none at all: in 1855 the average interest on capital sunk in the British railways was a mere 3.7 percent. (From The Age of Revolution by Eric Hobsbawm, 1995, p. 45)

12. Answers ( a)Acceptable – a correctly referenced summary (b) Plagiarized – original wording with minor changes to word order (c) Acceptable – a correctly referenced quotation (d) Technically plagiarism – a mistake in date means the citation is incorrect (e) Plagiarized – some original wording and no citation

13. 5 Avoiding plagiarism by developing good study habits Few students deliberately try to cheat by plagiarising, but some devel op poor study habits that result in the risk of plagiarism.

14. Working with your group, add to the list of positive habits. Plan your work carefully so you do not have to write the essay at the last minute. Take care to make notes in your own words, not copying from the source.

15. Possible answers Keep a record of all the sources you use (e.g. author, date, title, page numbers, publisher). Make sure all your in-text citations are included in the list of references. Check that your quotations are exactly the same wording as the original. When paraphrasing, alter the structure as well as the vocabulary. Make sure your in-text citations are all included in the list of references.

16. 6 Practice Revise this unit by matching the words on the left with the definition on the right.

17. Answers Source: Any text that students use to obtain ideas or information Citation: Short in-text note giving the author’s name and publication date To summarize: To reduce the length of a text but keeping the main points Quotation: Using the exact words of an original text in your work Reference: Full publication details of a text to allow a reader to access the original To cheat: To gain advantage dishonestly

18. What is APA?

19. American Psychological Association (APA) Do you know what’s the latest edition of APA publication Maual ? 7th edition style of citations and referencing (released in Octobe r 2019)

20. APA style covers more than just citations and referencing , it can also cover how you format your document , right down to specifying the margin size. However, this course it’s only the referencing and citation aspect of APA style that we are concerned with.

21. References and Quotations Academic work depends on the research and ideas of others, so it is vital to show which sources you have used in your work, in an acceptable manner . This unit explains: the format of in-text citation the main reference systems the use of quotations the layout of lists of references

22. Why you should use references? There are three principal reasons for providing references and citations: (a) To show that you have read some of the authorities on the subject, which will give added weight to your writing. (b) To allow readers to find the source , if they wish to examine the topic in more detail. (c) To avoid plagiarism.

23. When should you reference? Yes/No Data you found from your own primary research (b) A graph from an Internet article (c )A quotation from a book (d) An item of common knowledge (e) A theory from a journal article (f) An idea of your own based on reading several sources

24. When should you reference? Yes/No Data you found from your own primary research (N) (b) A graph from an Internet article (Y) (c )A quotation from a book (Y) (d) An item of common knowledge (N) (e) A theory from a journal article (Y) (f) An idea of your own based on reading several sources (N)

25. Citations and references It is important to refer correctly to the work of other writers that you have used. You may present these sources a s a summary/paraphrase, quotation, or use both . In each case, a citation is included to provide a link to the list of references at the end of your paper:

26. Reference elements (Journal article) Sihare, S. R. (2018). Roles of e-content for e-business: Analysis. International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business , 10 (1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697010500036064

27. Elements Author’ surname Author’s Initial(s) Year Article Title Journal Title in Italics DOI or Journal URL Volume in Italics Issue Number Page No(s)

28. Example: Smith (2009) argues that the popularity of the Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) is irrational, as despite their high cost most are never driven off-road. In his view, ‘they are bad for road safety, the environment and road congestion’ (Smith, 2009, p. 37). In text citation References Smith, M. (2009). Power and the state. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan .

29. IN-Text Citations APA is known as an author-date referencing style because only the author’s surname and the year of publication are necessary to refer to in the body of the essay itself. The rest of the information can be found in the reference list, at the end of your essay. You don’t need to put the full title of the book or article into your essay paragraphs. All you need is the author’s surname, and the year it was published, and the page number (most of the time).

30. Author Information The very first piece of informat ion in most references is the author’s name(s ). We say “most”, because some sources may not have an author (such as websites, the Bible…). If your source doesn’t have an author, do not include any information about an author in your reference.

31. Citing a Source with 1 or 2Author When a source that one or two authors, include the author name(s) every time the source is cited . In parenthetical citations, use an ampersand (&) between names for a work with two authors or before the last author when all names must be included to avoid ambiguity. In narrative citations, spell out the word “and”.  Consider the following examples:  (Luna, 2020)  Luna (2020) state ….  (Salas & D’Agostino, 2020)  Salas and D’Agonostino (2020) argue that….. 

32. Citing Source with three or more authors When a source that has three or more authors is cited, include the name of only the first author plus “et al.” (an abbreviation of “et alia” which means “and others”) in every citation, including the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.  Consider the following example:  Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health ( Salsman et al., 2015, p. 3761). Salsman et al. (2015, p. 3761) showed that ... 

