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Understanding Modes of Nutrition in Plkants and Animals

1. General Biology 2
Understanding Modes of Nutrition in plants
and Animals

2. 1. Understand the different modes of nutrition in plants and animals.
2. Explore how plants make their own food through sunlight and chemicals.
3. Learn how animals rely on consuming other organisms for nutrition.
4. Explain the processes of autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
5. Understand how each organism gets the nutrients they need to survive
Learning Objectives

3. • Nutrition is the process of providing or obtaining food
necessary for health, survival, and growth of an organism.
• In this process, an organism takes in food, digests it, and
uses the substances from it.
• These substances, called nutrients, provide the energy
needed for important processes like: Growth, Maintenance
(keeping the body healthy), Reproduction (making offspring)
and Immunity (defending against illness).

4. Organisms have different modes of matrition. Thus, they
can be classified based on how they obtain food.

5. 1. Autotrophic Nutrition - Autotrophic organisms can
manufacture their own nutrients by synthesizing
inorganic materials. Depending on the energy source,
autotrophs are of two types:

a. Photoautotrophic - Photoautotrophic organisms
directly use the energy from the sun and other inorganic
substances such as carbon dioxide and water to form
organic food. Organisms that have this type of nutrition
are called photoautotrophs. Examples of
photoautotrophs are plants and some forms of bacteria
and protists.
b. Chemoautotrophic - Chemoautotrophic organisms
use chemicals to create simpler organic substances
important for their survival. Such organisms are called
chemoautotrophs, Most bacteria and members of the
group Archaea that live in extreme environments such as
volcanoes and deep-sea vents are classified in this
group. Common inorganic substances synthesized by the
chemoautotrophs include hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, and
ammonia.

6. Heterotrophic organisms, which
are called heterotrophs,
cannot make their own food,
and thus obtain their energy
by digesting organic matter.
Heterotrophs include all
animals, fungi, and some
bacteria. The heterotrophic
mode of nutrition can be
classified into saprophytic,
parasitic, and holozoic
nutrition.

7. CLASSIFICATION OF HETEROTROPHS
• In this type of nutrition, organisms
obtain their nutrients from dead
organic matter. These organisms
secrete digestive juices to the
surroundings which will be later
absorbed through their body surface.
Such organisms are called saprophytes,
and they include fungi and bacteria.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF HETEROTROPHS
• In this type of nutrition, an organism
takes food from another organism,
Parasitic nutrition is exhibited by some
plants and animals. The organism that
takes food is called a parasite, and the
organism from where the food is taken is
called the host. The parasite can be
either outside or inside the host.

9. • Ectoparasitism - This type of
parasitism happens when the parasite
is outside the body of the host. Some
examples are fleas in dogs and head lice
in humans.
• Endoparasitism - This type of
parasitism involves parasites that live
inside the body of the host. Some
endoparasites include roundworms and
hookworms. Both worms negatively
affect the health of humans.
Fleas in Dogs
Ascaris lumbricoides, a roundworm.

10. CLASSIFICATION OF HETEROTROPHS
• In this mode of nutrition,
organisms ingest solid or liquid
food. The food is then digested
and absorbed by the body. This
type of nutrition is subdivided
based on the type of organic
matter ingested.

11. Herbivorous - Organisms
that take in only plants as
source of their energy are
classified as herbivores.
Sheep, rabbits, and cows
are examples of
herbivorous animals.
Carnivorous -Organisms
that eat other animals are
called carnivores. Lions,
tigers, and sharks are
examples of carnivorous
animals.
Omnivorous - Organisms
that take in both plants
and animals are called
omnivores. Pigs, hens, and
bears are examples of
omnivorous animals.

12. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system is a group of
organs working together to break
down food, absorb nutrients, and
eliminate waste. It starts at the
mouth and ends at the anus,
involving multiple parts that help
with digestion and absorption.

13. MAIN PARTS OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Mouth: Chewing and enzyme action begin the
process.
• Esophagus: A tube that connects the mouth to the
stomach, moving food by peristalsis.
• Stomach: Acid and enzymes break down food into a
liquid substance known as chyme.
• Small Intestine: The primary site for nutrient
absorption, composed of three parts: the duodenum,
jejunum, and ileum.

14. MAIN PARTS OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Liver: Produces bile, which helps digest fats.
• Gallbladder: Stores bile produced by the liver.
• Pancreas: Secretes digestive enzymes into the small
intestine and also produces insulin to regulate blood
sugar.
• Large Intestine: Absorbs water and salts from the
remaining food matter, forming feces.
• Rectum and Anus: The last part of the digestive
system, where waste is stored and eventually
excreted.

