PLANT TISSUE GENERAL BIOLOGY 1- MIDTERM.pdf

PLANT TISSUE TOPIC

1. BIOLOGY 101 WITH MS. GOOPIO
EXPLORING
THE STRUCTURE CELL
ORGANELLES

2. •Identify the major organelles in a
cell.
•Compare organelles to real -world
structures for better understanding.
•Explain how organelles work together to
maintain cell function.
LESSON
TARGETS

3. CELL
A cell is the basic
structural and functional
unit of LIFE.
ORGANELLES
Organelles are tiny, specialized structures inside
a cell that perform specific tasks necessary for
cell survival. Each organelle has a unique
function, such as producing energy, making
proteins, or removing waste.

4. FUNCTIONS
NUCLEUS
•The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
•It contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which
carries the instructions for all cell activities.
•The nuclear membrane surrounds it, protecting the
genetic material.
•Stores and protects genetic information (DNA).
•Directs all cell activities, including growth
and reproduction.
•Contains the nucleolus, which makes ribosomes.

5. FUNCTIONS
RIBOSOMES
•Ribosomes are tiny, round structures found in
the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER.
•They are made of RNA and proteins and do not
have a membrane.
•Ribosomes are present in both plant and animal
cells.
•Synthesizes proteins by assembling amino acids
based on genetic instructions.
•Plays a crucial role in cell growth and repair.
•Works closely with other organelles to produce
and transport proteins.

6. MITOCHONDRIA
•The mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell.
•They have a double membrane, with the inner
membrane folded into structures called cristae.
•Mitochondria contain their own DNA, allowing them
to produce some of their own proteins.
FUNCTIONS
•Generates energy for the cell through cellular
respiration.
•Converts glucose and oxygen into ATP (adenosine
triphosphate), the cell’s main energy source.
•Helps in cell growth, division, and metabolism.

7. FUNCTIONS
•Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and
lipids for transport.
•Creates vesicles to send materials to different
parts of the cell or outside the cell.
•Produces lysosomes, which help break down waste.
GOLGI
APPARATUS
•The Golgi apparatus is a stack of membrane -bound
sacs located in the cytoplasm.
•It works closely with the endoplasmic reticulum
to process and transport proteins and lipids.

8. FUNCTIONS
ROUGH ER
•The rough ER is a network of membrane -covered
tubes and sacs located near the nucleus.
•It is called "rough" because it is studded with
ribosomes, giving it a bumpy appearance.
•Works closely with the nucleus, ribosomes, and
Golgi apparatus to produce and transport proteins.
•Processes proteins with the help of ribosomes.
•Transports proteins to the Golgi apparatus for
modification and packaging.
•Helps in the production of membranes and other
cellular components.

9. FUNCTIONS
SMOOTH ER
•The smooth ER is a network of membrane -covered
tubes and sacs without ribosomes, giving it a
smooth appearance.
•It is located near the rough ER and extends
throughout the cytoplasm.
•It does not participate in protein synthesis.
•Synthesizes lipids, including fats,
phospholipids, and steroids.
•Detoxifies harmful substances in the cell.
•Stores and regulates calcium ions, which are
important for cell signaling and function.

10. FUNCTIONS
CHLOROPLAST
•The chloroplast is a green, membrane -bound
organelle found in cells.
•It contains chlorophyll, the pigment responsible
for capturing sunlight.
•Chloroplasts have a double membrane and their own
DNA, allowing them to function independently.
•Converts sunlight into chemical energy through
photosynthesis.
•Produces glucose (food) and oxygen as
byproducts.
•Helps store energy needed for plant growth and
survival.

11. FUNCTIONS
VACUOLE
•The vacuole is a large, membrane -bound sac found
in plant cells.
•It is filled with water, nutrients, enzymes, and
waste products.
•The central vacuole in plant cells is much
larger than vacuoles in animal cells.
•Stores water, nutrients, and waste products.
•Maintains cell structure by providing turgor
pressure, keeping the plant rigid.
•Helps in detoxification by isolating harmful
substances.

12. FUNCTIONS
LYSOSOMES
•Lysosomes are small, membrane -bound organelles
filled with digestive enzymes.
•They are more common in animal cells but can be
found in some plant cells.
•Often called the "recycling center" of the cell
because they break down waste materials.
•Breaks down and digests waste, damaged
organelles, and cellular debris.
•Helps in defense by destroying harmful bacteria
and viruses.
•Recycles useful molecules to be reused by the
cell.

13. FUNCTIONS
PEROXISOMES
•Peroxisomes are small, membrane -bound organelles
found in the cytoplasm of plant cells.
•They contain enzymes that help break down fatty
acids and detoxify harmful substances.
•Unlike lysosomes, peroxisomes are not formed in
the Golgi apparatus.
•Breaks down fatty acids for energy production.
•Detoxifies hydrogen peroxide (a harmful
byproduct of metabolism) into water and oxygen.
•Assists in photorespiration, a process important
for plant metabolism.