33. How about when referencing In the reference list a source which has three or more authors , ALL the authors (up to 20) are spelt out in the reference list. If there are more than 21 authors “…” is used between the 19th author and the last author. APA 7th ed. replaces all authors between the 19th and last author with “. . .”.  For example: Kalnay , E., Kanamitsu , M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven , D., Gandin , L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woolen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah , M., Ebisuzaki , W., Higgins, W., Janowiak , J., Mo, K.C., Ropelewski , C., Wang, J., Leetmaa , A., … Joseph, D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77 (3), 437- 471. http:// doi.org /fg6rf9  In Citiatation: ( Kalnay et al., 1996) 

34. Avoiding Ambiguity- Which one is Which? Sometimes multiple works with three or more authors and the same publication year shorten to the same in-text citation, which creates ambiguity (more than one interpretation)  For example, two works have the following authors:  Maxwell, Scourfield, Holland, Featherstone, and Lee (2012 )  Maxwell, Scourfield, Featherstone, Holland, and Tolman (2012)   Both these citations were shortened to Maxwell et al. (2012). To avoid ambiguity when citing them both in your work, cite them as follows:  Maxwell, Scourfield, Holland, et al. (2012)  Maxwell, Scourfield, Featherstone, et al. (2012) 

35. Because “et al.” is plural (meaning “and others”, it cannot stand for only one name. When only the final author is different, spell out all names in every citation.  Hasan, Liang, Kahn, and Jones-Miller (2015)  Hasan, Liang, Kahn, and Weintraub (2015) 

36. Works with the same author and same year When multiple references have an identical author (or authors) and publication year, include a lowercase letter (a, b, c, etc.) after the year. The year-letter combination is used in both the in-text citation and the reference list entry. Use only the year with a letter in the in-text citation, even if the reference list entry contains a more specific date.  For Example: (Judge & Kammeyer -Mueller, 2012a)  Judge and Kammeyer -Mueller (2012b)  And  ( Sifuentes , n.d.-a, n.d.-b) 

37. Assign the letters a, b, etc. in the order the works appear in your reference list. Your reference list is arranged alphabetically by author, then year, then title. In the titles, J comes before O, so these two references will be ordered like this in the reference list:  Judge, T. A., & Kammeyer -Mueller, J. D. (2012a). Job attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 63 , 341-67. https:// doi.org /10.10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100511  Judge, T. A., & Kammeyer -Mueller, J. D. (2012b). On the value of aiming high: The causes and consequences of ambition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97 (4), 758-775. https:// doi.org /10.1037.a0028084 

38. Authors with same surname If the first authors of multiple references share the same surname but have different initials, include the first authors’ initials in all in-text citations, even if the year of publication differs. Initials help avoid confusion within the text and help readers locate the correct entry in the reference list.  For example:  (J. Taylor & Neimeyer , 2015; G. Taylor, 2015)  If the authors have the same surname and the same initials, then you write out their given names in full.  For example:  (James Taylor, 2015) and (John Taylor, 2015) 

39. Citing a source multiple times in one paragraph Sometimes you might want to use one particular source several times during one paragraph. Putting an in-text citation after every sentence that comes from that source would look awful and break the flow of your writing… but leaving the in-text citations out risks plagiarism. Introduce the source early in the paragraph, with the author as part of the sentence rather than in brackets . For example: Bryman (2016, p. 100) describes several aspects of the data gathering process. 

40. Which sources should I use? The b est sources are once which has been through some reviews. Journals and articles have usually been t hr ough peer revi e ws and have been cri ti qued by other academic s . Sources such as Wikipedia, or random pages on the internet have not been through a peer review process. Think about the sources you are choosing when you write your assignments. Ask yourself:  • Is there a date?  • Is there a name?  • Is there evidence of some kind of review process before it has gone on the internet? 

41. DOIs and URLS A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location on the internet. DOIs can be found in database records and the reference lists of published works. 

42. URL A uniform resource locator (URL) specifies a location of digital information on the internet and can be found in the address bar of your internet browser. URLs in references should link directly to the cited work when possible. 

43. Include a DOI for all works that have a DOI, regardless of whether you used the online version or the print version. If a print work does not have a DOI, do not include a DOI or URL in the reference. If an online work has both a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI.  If an online work has a URL but no DOI, include the URL in the reference as follows: 

44. For works without DOIs from websites (not including academic research databases), provide a URL in the refer ence (as long as the URL will work for readers). 

45. For works without DOIs from most academic research databases , do not include a URL or database information in the reference because these works are widely available. The reference should be the same as the reference for a print version of the work. Examples of academic research databases and platforms that are widely available include CINAHL, Ebook Central, EBSCO host , Google Scholar, JSTOR, MEDLINE, Science Direct.

