Plant-Anatomy. How plant grow and it's processed.pptx

Curiosity of how does plant reproduce seeds

1. Plant Production: Anatomy and Growth Explore plant anatomy and growth. Discover the secrets of plant production. Learn about the structures and processes that sustain life. From cell structure to environmental factors, unlock the mysteries of the botanical world.

2. What is a plant?

3. According to Oxford Languages, a plant is a living organism of the kind exemplified by trees, shrub, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses, typically growing in permanent sites, absorbing water and organic substances through its roots, and synthesizing nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. Did you know? A plant has many different parts. Its anatomy is generally divided into two system, which namely the shoot system and the root system . Each of both system has their own important roles in keeping the plant alive.

4. Shoot system In plant anatomy, the shoot system refers to the above-ground structures that make up a plant, including stems, leaves, nodes, internodes, buds, flowers, fruits, and seeds. It is responsible for photosynthesis, growth, transport, support, and reproduction. Two types of shoot system: Herbaceous shoot system non-woody stems that die back to the ground each year, like in grasses and herbs Woody shoot system woody stems that persist year-around, like in trees and shrubs.

5. Root system In plant anatomy, the root system refers to the underground structures that anchor the plant, absorb water and nutrients from the soil, and store foods. It’s a vital part of a plant’s overall structure and function. Root system is composed of the primary root, secondary roots, tertiary roots, root hairs, and root cap. Types of Root System Taproot system Fibrous Root System Adventitious Root System A single dominant root that grows straight down, like carrots and beets. A network of many small roots that spread out in all direction like grasses and corn. Roots that grow from stem or leaves, like in orchids and bromeliads.

6. The Building Blocks: Plant Cell Structure Plant cells are the fundamental units of life. Each cell is made of specialized components. These components contribute to the plant's overall function. From chloroplasts to cell walls, discover the intricate world within. Chloroplasts Sites of photosynthesis, converting light into energy. Cell Wall Provides structure and protection to the plant cell. Vacuole Stores water, nutrients, and waste products.

7. Chloroplast : Chloroplasts’ main job is to conduct photosynthesis; however, they also carry out a number of other functions, including making fatty acids and amino acids, and aiding in plants’ immune responses. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): This system contains a series of flattened sacs that are particularly important in the modification and transport of proteins and lipids. Nucleus : The nucleus stores the plant’s DNA, which controls everything in the plant from the color of its petals to the number of stamens. The nucleus is enclosed by two membranes and some small openings- called nuclear pores – which only let in certain, pre-approved things. Mitochondrion: Mitochondria are known as the “powerhouses” of the cell because they take in carbohydrates and fatty acids, break them down, and create energy. Mitochondria are small organelles that float freely throughout the cell.

8. Ribosome: Ribosomes help build proteins, which support cell/plant structure and function. Ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum make it appear rough, hence the name “Rough ER.” Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm includes all the material within a living cell, except its nucleus. This includes the organelles, such as the mitochondrion and the chloroplast, and also a gel-like substance called “cytosol” that gives the cell its shape and keeps the organelles more or less organized. The cytoplasm is about 80 percent water and is typically colorless. Golgi complex: The golgi apparatus, or “complex,” is made up of membrane-bound sacs that look like pancakes, and it can be thought of as the cell’s post office because it modifies, sorts, and packages proteins to be delivered elsewhere. Vacuole: Vacuoles are membrane-bound structures filled with fluid that contribute to the rigidity of the plant cell, store nutrients, and break down complex molecules. Different vacuoles within the same cell can contain different chemicals depending on that vacuole’s role. Lysosome: Lysosomes are one of the key organelles involved in digestion and waste removal. Structurally, lysosomes are like a floating garbage bag that contains enzymes capable of digesting molecules. They go to work when the cell absorbs or eats any food. If the cell is starving, lysosomes will even digest other organelles for nutrients.