14. FUNCTIONS
PLASMA
MEMBRANE
•Controls what enters and exits the cell,
maintaining homeostasis.
•Provides protection and structural support.
•Facilitates communication between cells through
receptor proteins.
•The plasma membrane is made of a phospholipid
bilayer with embedded proteins.
•It regulates the movement of substances in and
out of the cell.

15. ORGANELLE FACTORY
INSTRUCTIONS:
•Create a Real-World Analogy –Think of a real-world
system (e.g., a factory, a school, a city) and
compare your assigned organelle to a part of that
system.
⚬Example: The nucleus is like a manager in a
factory because it controls all operations.
•Explain the Comparison –Describe how your analogy
relates to the function of your organelle.
•Prepare a Presentation –Each group will present
their analogy to the class in a short, creative way.
You may use a drawing, a skit, or a short
explanation.

16. DO YOU
HAVE ANY
QUESTIONS?

18. •Whatareprokaryoticcells?
•Whatareeukaryoticcells?
•Howaretheydifferent?
•Examplesofeachtype

19. ÉdouardChatton(1925)
MEANING:
•Prokaryotic="Beforenucleus"
•Eukaryotic="Truenucleus"

20. Prokaryotic cellslacka
membrane-bound nucleus
and other membrane-
enclosedorganelles.
Their genetic material
(DNA)floatsfreelyin
thecytoplasminaregion
calledthenucleoid.

22. Eukaryotic cellshaveatrue
nucleusenclosedbyanuclear
membrane, alongwithvarious
membrane-boundorganelles like
mitochondria, endoplasmic
reticulum,andGolgiapparatus.
"Eukaryotic"comes from Greek: "eu"meaning "true"and
"karyon" meaning "nucleus"-literally "TRUE NUCLEUS"

28. BIOLOGY 101 WITH MS. GOOPIO
ANIMAL CELL VS.
PLANT CELL

29. Identify the key organelles in both plant
and animal cells.
Compare and contrast the organelles in
plant and animal cells.
Explain the functions of these organelles
and how they contribute to cell survival.
LESSON
TARGETS

30. ANIMAL CELL
An animal cell is a type of eukaryotic cell
that makes up the tissues and organs of
animals. Unlike plant cells, animal cells
do not have a cell wall or chloroplasts,
but they contain specialized structures
called organelles.
PLANT CELL
A plant cell is the basic structural and
functional unit of plants. It is a
eukaryotic cell, meaning it has a nucleus
and membrane-bound organelles. These
organelles allow plants to grow, produce
their own food, and maintain stability.

31. NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
ANIMAL
The nucleus contains DNA, which
carries the instructions for all
cell activities.
PLANT
The nucleus contains DNA, which
carries the instructions for all
cell activities.

32. MITOCHONDRIA
ANIMAL
The mitochondria are the
powerhouses of the cell.
Produces energy (ATP) through
cellular respiration by breaking
down glucose.
MITOCHONDRIA
PLANT
The mitochondria are the
powerhouses of the cell.
Produces energy (ATP) through
cellular respiration by breaking
down glucose.

33. RIBOSOME
ANIMAL
Ribosomes produce proteins,
which are essential for cell
growth, repair, and function.
RIBOSOME
PLANT
Ribosomes produce proteins,
which are essential for cell
growth, repair, and function.

34. GOLGI APPARATUS
GOLGI APPARATUS
ANIMAL
Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts,
and packages proteins and lipids
for storage or transport.
PLANT
Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts,
and packages proteins and lipids
for storage or transport.

35. ROUGH ER
ROUGH ER
ANIMAL
A network of membranes that
transports materials throughout
the cell. Assists ribosomes in
making and delivering proteins.
PLANT
A network of membranes that
transports materials throughout
the cell. Assists ribosomes in
making and delivering proteins.

36. SMOOTH ER SMOOTH ER
ANIMAL
The smooth ER is a network of
membrane-covered tubes and sacs
without ribosomes, giving it a
smooth appearance.
PLANT
The smooth ER is a network of
membrane-covered tubes and sacs
without ribosomes, giving it a
smooth appearance.

37. VACUOLE VACUOLE
ANIMAL
The vacuole is like a storage
unit or warehouse—it keeps extra
supplies and waste until needed.
PLANT
The vacuole is like a storage
unit or warehouse—it keeps extra
supplies and waste until needed.

38. PLASMA MEMBRANE
PLASMA MEMBRANE
ANIMAL
Controls what enters and exits
the cell, maintaining
homeostasis. Provides protection
and structural support.
PLANT
Controls what enters and exits
the cell, maintaining
homeostasis. Provides protection
and structural support.

