Planning in Sports.pdf

UNIT 1
of CBSE class 12
PLANNING IN SPORTS

2. MEANING OF PLANNING
Planningissimplytheprocessofarranging
expectedactivitiessothatacertaingoalor
targetcanbeachieved.
⮚
AccordingtoAlfordandBeatt,”Planning
isthethinkingprocess,theorganised
foresight,thevisionbasedonfactand
experiencethatisrequiredforintelligent
action.”

3. OBJECTIVES OF PLANNING
⮚
To avoid last minute hassles.
⮚
To efficiently supervise all activities.
⮚
To coordinate between different committee.
⮚
To avoid mistakes.
⮚
To make room for innovation.
⮚
To make the events more interesting.
⮚
To get the best performance.

4. VARIOUS COMMITTEES AND THEIR
RESPONSIBILITIES
⮚Committee for publicity.
⮚
Reception committee.
⮚
Boarding and Lodging committee.
⮚
Transport committee.
⮚
Ground & Equipment committee.
⮚
Refreshment and Entertainment committee.
⮚
Decoration and Ceremony committee.
⮚
Announcement & First Aid committee.etc

5. PRE TOURNAMENT
RESPONSIBILITIES
Thesedutiesareperformedbeforethe
commencementofthesportsevent.Fewofthe
responsibilitiesare:-
⮚
Topreparethebudgetofthetournament.
⮚
Topreparethescheduleofthetournament.
⮚
Topreparethegrounds/courtsandsports
equipment.
⮚
Tosendinformationtovariousteams.
⮚
Tomakearrangementofboarding&lodging.
⮚
Toarrangeprizesandcertificates.

6. DURING TOURNAMENT
RESPONSIBILITIES
The following duties during the game are
essential :-
⮚
Proper arrangement of inauguration.
⮚
To ensure the schedule of events.
⮚
To make necessary announcements.
⮚
To prepare proper score sheet for record.
⮚
To maintain proper discipline.
⮚
To check the arrangement of meals. etc

7. POST TOURNAMENT RESPONSIBILITIES
The following responsibilities are performed
after the tournament:-
⮚
To give away the prizes and certificates.
⮚
To provide detailed results.
⮚
To provide security refunds.
⮚
To the payments to the officials.
⮚
To present mementos to the chief guest and
to the team escorts.

8. TOURNAMENT
⮚
Atournamentisatypeofcontestinwhich
severalplayersparticipateanddefeat
opponentsinvariousroundstogettothe
finalmatchandwinit.
e.g.,
⮚
The Olympic Games
⮚
Cricket world Cup
⮚
FIFA World Cup etc.

9. IMPORTANCE OF
TOURNAMENTS
Tournamentsareanimportantfeatureofsports,
beingastheyareplatformsforshowcasingone’s
skillsandabilitiesataparticulargame.Thesalient
aspectsoftournamentsare:-
⮚
Perfectingofsportingskills
⮚
Strengtheningsportsculture
⮚
Nurturingofsocialskills
⮚
Selectionofrealtalent
⮚
Characterbuilding
⮚
PromotingNational&InternationalIntegration.

10. TYPES OF TOURNAMENTS
Therearethreetypesoftournaments:
1.
KnockoutTournament
1.
LeagueorRoundRobinTournament
3.CombinationTournament

11. KNOCK OUT TOURNAMENT
Inthistypeoftournament,thedefeated
teamorplayeriseliminatedwithnoscope
ofparticipatingfurther.
Asforthewinner,theycontinuecompeting
againstotheropponentsuntilthey
eventuallyloseorwinthetournament.
KnockoutwordismostlyusedinBoxing,
whenanopponentisknockeddownand
unabletoriseandreturntothegame.

12. ADVANTAGES OF KNOCK OUT
TOURNAMENT
⮚
Itsavecostandtime
⮚
Teamstakethematchseriouslyand
givesbestperformanceinorderto
advancefurther.
⮚
Knockoutrequirefewerpeopleto
organisesuccessfully.
⮚
Itincreasestheexcitementlevelsofthe
matches.

13. DISADVANTAGES OF KNOCK OUT
TOURNAMENT
⮚
Somegoodteamsdon’tgeta
secondchancetoprove.
⮚
Weakerteammightadvance
further.
⮚
Knockoutscanbepoorjudgesin
selectionofteams.
⮚
Itneedevennumberofparticipants
todividetheminpairs.

14. PROCEDURE TO DRAW FIXTURE
(KNOCK OUT)
TopreparefixtureforKnockoutcertainstatistics
havetobetakenintoaccount:
⮚
Totalnumberofparticipatingteams/players,
whichisusedindeterminingtheNUMBEROF
ROUNDS.
⮚
ThetotalnumberofBYES.
⮚
Thenumberofteamsineach HALFOR
QUARTER.
⮚
ThetotalnumberofMATCHES.
⮚
ThenumberofbyesineachHALFORQUARTER.