9. Roots: Anchoring and Absorbing Life Roots anchor plants in the ground. They also absorb water and nutrients. Explore the diversity of root systems. Learn about their vital functions. 1 Anchorage Roots secure the plant, preventing it from being uprooted. 2 Absorption Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil. 3 Storage Roots store energy reserves for future growth.

10. PRIMARY ROOTS The main root that grows straight right into the soil. SECONDARY ROOTS Smaller roots that branch off from the primary root. TERTIARY ROOTS Even smaller roots that branch off from the secondary roots. ROOT HAIRS Tiny hair-like structures that increases the surface area of the root for absorption. ROOT CAP A protective of cell at the tip of the root that helps guide it through the soil.

11. Stems: Support and Transport Systems Stems provide structural support for plants. They transport water and nutrients. Explore stem anatomy and functions. Understand their role in growth and development. Support Stems hold leaves and flowers upright. Transport Stems transport water and nutrients throughout the plant. Storage Some stems store food reserves.

12. STRUCTURE OF STEM STEM: It is the above-ground structure that supports the leaves, flowers, and fruits of a plant. It provides mechanical support, transports water and nutrients, and stores food. LEAF: Responsible for photosynthesis, gas exchange, and transpiration. NODE : Is a point on the stem where a leaf is attached. It’s a joint where the leaf meets the stem, and it’s usually slightly swollen. INTERNODE : is a section of the stem between two nodes. It’s the length of the stem between two leaves, and it can vary in length depending on the plant species.

13. PHLOEM : transports sugars, amino acids, and other organic compounds produced by photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant. XYLEM : Transports water, minerals and nutrients from the roots to the leaves and other parts of the plant. CORTEX: Provides support and protection for the stem, and stores food and water. EPIDERMIS: Protects the stem from water loss, pathogens, and physical damage. PITH : Provides support and storage for the stem. Made up of parenchyma cells, similar to cortex. CAMBIUM: Produces new cells that allows the stem to grow in diameter.

14. Leaves: Photosynthesis Powerhouses Leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis. They convert light energy into chemical energy. Discover leaf anatomy and adaptations. Learn how leaves drive plant growth. Photosynthesis Leaves capture sunlight to produce sugars. Transpiration Leaves regulate water loss through stomata. Gas Exchange Leaves facilitate carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange.

15. PARTS OF THE LEAF AXIL : The angle between the leaf and the stem. VIEN : The vascular tissues that run through the leaf, carrying water, nutrients, and sugar. MIDRIB : The central vein that runs down the middle of the leaf blade. It’s usually the largest vein in the leaf. APEX: The apex, or the tip, is the pointed or rounded end of the leaf blade. LEAF MARGIN : Refers to the edge of the leaf blade. It can be smooth, serrated, or lobed. LEAF BLADE: Also known as lamina, is a flat part of the leaf that carries out photosynthesis. STIPULE : It is a small leaf, leaf-like structure that grows at the base of petiole. (not all leaves have this) PETIOLE : Also known as stalk, a stem-like structure that attaches the leaf to the plant’s stem.

16. LEAF ANATOMY

17. LEAF ANATOMY PALISADE MYSOPHYLL: A layer of compact, columnar cells containing many chloroplast, where most of the photosynthesis occurs. SPONGY MYSOPHYLL: A layer of loosely packed cells with fewer chloroplasts, allowing for gas exchange and air circulation. VASCULAR TISSUES XYLEM: The vascular tissue carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. PHLOEM: The vascular tissue that transports sugar, amino acids, and other organic compounds produced by photosynthesis. VEIN (VASCULAR BUNDLE): A bundle of vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) that transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the leaf. GAS EXCHANGE STRUCTURES STOMA (STOMATA): Small openings on the surface of the leaf that allow for the gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out) and transpiration (water loss). GUARD CELLS: Specialized cells that surrounds the stomata, regulating their opening and closing to control gas exchange and transpiration. EXTERNAL LAYERS CUTICLE: A thin, waxy layer on the surface of the leaf that helps prevent water loss. EPIDERMIS: A single layer of cell that covers the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf, protecting it from the environment. MESOPHYLL TISSUE