46. Format of DOIs and URLs Present both DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks (i.e. beginning with “http:” or “https:”).  Because a hyperlink leads readers directly to the content, it is not necessary to include the words “Retrieved from” or “Accessed from” before a DOI or URL. It is acceptable to use either the default settings for hyperlinks in your word processing program (e.g. usually blue font, underlined ) or plain text that is not underlined.  Links should be live of the work is to be published or read online.  The format for the DOI in the reference list is:  https:// doi.org / xxxxx   The string “ https:// doi.org /” is a way of presenting a DOI as a link, and “ xxxxx ” refers to the DOI number. 

47. Copy and paste the DOI or URL from your web browser directly onto your reference list to avoid transcription errors.  DO not change the capitalisation or punctuation of the DOI or URL.  DO not add line breaks manually to the hyperlink, it is acceptable if your word=processing program automatically adds a break or moves the hyperlink to its own line.  Do not add a period (full stop) after the DOI or URL because it may interfere with the link functionality.  When a DOI or URL is long or complex, you may use a shortDOIs or shortened URL if desired. Use the shortDOI service provided by the International DOI Foundation (http:// shortdoi.org /). Enter a cut and paste of the DOI and this service will create a new shortDOI . 

48. Online Sources You will also need to use sources from the internet when you write essays. Some of these have authors, some have titles only and no author, and some have no date. There are rules to follow in all of these scenarios. 

49. If there is an author use the author-date fo rmat, just like you would for a book or article, for example (Smith, 1990).  If no author is identified, use the first few words of the title in place of the author . These must be placed within double quotation marks, for example, (“Eating Tomatoes,” 1990).  If no date is provided, use "n.d." in place of the date, for example, (“Eating Tomatoes,” n.d.)  To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate point in text . Always give page numbers for quotations . Note that the words page and chapter are abbreviated in such text citations:  The only exception to this is if you are referring to an entire website in general in your essay, then you would provide the name of the website in the text and include the URL in parentheses. For example, you might write: We created our survey using Qualtrics (https:// www.qualtrics.com ).  Marketing and branding of the All Blacks is an integral part of their commodification. This is exemplified by Allblacks.com (http:// www.allblacks.com /). 

50. Examples: (Cheek & Buss, 1981, p. 332)  (Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3)  For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by the abbreviation para.  Example:  (Myers, 2000, para. 5)  Do not cite the URL in the body of the essay . This information will be put into the reference list (at the end of the essay). 

51. Quiz. 1 What is the correct reference format for a book? Ebbeck, M., & Waniganayake, M. (2016 ). Play in early childhood education: Learning in diverse contexts (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. Ebbeck , M and Waniganayake , M. 2016. Play in early childhood education: Learning in diverse contexts. Oxford University Press, South Melbourne  M. Ebbeck , & M. Waniganayake . (2016).  Play in early childhood education: Learning in diverse contexts  (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Oxford University Press.  Ebbeck , M., & Waniganayake , M. (2016).  Play in early childhood education: Learning in diverse contexts  (2nd ed.).

52. Quiz.2. What is the correct author and year format for a Journal article in a reference list? Brill, j. B. 2011. John Brill, 2011. Brill, JB, (2011). Brill, J.B. (2011).

53. Quiz. 3 What is the correct reference format for a webpage on a webstie? Johnson, A. (2018, May 24).  “It doesn’t need to be this way”: The promise of specialized early intervention in psychosis services.  IEPA. Viewed 30th July 2023, https://iepa.org.au/network-news/it-doesnt-need-to-be-this - way-the-promise-of- specialised -early-intervention-in- psychosis-services/ Johnson A. 2018. “It doesn’t need to be this way”: The promise of specialised early intervention in psychosis services.  IEPA . https:// iepa.org.au /network-news/it- doesnt - need-to-be-this-way-the-promise-of- specialised -early- intervention-in-psychosis-services/

54. Johnson, A. (2018, May 24).  “It doesn’t need to be this way”: The promise of specialised early intervention in psychosis services.  IEPA. https:// iepa.org.au /network-news/it- doesnt - need-to-be-this-way-the-promise-of- specialised -early- intervention-in-psychosis-services/ Johnson, A. (2018).  “It doesn’t need to be this way”: The promise of specialised early intervention in psychosis services.  https:// iepa.org.au /network-news/it- doesnt -need- to-be-this-way-the-promise-of- specialised -early- intervention-in-psychosis-services/

55. Qu.4. What is the correct in-text reference format for a direct quote (narrative style)? Viet and Gould (2010) emphasise the importance of “using your own words and your own style” (P. 158) when paraphrasing. Viet and Gould, page 158, emphasise the importance of ‘using your own words and your own style’ when paraphrasing. Viet and Gould (2010, p158) emphasise the importance of ‘using your own owrds and your own style’ when paraphrasing. Viet and Gould (2010) emphaise the importance of ‘using your own words and your own style’ when paraphrasing.

56. Qu.5. True or False: The reference list is arranged in the order of resources cited in your assignment. True False