Planning, Evaluation and Survey study .pptx

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1. Planning Evaluation and Survey

2. JONG “Plan is a systematic approach to defining the problem, setting the priorities, developing specific goals & objectives & determining alternative strategies, and a method of’ implementation E. C Banfeild “Plan is a decision about a course of action”

3. Purposes To meet out solution of problems within limited available resources To eliminate wasteful and duplicate expenditure To achieve aims and objective through planned and best course of action

4. Types of Health Planning (Spiegel and Associates)

5. Steps in Planning

6. Planning

7. Steps in Planning Cycle

8. Importance of Planning Predictions can be done and proper precautions can be undertaken to prevent crisis Based on the welfare of the community , corporation, organization or institution Planning requires deep understanding of the whole system and for this preventive & treatment needs of the community must be known

9. Reasons for Needs Assessment: Defines the problem Identifies the extent & severity Provides a profile of the community to ascertain the causes of the problem Helps in evaluating the effectiveness of the program

10. The information required include Number of individuals in the population Geographic distribution of the population Rate of growth Population density and degree of urbanization Ethnic backgrounds Diet and nutritional levels Standard of living Amount and type of public services and utilities

11. Public and private school system General health profile Patterns and distribution of dental diseases

12. Analysis of data • Once this is obtained from the needs assessment, the information must be analyzed before the priorities are determined

13. 2. Determining the priorities ‘Priority determination’ is a method of imposing people’s value & judgment of what is important onto the raw data Is used to rank the problems according to the severity & helps to utilize resources tactically If priorities are not determined then program may not serve the people in need

14. When setting priorities for a community the planner must ask How serious is the problem? What percent of the population is affected by it?

15. 3. Development Of Program Goals, Objectives & Activities Program goals: are broad statements on the overall purpose of a program to meet a defined problem. Program objective: are more specific and describe in a measurable way the desired end result of program activities.

16. Objectives should specify the following: WHAT: Nature of the situation or Condition to be attained EXTENT: Scope & Magnitude of the situation or Condition to be attained WHO: Particular group or Portion of the environment in which the attainment is desired WHERE: Geographic areas of the program WHEN: Date by which the desired situation or condition is intended to exist

17. Program Activities How to bring about the desired results” Includes three components: – What is going to be done – Who will be doing it – When it will be done

18. 4. Resource Identification Implies manpower, money, material, skills, knowledge,& Technique needed or available for implementation of the program Balance has to struck with what is required & what is available

19. 5. Identifying Constraints ‘Road blocks’ or ‘obstacles’ Identification of Constraints early in the planning stage: Can modify design of the program Create a more practical & realistic plan

20. Constraints may be as a result of Organizational policies Resource limitations Characteristics of the community such as lack of funding, labor shortages, restrictive governmental policies, inadequate transportation systems, negative attitudes

21. One of the best way to identify constraints is to bring together a group of concerned citizens who might in some capacity be involved in or affected by the project. A group that is familiar with local politics and community structures can not only identify the constraints but also offer alternative strategies and solutions for meeting the goals.

22. 6.Identify Alternative Strategies Presence of existing constraints & available resources  Planner Should consider Alternative Strategies  Help achieve objectives Sufficient no. of alternative plans should be at hand

23. Should help decide the most suitable plan either individually or in combination Which should match the limited resources & anticipated costs & effective in return to the main plan

24. 7.Develop Implementation Strategy 1. WHY? The effect of the objective to be achieved 2. WHAT? The activities required to achieve the objective 3. WHO? Individuals responsible for each activity 4. WHEN? Chronological sequence of activities 5. HOW? Materials, methods, techniques to be used 6. HOW MUCH? A cost estimate of materials and time

25. To develop an implementation strategy, the planner must know what specific activity he/she wants to do. The most effective method is to work backwards to identify the events that must occur prior to initiating the activity

26. 8. Implementation The process of putting the plan into operation is referred to as implementation The implementation process involves individuals, organizations and the community. Only through team work between the individual and the environment can implementation be successful Most health programs can be divided into four phases of implementation, which are

27. Implementation phases The pilot phase: whose development proceeds on a trial and error basis

28. The controlled phase: where a model of a particular program strategy is run under regulated conditions to judge its effectiveness

29. The actualization phase: where a model of the program strategy is subjected to realistic operating conditions

30. The operational phase: where the program is an ongoing part of the structure

31. 9. Monitoring • Monitoring refers to the maintenance of an ongoing watch over the activities of an health service. • Monitoring often denotes not only watching, but using the observation as basis for continual modification of goals, plans or activities.

32. The data typically collected for monitoring include: 1. Input data : Eg – financial/budgetary reports, personnel available and vacancies existing, transportation records, equipment and supplies purchased

33. 2. Process data: Eg – specific activities carried out in completing the program, the sequence in which they are carried out and their timing

34. 3. Out put data : Eg – services or goods provided (such as the proportion of target population served)

35. 10. Evaluation • ‘Evaluation measures the degree to which objectives and targets are fulfilled and the quality of the results obtained. It measures the productivity of available resources in achieving clearly defined objectives. It measures how much output or cost effectiveness is achieved. It makes possible the reallocation of priorities and of resources on the basis of changing health needs’. - WHO 1967

36. Survey

37. A  survey  is defined as a brief interview or discussion with individuals about a specific topic. Collection of data analyzing  evaluating “non-experimental investigation.”