15. TOTAL NUMBER OF
MATCHES
⮚
ThenumberofmatchesinKnock-
outtournamentis(N–l),where‘N’
denotesthetotalnumberof
participatingteams.
⮚
Fore.g.,ifllteamsare
participating,thanthenumberof
matcheswillbe
⮚
N –l = l l –l = l O matches

16. METHOD OF CALCULATING TEAMS
IN EACH HALF
⮚
If the number of teams are evenor in the
power of
2
than N/
2
is used.
⮚
If the number of teams is not the power of
2
or
in odd number, following procedure is
applied:-
⮚
Upper half = N + l/
2
⮚
Lower half = N –l/
2
⮚
Where ‘N’is the total number of teams.

17. NUMBER OF TEAMS IN EACH
QUARTER
⮚Whenthenumberofteamsaremore,the
teamsaredividedintoupperandlower
halves,whicharethenfurtherdividedinto
twoparts.
⮚
Therefore,theupperhalfwillhavetwo
quarters–
1
st
and
2
nd
,andthelowerhalfwill
havetwoquartersaswell:3
rd
and4
th
.

18. DISTRIBUTION OF TEAMS IN QUARTERS
NO. OF
TEAMS
1
ST
QUARTER
2
ND
QUARTER
3
RD
QUARTER
4
TH
QUARTER
287777
297 + 1777
307 + 17 7 + 17
317 + 17 + 17 + 17
328888

19. NUMBER OF ROUNDS IN KNOCKOUT
TOURNAMENT
⮚WhentheNO.ofteamsorplayers(N)isthe
poweroftwo(i.e.2,4,8,16,32andsoon),
thentheroundswillbetheNO.of
2
’smaking
upN
⮚
Example,N=8,NO.ofroundswillbe
2x2x2=
three
2
’s=3
⮚
WhenNisnotthepowerof2,theNO.of
roundswillbebasedonthenexthigher
powerof2.e.g.N=9,thenexthigherpower
of2is16,whichis2x2x2x2=four2s=4

20. METHOD OF FIXING BYES
⮚
Byeisanadvantagetoateamtoplaydirectlyin
nextround.
⮚
Byeswillbefixedinthefollowingmanner:
⮚
lstbyewillbegiventothelastteamoflowerhalf.
⮚
llndbyewillbegiventothefirstteamofupperhalf.
⮚
lllrdbyewillbegiventothefirstteamoflowerhalf.
⮚
lVthbyewillbegiventothelastteamofupperhalf.
⮚
Thesamesequencewillbefollowedwhileassigning
thenextbyeorbyes

21. TOTAL NUMBER OF BYES
⮚NObyewillbegiventothepoweroftwo
teams(e.g.2,4,8,16,32,etc.)
⮚
Theno.ofbyesarecalculatedby
subtractingtheteamfromnexthigher
poweroftwo.
⮚
e.g.N=ll,16–ll=5byes(2x2x2x2=16)
⮚
NO.ofbyesinupperhalf=NB-l/
2
⮚
NO.ofbyesinlowerhalf=NB+l/
2

22. SEEDING METHOD
⮚Inthismethod,thestrongteamsare
selectedtokeepthematappropriateplace
inthefixture.
⮚
Fortheselectionofstrongteams,the
organisersmustbewellawareofthe
previousperformanceofteams.
⮚
Generally,thenumberofseededteams
shallbeinthepowerof
2
,i.e.,2,4,8,16etc.
⮚
Alltheteamsexcepttheseededteamsare
keptinthefixturebylots.

23. SPECIAL SEEDING
Inspecialseeding,theseeded
playersparticipatedirectlyinthe
quarter-finalorsemi-final.
Theyneednotwaitforlonger
duration.

24. LEAGUE/ ROUND ROBIN/ BERGER
SYSTEM
⮚
Thistournamentisknownbythreenames.
⮚
Mr.Bergerwasthefirstpersonwhoimagine
aboutthistournament.
⮚
Inthistournament,eachteamplayswith
everyotherteamonceinsingleleagueand
playtwiceindoubleleague.
⮚
Inthistournament,everyteamplayswith
everyotherteamirrespectiveofvictoryor
defeat.
⮚
Itisalsoknownasbesttournamentbecauseit
providesmaximumnumberofopportunitiesto
theteams.

25. TYPES OF LEAGUE TOURNAMENT
⮚SingleLeagueTournament:-Inthisevery
teamplayswitheveryotherteamonceand
thenumberofmatchesisdeterminedby:-
⮚
N(N-l)/
2
⮚
DoubleLeagueTournament:-Inthisevery
teamplayswitheveryotherteamtwiceand
thenumberofmatchesisdeterminedby:-
⮚
N(N-l)whereas‘N’isthetotalnumberof
participatingteams.