18. Flowers: The Art of Reproduction Flowers are the reproductive structures of plants. They attract pollinators and produce seeds. Explore flower anatomy and pollination mechanisms. Understand how flowers perpetuate plant species. Pollination 1 Fertilization 2 Seed Development 3 Fruit Formation 4

19. STIGMA : The sticky surface at the top of the style that catches the pollen grains. STYLE: The narrow tube that connects the stigma to the ovary. OVARY: The base of the pistil that contains one or more ovule (eggs). OVULE: The structure within the ovary that contains the egg cell. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS PISTLE

20. MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS ANTHER: The pollen producing part of the stamen. FILAMENT: The stalk that supports the anther. STAMEN FLOWER STRUCTURE PETAL: The colourful parts of the flower that attracts pollinators. SEPAL: The green, leaf-like structure that protects the flower bud. RECEPTACLE: The base of the flower that supports the other floral organs. PEDUNCLE: A stalk that supports the flower.

21. Seeds: Packaging Future Generations Seeds contain the embryo of a new plant. They provide nourishment and protection. Explore seed structure and dispersal mechanisms. Learn how seeds ensure survival and propagation. Embryo The developing plant within the seed. Endosperm Provides nourishment to the developing embryo. Seed Coat Protects the embryo from damage and desiccation.

22. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS SEEDS (Monocots) MONOCOTYLEDONOUS SEEDS (Dicots) One cotyledon Parallel veins Vascular tissues scattered throughout the stem Fibrous roots Flower typically have 3-6 petals Growth occurs from base of the plant Examples: grasses, corns, wheat, rice and lilies. Two cotyledons Net-like veins Vascular tissues arranged in ring-like pattern Taproot stem Flowers typically have 4-5 petals Growth occurs from the tip of the plant Examples: Apples, carrots, and tomatoes.

23. Seed coat, also known as the Testa, is the outermost layer of the seed. It protects the seed from damage, infection and water loss. The seed coat is usually hard, dry, and impermeable to water. Endosperm is a type of tissue produced inside the seed during fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrients, such as starch, proteins, and lipids, for developing plant. The endosperm can be present in various amounts depending on the plant species. The first true leaves are the initial set of leaves that emerge after the cotyledons. They are usually larger, more complex, and resemble the mature leaves of the plant. First true leaves mark the beginning of the seedling’s photosynthetic growth and are a significant milestone in plant development. Cotyledon is also known as a seed leaf, is the first leaf or leaves that emerge from a germinating seed. Cotyledons are usually simple, fleshy, and lack the characteristic shape of true leaves. They serve as a food source for the developing seedling and often wither away as the true leaves emerge. PARTS OF A SEED

24. The Miracle of Germination: Awakening Life Germination is the process by which a seed sprouts. It requires water, oxygen, and suitable temperature. Explore the stages of germination. Witness the miracle of life emerging from dormancy. 1 Imbibition Seed absorbs water and swells. 2 Radicle Emergence Root emerges from the seed coat. 3 Shoot Emergence Stem and leaves emerge from the soil.

25. Growth Stages: From Seedling to Mature Plant Seedlings develop leaves for photosynthesis. Vegetative growth focuses on roots and shoots. Reproductive growth produces flowers and fruits. 1 Seedling Initial growth and leaves. 2 Vegetative Roots and shoots develop. 3 Reproductive Flowers and fruits form.

26. Plant Nutrition: Feeding Growth and Development Plants require essential nutrients for growth. These nutrients include macronutrients and micronutrients. Discover how plants acquire nutrients. Learn about the importance of balanced fertilization. 1 Macronutrients 2 Micronutrients 3 Water

27. Environmental Factors: Shaping Plant Growth Environmental factors influence plant growth. These factors include light, temperature, and water. Explore the interactions between plants and their environment. Learn how environmental conditions affect plant development. Light Temperature Water

28. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING Prepared by: Jaime B. Adarayan Jr. BTVTED 3A