38. Advantages Large amounts of information can be collected Can be carried out by the researcher or by any individual The results of the questionnaires can usually be quickly and easily quantified Can be analyzed more 'scientifically' When data has been quantified, it can be used to compare with other research and may be used to measure change Data can be used to create new theories and / or test existing hypotheses Rates and indices

39. Dis-Advantages Inadequate to understand some forms of information - i.e. changes of emotions, behaviour , feelings etc. An artificial creation by the researcher, as it is asking only a limited amount of information without explanation Lacks validity There is no way to tell how truthful a respondent is There is no way of telling how much thought a respondent has put in

40. The respondent may be forgetful or not thinking within the full context of the situation People may read differently into each question and therefore reply based on their own interpretation of the question There is a level of researcher imposition, The process of coding in the case of open ended questions opens a great possibility of subjectivity by the researcher

41. Types: Descriptive Used to describe a disease or situation under study Analytical Used to explain and study any situation

42. Basic Oral Health Surveys Collect basic information about oral diseases and treatment needs required for planning. Objectives: Complete picture of oral health status of a population Monitoring and evaluation

43. Stepwise Approach It starts with the compilation of key information on risk factors and self-reported health using questionnaire (Step 1), Simple physical measurements (Step 2) Complex measurements for biochemical analysis (Step 3). * It may include core and extended areas of investigation

44. Pathfinder Survey Economic sampling methodology Statistically significant and clinical relevant information obtained Information obtained is: Prevalence of oral diseases Varying levels of disease, its severity and treatment needs Oral health status among all index age groups.

45. Classification Pilot survey Includes only the most important subgroups in the population and only one or two index ages, Such a survey provides the minimum amount of data needed for commencing planning in many situations.

46. National pathfinder survey Cover all important subgroups that may have differing disease levels or treatment needs At least three of index ages Collection of data for the planning and monitoring of services in all countries

47. Index ages and age groups 5 years: 12 Years 15 Years 35-44 Years 65-74 Years

48. Methods in Dental Epidemiology Objectives Investigations Types of study Controls Methods of study Population (Sample)

49. Examination Authorities Budgeting Scheduling Emergency care Referral’ Calibration & reliability Personnel and organization Equipment

50. Examination area Methods of examination Classification of study types Type I: Complete examination Type II: Limited examination Type III: inspection Type IV: Screening procedure Data analysis Conclusion Reports

51. Evaluation

52. The judgment of merit or worth about a particular person, place or thing. Collection & analysis of information to determine the program performance .

53. Purpose To measure the program success To provide information for decision making. To measure the effect To carry out modifications.

54. WHO criteria for evaluation of dental services (1972) Effectiveness : have the stated objectives been achieved? Efficiency : what has been the cost in man power or finance in relation to the output of the program?

55. Appropriateness : is the program acceptable to both the consumers & providers & do the priorities reflect proper interpretation of the needs of the population? Adequacy : has the intended coverage of the target population being achieved & are the services readily available?

56. Advantages Measures progress Measures effectiveness Identifies problem Plan, revision & modification Justify the cost of administering the program

57. Types of evaluation Acc. to Scriven : Formative evaluation Summative evaluation

58. Formative evaluation Internal evaluation of the program Carried out to aid in the development of a program in its early phases Used by program developers and program staff members – regarding status and maintenance or changes should be made

59. Summative evaluation Judges the merit or worth of a program after it has been in operation Meeting goals or not Aimed at program decision makers who will decide whether to continue or terminate the program

60. Basic steps in evaluation Determine what is to be evaluated (PSO) Establishment of standard criteria (SPO) Planning the methodology Gathering information Analysis of results Taking action Revaluation

61. Determine what is to be evaluated (PSO) Evaluation of the Process: Program activities are evaluated by comparing with predetermined standards Evaluation of the Structure: whether facilities, equipment, manpower, and organization meet the standards Evaluation of Outcome: C oncerned with the end results of the program

62. 2. Establishment of standard criteria(SPO) Standards and criteria must be established to determine how well the desired objectives have been attained S tructural criteria e.g. physical facilities and equipment P rocess criteria e g every prenatal mother must receive 6 checkups O utcome criteria e g alteration in patient’s health status

63. 3. Planning the methodology Certain standards and criteria must be included at the planning stage A format should be prepared for gathering information and in keeping with the purpose of evaluation

64. 4. Gathering information Collection of data information Includes political, cultural, economic, environmental, and administrative factors

65. 5. Analysis of results Once information gathered, the analysis and interpretation of data should take place with in the shortest time. Opportunities should be provided for discussing evaluation results

66. 6. Taking action For evaluation to be truly productive emphasis should be placed on actions ( to support, strengthen, or modify the services involved)

67. 7. Revaluation Evaluation an ongoing process Health activities should be more relevant, efficient and effective.

68. Reasons for failure to achieve aims, objectives and goals Defective planning Improper utilization of resources Overestimation of resources Poor performances of the activities Invalid assumptions linking activities to objectives Invalid assumptions linking objectives to program goals Un co-operative behavior of client population Un co-operative attitude of program workers