26. ADVANTAGES OF LEAGUE
TOURNAMENT
⮚
Only strong team get victory.
⮚
Every team gets maximum
opportunities.
⮚
Maximum number of matches are
there.
⮚
Easy to select good players.
⮚
The spectators get opportunity to
watch more matches.

27. DISADVANTAGES OF LEAGUE
TOURNAMENT
⮚
Itrequiresmoretime.
⮚
Itcostsmore.
⮚
Theteamscomingfromfarandwideface
moreproblemsbecauseofwasteoftime
andmoney.
⮚
Itneedsmorearrangementsforsports
officialsandteams.
⮚
Moralofteamsbecomeslowduetotheir
defeatagainandagaininthetournament.

28. PROCEDURE OF FIXTURE IN LEAGUE
TOURNAMENT
Thefollowingmethodsareused
forfixturesinleaguetournament:
⮚
Staircasemethod
⮚
Cyclicmethod

29. STAIRCASE METHOD
Inthismethodfixturesaremadejustlikea
ladderorastaircase.Thisistheeasiest
methodbecausenobyeisgiventoanyevenor
oddnumberofteams.e.g.for5teams:
1
-
2
1
-3
2
-3
1
-4
2
-4 3-4
1
-5
2
-5 3-5 4-5

30. CYCLIC METHOD
⮚
Ifthenumberofteamsisinevenno.teamno.
1
is
fixedonthetopoftherightsideandthenmove
otherteamnumbersareinascendingorder
consecutivelydownwardandthenmovesupward
ontheleftside.
⮚
Iftheno.ofteamsisinoddno.theByeisfixedon
thetopoftherightside,restoftheprocedure
remainsthesame.
⮚
Teamsarerotatedintheclockwisedirection.
⮚
Inevenno.teams,theno.ofroundswillbe(N–l).
⮚
Inoddno.teams,theno.ofroundswillbeN.

31. EXAMPLE CYCLIC METHOD
Total number of teams = 5 (odd teams)
Total number of matches = N(N –l)/
2
Total number of rounds = N
lRll RlllRlVRVR
5 B
4 1
3 2
4 B
3 5
2 1
3 B
2 4
1 5
2 B
1 3
5 4
1 B
5 2
4 3

32. EXAMPLE CYCLIC METHOD
Total number of teams = 6 (even teams)
Total number of rounds = 5
Total number of matches = N(N –l)/
2
lRllRlllRlVRVR
6 1
5 2
4 3
5 1
4 6
3 2
4 1
3 5
2 6
3 1
2 4
6 5
2 1
6 3
5 4

33. METHOD OF DECIDING THE WINNER IN
LEAGUE TOURNAMENT
Theteamgetsmaximumpointsina
tournament,isdeclaredaswinner.
Winner of the match = 2 points
Loser of the match = 0 point
Draw = 1 point
In addition to this, other methods are also
used to declare the winner.

34. BRITISH METHOD
Divide the total points obtained by the total
possible points. e.g.
Percentage of points =
Total points obtained x 100
Total possible points

35. AMERICAN METHOD
Dividethenumberofgameswonby
thetotalnumberofgamesplayed.
Percentage
=Matcheswonx100/Matchesplayed

36. COMBINATION TOURNAMENT
Combinationtournamentsareconducted
whenthematchesaretobeplayedonzonal
basis.Afterthatthewinnerofeachzonecan
participateatnationallevel.Thefollowing
combinationoftournamentsareused.
⮚
Knock out cum Knock out
⮚
League cum League
⮚
Knock out cum League
⮚
League cum Knock out ( 2 e.g. for each type)

37. MEANING OF INTRAMURAL
Theword‘Intramural’isderivedfromtheLatin
words‘Intra’and‘Muralis’.
Intrameanswithin
Muralismeanswall
Itmeansthattheactivitieswhichareperformed
withinthewallsorcampusofaninstitutionare
called‘Intramurals’.
ThemottoofIntramuralis“Agameforeachand
eachforagame”.
Intramuralcompetitionisoneofthebestmeansto
motivateallthestudentsofaninstitutionfortaking
partingamesandsports.

38. ORIGIN OF INTRAMURALS
InUSA,theintramuralofbaseballwas
organizedin1864.In1925,everyhigh
schoolstartedthemissiontoestablish
intramuraldepartmentinUSA.
InIndiaintramuralisfailurebecausemost
oftheparentswanttheirchildrento
devotemaximumtimeinstudies.