15. STAGES OF PROCESSING
FOOD IN ANIMALS

16. STAGES OF PROCESSING
FOOD IN ANIMALS
1. Ingestion : This is the process of taking in food or drink.
2. Digestion : This is the process where food is broken down into smaller components. It occurs in
the stomach and small intestine, where enzymes break down complex food into simpler
substances that can be absorbed.
3. Absorption : After digestion, the nutrients from the food are absorbed through the walls of the
small intestine into the bloodstream. These nutrients are then transported to different parts of the
body.
4. Egestion : This is the removal of indigestible materials from the body. These materials are
processed in the large intestine and are eventually expelled as waste.
5. Faeces : This refers to the solid waste matter that is excreted from the body after the process of
digestion, absorption, and egestion. It contains undigested food, dead cells, and other waste
materials.

17. ASPECT PLANTS ANIMALS
Mode of Nutrition Autotrophic (Photoautotrophic or Chemoautotrophic) Heterotrophic (Saprophytic, Parasitic, Holozoic)
Nutrient Source
Synthesize nutrients from inorganic substances (e.g.,
carbon dioxide, water, chemicals)
Obtain nutrients by digesting organic matter
Digestive Process
No digestive system; nutrients absorbed through roots
(water, minerals) and leaves (photosynthesis)
Complex digestive system involving mouth, stomach,
intestines, etc., for breaking down and absorbing food
Example Organisms
Plants (e.g., trees, grasses), some bacteria and protists
(photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs)
Animals (e.g., herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, fungi,
bacteria)
Energy Source
Sunlight for photoautotrophs, chemicals for
chemoautotrophs
Organic food sources (plants, animals, decaying matter)
Digestive System
Absorption of nutrients directly from the environment
(no digestion in the traditional sense)
Digestive system: ingestion, digestion, absorption,
egestion
Waste Products
Oxygen (by-product of photosynthesis), excess water,
and mineral waste
Feces (undigested food, dead cells, and waste products)

18. 5 EXAMPLE (PLANTS)

19. Ex.: Venus Flytrap
(Dionaea Muscipula)
ORIGIN:
COASTAL BOGS OF NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA,
USA
UNIQUENESS:
Possesses rapid snap-trap leaves that close in 0.1 s
after prey triggers internal hairs --none of the
fastest plant movements
NUTRITION PROCESS:
Once closed, glands secrete acidic enzymes that
dissolve soft tissues over 5–35 days; glands then
absorb amino acids, ammonium, and peptides

20. Ex.: Tropical Pitcher Plant
(Nepenthes Mirabilis)
ORIGIN:
WIDESPREAD ACROSS SOUTHEAST ASIA, MALAY
ARCHIPELAGO, PARTS OF CHINA AND AUSTRALIA
UNIQUENESS :
Features passive pitfall traps—modified leaves with a
downward‑sloping rim and digestive fluid where prey
drowns and degrades .
NUTRITION PROCESS :
Traps contain acidic enzyme‑rich fluid; decomposed
prey releases nitrogen and phosphorus, which are
absorbed through pitcher walls .

21. Ex.: Cape Sundew
(Drosera Capensis)
ORIGIN:
CAPE REGION, SOUTH AFRICA
UNIQUENESS :
Leaves are lined with glandular tentacles that
secrete adhesive mucilage, often curling to
envelop prey.
NUTRITION PROCESS :
Sticky mucilage traps insects; glands then
secrete proteases and phosphatases to
degrade them, ABSORBING resulting nutrients .

22. Ex.: Bladderwort (Utricularia)
ORIGIN:
A cosmopolitan genus found in aquatic and
wetland habitats worldwide
UNIQUENESS :
Features miniature underwater bladder
traps that create suction in ~0.002 s to
ingest tiny aquatic organisms.
NUTRITION PROCESS :
After prey is sucked inside, digestive
enzymes are released into the bladder;
absorption occurs directly through bladder
walls.

23. Ex.: Common Corn (Zea Mays)
ORIGIN:
Domesticated approximately 9,000–10,000 years
ago in the Balsas River Valley, southwestern Mexico,
from the wild grass teosinte
UNIQUENESS :
All modern maize shares this single origin before
spreading throughout the Americas and later
worldwide
NUTRITION PROCESS :
Maize (Zea mays) efficiently produces sugars
through C₄ photosynthesis, absorbs essential
nutrients via roots and mycorrhizal fungi, and
distributes them throughout the plant

24. 5 EXAMPLE (ANIMALS)

25. Ex.: Wolf(Canis Lupus)
ORIGIN:
UNIQUENESS :
NUTRITION PROCESS :
Originated in Eurasia about a million years ago
before migrating to North America.
Wolves are highly intelligent and social animals that
live in family group called packs. Each pack has a
clear hierarchy,usually led by an alpha make and
female.
Wolves are meat-eaters ( Carnivores). They huny in
packs to tae down prey such as deer, caribou, and
smaller mammals.

26. ex. (Animal)
ORIGIN
UNIQUENESS
NUTRITION PROCESS

27. ex. (Animal)
ORIGIN
UNIQUENESS
NUTRITION PROCESS

28. ex. (Animal)
ORIGIN
UNIQUENESS
NUTRITION PROCESS

29. ex. (Animal)
ORIGIN
UNIQUENESS
NUTRITION PROCESS