PLEURAL EFFUSION.pptx...... . ...... .

Pleural effusion is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the space between the lungs and chest wall, causing symptoms like shortness of breath, chest pain, and cough. It is caused by underlying conditions that lead to either a transudative effusion (due to increased pressure, like in heart failure) or an exudative effusion (due to inflammation or blockage, like in pneumonia, cancer, or lung injury). Treatment involves removing the fluid through procedures like thoracentesis and treating the underlying cause.
Causes
Pleural effusion is categorized into two main types based on the fluid's protein content, which points to the underlying cause:
Transudative effusion: Caused by a balance of pressures being disrupted, causing fluid to leak from blood vessels into the pleural space. This is often a result of:
Heart failure
Liver cirrhosis
Kidney disease or nephrotic syndrome
Exudative effusion: Caused by local inflammation or blockage that causes fluid and proteins to build up. This can be due to:
Infections (like pneumonia)
Cancer (malignant pleural effusion)
Pulmonary embolism
Trauma
Inflammatory or autoimmune diseases
Symptoms
Symptoms vary depending on the amount of fluid and the underlying cause, but common signs include:
Shortness of breath
Chest pain, often sharp and worse with breathing or coughing
Dry cough
Diagnosis and treatment
Diagnosis: Doctors use imaging techniques like chest X-rays and CT scans to confirm the presence of fluid. A procedure called a thoracentesis, where a needle is inserted to collect fluid for analysis, is often performed.

1. PLEURAL EFFUSION PRESENTED BY: RADHIKA KULVI M.Sc(N) 2 ND YEAR

2. Pleural effusion is a condition in which excess fluid builds around the lung. MEANING

3. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION Clinical history and Physical examination Blood & Urine Culture Chest x ray Sputum Analysis Bronchoscopy

4. IMMEDIATE TREATMENT Oxygen Therapy Nebulization Bronchodialtors Analgesics Antibiotics Chest tube drainage

5. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT IV-beta lactum antibiotic plus • Cephalosporin 2nd generation • Cephalosporin 2nd generation +metronidazole • Antibiotic therapy • Oxygen therapy • Bronchodilators {salbutamol} • Suctioning • Chest physiotherapy Chest tube drainage Thoracentesis Postural drianage

6. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT Segmental resection to remove a segment of a lobe. Lobectomy : Removal of disesased part of a lobe Pneumonectomy : Removal of an entire lung Thorectomy :Thoracotomy describes an incision made in the chest wall to access the contents of the thoracic cavity.

7. NURSING MANAGEMENT Assess the general condition . Collect complete history. Perform physical examination Provide comfortable bed & position. Provide nutritious diet Provide Oxygen According To Physician Order. Provide Psychological Support To Patient. Provide Knowledge About Pleural effusion. Provide Suctioning and Maintain Hygiene of Patient Careful monitoring of the post-operative cases Provide Breathing & coughing exercises. Nebulization & steam inhalation

8. NURSING DIAGNOSIS Impaired gas exchange related to ventilation-perfusion imbalance. Ineffective airway clearance related to increased mucus production. Ineffective breathing pattern related to mucus and airway irritants. Activity intolerance related to hypoxemia and ineffective breathing patterns.

9. HEALTH EDUCATION Smoking cessation Lifestyle modification Nutritional balanced diet Appropriate treatment of respiratory infection. Personal hygiene . Follow up