39. SIGNIFICANCE OF INTRAMURALS
Thefollowingpointscanexpressthesignificance
ofintramuralsforstudents:-
⮚
Intramuralaresignificantforphysical,mental,
emotionalandsocialdevelopmentofstudents.
⮚
Itlaysstressonmoralandethicalvalues.
⮚
Itisnecessaryforthehealthdevelopment.
⮚
Totoneupfightinginstinctofstudents.
⮚
Provideopportunitiestoparticipateingames.
⮚
Essentialfordevelopingleadershipqualities.
etc

40. OBJECTIVES OF
INTRAMURALS
ThevariousobjectivesofIntramuralare:-
⮚
Toprovideopportunitytoeverystudentto
participateingamesandsports.
⮚
Todevelopleadershipqualities.
⮚
Todevelopfeelingofsportsmanship.
⮚
Toidentifytalentedsportspersons.
⮚
Todeveloppersonality.
⮚
Toprovideexperiencetoorganize
competitions.

41. MEANING OF
EXTRAMURALS
Theword‘Extramural’isderivedfromthe
Latinwords‘Extra’and‘Muralis’.
Extrameansoutside.
MuralismeansWall.
Itmeanstheactivities,whichare
performedoutsidethewallsofan
institutionoraschool.Itisalsoknownas
Inter-schoolcompetitions.

42. SIGNIFICANCE OF EXTRAMURAL
COMPETITIONS
The following points show the significance
of extramural competitions:-
⮚
Enhance the standard of sports.
⮚
Provide knowledge of sports techniques.
⮚
It broaden the base of sports.
⮚
Improve the standard of sports in
schools.
⮚
It improve games skill of the students.

43. OBJECTIVES OF
EXTRAMURALS
⮚
To improve the standard of sports.
⮚
To provide experience to students.
⮚
To develop sportsmanship.
⮚
To broaden the base of sports.
⮚
To provide the knowledge of new rules.
⮚
To learn new techniques and
strategies.
⮚
To learn new skills from other players.

44. SPORTS DAY
Sportsdayisorganizedsothattheall-round
developmentofchildrencouldbeattempted.Various
sportsandrecreationalactivitiesareincludedon
sportsday.
Sportsdayisorganizedbyeachandeveryschool.A
dayisfixedforconductingsportsdayinayear.
Byparticipatinginactivitiesstudentsdevelop
leadershipqualities.Thehealthconditionofchildren
isalsoimprovedastheytakepartinsuchactivities.
Varioussocialqualitiessuchashonesty,brotherhood,
friendshipetc.aredevelopedinchildrenastheytake
partinsportsactivities.

45. HEALTH RUNS
Healthrunsareavarietyofmarathons
organizedtospreadawarenessofand
improvethephysicalhealthofthe
membersofacommunity.
Theyareplannedandexecutedbythe
healthdepartment,sportsdepartmentor
socialorganisationsfocusingonhealth.

46. BENEFITS OF HEALTH
RUNS
⮚
Easytoparticipate.
⮚
Promotionofhealthinessandphysical
fitness.
⮚
Unificationofpeoplefromvarioussocial
groups.
⮚
Anyonecanparticipateinhealthruns.
⮚
Exerciseregularlyinadvanceforhealth
runs.
⮚
Theanatomicalandphysiologicalfactors
becomesfitfortheactivity.
⮚

47. RUN FOR FUN
Runforfunhasthesamepurposeashealthruns
toincreasethespritofphysicalfitnessinthe
public.
Itsgoalistoinspiretheparticipantsand
onlookerstostayhealthyandexerciseregularly.
Runforfunhastheaddedelementofbeinglight-
hearted;therunnerstakepartincrosscountry
runningforthesakeofrecreation.
Thoughrunforfundoesnothavetoincludean
agenda,itisoftenusedtoraisefundsforcharity.

48. RUN FOR SPECIFIC CAUSE
Runforspecificcausesareorganizedinhonor
ofacause,spreadingawarenessofAIDS,
cancer,disabilities,etc.
Thereisnolimitationregardingtheageor
numberofparticipants.Thegoalistoraise
fundsforchosencause.
Theyactasawarenesscampaignsinwhich
variouskindofpeoplecanjoin.Manynon-
profitbodiesorganizetheseruns.e.g.,
Mumbaimarathon,Chennaimarathon.

49. RUN FOR UNITY
Runforunityareheldtobringpeoplefrom
differentcommunities,casteandcreedstogether
underasingleeventtopromotepeace,harmony
andunity.
Thescopemaybenational,oritmaybeapartof
alargeinternationalevent.
Runforunitycanalsobespecialforsome
countrieswhereitisusedtocelebratetheir
independence.
Intheserunsalotofcelebritiesandrenowned
personalitiesjointhepublictohighlighttheneed
forrespectforeveryreligioninthecountry.