39. ORGANELLE PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL
Present; provides structural
support and prevents
excessive water intake.
CELL WALL
Absent; animal cells rely on
the cytoskeleton for
structure.
Present; contains
chlorophyll, which enables
photosynthesis.
CHLOROPLASTS
Absent; animal cells obtain
energy from consuming food.
Absent in most plant cells;
plant cells use other
structures for cell division.
CENTRIOLES
Present; important in cell
division (mitosis & meiosis).
Rare; plant cells usually
break down waste through the
vacuole.
LYSOSOMES
Common; contains digestive
enzymes to break down waste,
debris, and pathogens.

40. COMPARING
ANIMAL AND
PLANT CELLS
OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate understanding of the
similarities and differences between
animal and plant cells by creating a
detailed Venn diagram that compares their
structures and functions.

41. REVIEW
•Review your notes, textbook, and class
discussions on animal and plant cells.
CREATE
•Use a large sheet of paper or a digital
tool to create your Venn Diagram.
•Label one circle Plant Cell and the
other Animal Cell. The overlapping
section is for similarities.
VISUALS
•Draw or paste small images of key
organelles to make your diagram more
engaging.
•Write a short description (1 -2
sentences) for each organelle
explaining its function.
INSTRUCTIONS:

42. DIFFERENT CELL TYPES OF
PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUES

43. PLANT CELLS
PlantsareessentialforlifeonEarth.Many
organismsaredependentonthemforfood
andoxygen.
Theyalsoregulatethewatercycleand
carboncycleofthebiosphere.Plantsare
madeupofmulticellularcells.

44. Theyhavedefinednucleusandspecialized
organellesthatperformdifferentspecial
functions.
PLANT CELLS
–
–
–

45. Plant Structural Systems
Shoot system includes
structuresabovetheground
suchasleaves,stems,fruits
andflowers.
Root System includes
structuresthatliebelowthe
groundandconsideredasthe
originofplantssuchasthe
rootsandtubers.

46. Dermal tissue
Epidermisistheoutermostlayerofcellsfoundinallyoungplants.
Epidermiscontainscloselypackedepidermalcellswhicharecovered
withcuticle.Cuticleisresponsibleinminimizingwaterlossandin
protectingthecellfrombacteriaandotherorganismsthatmightcause
diseases.
Inroots,epidermalcellshavelong,andslenderprojectionscalledroot
hairs.Roothairshavetheabilitytoincreasethesurfaceareafor
absorptionofwaterandminerals.
Instems,epidermalcellsproducehairscalledtrichomesthat
protecttheplantfromtoomuchsunlightwhichhelpconserve
moisture.
Dermal tissue consists of cells that form the outer protecting
covering of the plants.

47. ground tissue
Parenchyma
Mostabundanttissuefoundonplants.Theyarecomposedofbigandthin-
walledcells,withlargevacuolesandairspacesinbetweenthecells.
Parenchymaprovidessupportandstorageoffood.
Parenchymalcellscontributemainlytopenetrationoflightand
regulationofgasexchange.
Ground tissue fills up the inner part of the plant. It consists of
parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells.

48. ground tissue
Collenchyma
Collenchymaiscomposedofthick-walledcellswithuneventhickness.
Collenchymaoftenappearsinbundlesunderneaththeepidermisof
plants.Itislongeranditscellwallsareflexibleandstrong.
Collenchymaissmallerthanparenchymacells.Thesecellssupport
immatureregionsofplants.
Ground tissue fills up the inner part of the plant. It consists of
parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells.

49. ground tissue
Sclerenchyma
Sclerenchymaiscomposedofthickcellwallsfilledwithlignin,withhighresistance
substancethatmakesthecellstoughandhard.
Cellsofsclerenchymaaremostlydeadwhenreachmaturityphase.
Sclerenchymaprovidessupportthematuredregionsoftheplant.
Cellsofsclerenchymaisclassifiedasfibersandsclereids.Fibersarelong,slenderand
canbegroupedinbundlesthatareusuallycommerciallyimportant.Sclereidsare
shorterthanfibersandvaryinshapes.
Theyareusuallyfoundinseedsofcoatsandnutshells.Theyarealsoknownas“stone
cells”,whichgiveagrittytexturewheneatingpearsandnuts.

50. Vascular tissue
Sclerenchyma
Sclerenchymaiscomposedofthickcellwallsfilledwithlignin,withhighresistance
substancethatmakesthecellstoughandhard.
Cellsofsclerenchymaaremostlydeadwhenreachmaturityphase.
Sclerenchymaprovidessupportthematuredregionsoftheplant.
Cellsofsclerenchymaisclassifiedasfibersandsclereids.Fibersarelong,slenderand
canbegroupedinbundlesthatareusuallycommerciallyimportant.Sclereidsare
shorterthanfibersandvaryinshapes.
Theyareusuallyfoundinseedsofcoatsandnutshells.Theyarealsoknownas“stone
cells”,whichgiveagrittytexturewheneatingpearsandnuts.
Vascular tissue transports water and nutrients in the plant. It is made up of
xylem, phloem, parenchyma, and cambium cells.