Plumbing lecture in HVAC design course Lecture 2.pptx

Plumbing lecture in HVAC design course

1. PLUMBING COURSE

2. LECTURE (2) Pump room, potable domestic water treatment and packaged pumping systems & controllers, with case study.

3. TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR POTABLE WATER As per WHO regulations drinking water turbidity SHALL not exceed 5 NTU, TOTAL DESOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) level should be less than about 600 mg/l (PPM) & a total hardness in the range of 80 mg/l (PPM) . POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 3

4. TURBIDITY TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS) Turbidity is an optical determination of water clarity. Suspended solids and dissolved colored material reduce water clarity by creating an opaque, hazy or muddy appearance . Turbidity in water is caused by suspended matter such as clay, silt, and organic matter and by plankton and other microscopic organisms that interfere with the passage of light through the water POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 4

5. TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) TDS are solids in water that can pass through a filter (usually with a pore size of 0.45 micrometers). TDS is a measure of the amount of material dissolved in water. This material can include carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, organic ions, and other ions. T DS is used to estimate the quality of drinking water, because it represents the amount of ions in the water. Water with high TDS often has a bad taste and/or high water hardness, and could result in a laxative effect . POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 5

6. HARDNESS HARDNESS is A measure of polyvalent cations (ions with a charge greater than +1) in water. Hardness, generally represents the concentration of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) ions, because these are the most common polyvalent cations. Hardness affects the amount of soap that is needed to produce foam or lather. Hard water requires more soap, because the ions form complexes with soap, preventing the soap from sudsing. Hard water can also leave a film on hair, fabrics, and glassware . POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 6

7. TREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR POTABLE WATER TYPES 1- DOMESTIC WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM 2- DOMESTIC WATER SOFTENER SYSTEM 3- DOMESTIC WATER DE-IONIZATION SYSTEM 4- DOMESTIC WATER DE-MINERALIZATION SYSTEM 5- DOMESTIC WATER REVERSE OSMOSIS (R.O) SYSTEM POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 7

8. FILTRATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS 1- DOMESTIC WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM A- Sand Filter: POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS Sand filtration is used for the removal of suspended matter, as well as floating and sinkable particles. The wastewater flows vertically through a fine bed of sand and/or gravel. Particles are removed by way of absorption or physical encapsulation, if there is excessive pressure loss on the filter, it must be rinsed. 8

9. FILTRATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS B- Multi-media filters : 1- DOMESTIC WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS Sand filtration is used for the removal of suspended matter too Unlike traditional sand filters, multi-media water filters are composed of three filtration media, ordered in decreasing porosity. Layers consist of anthracite coal, sand and garnet, with a supporting (non filtering) layer of gravel at the bottom The larger anthracite coal will be on top and but smaller garnet will remain on the bottom. This arrangement allows the largest dirt particles to be removed near the top of the media bed with the smaller dirt particles being retained deeper in the media . 9

10. MULTI MEDIA FILTERS WORKING POSITIONS C- Multi-media filter Valve : 1- DOMESTIC WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS Service Flow: during service flow operation, influent water to be filtered enters at the top of the filter, percolates through the filter bed, and is drawn off through the collector or the distribution system at the bottom. Back wash: is the process for cleaning and maintaining the filter, this process is done by the same pumping system, through back wash valves (manual or automatic), the normal pressure drop through the filters is normally 0.5 bar therefore the automatic valve actuated automatically when pressure drop through filter increases to 1bar. Rinse FLOW: During the rinse phase, water flows in the normal service direction but is directed to drain. This gives the media time to compact itself to give more efficient filtration performance before the filter goes into service .   Closed position: to shut-off the filter 10

11. FILTRATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS D- Cartridge Filter: Cartridge filter fabric or polymer-based filters designed primarily to remove particulate material from fluids. They are usually rigid or semi-rigid and manufactured by affixing the fabric or polymer to a central core. Cartridge filters are disposable and easily replaceable . CARTRIDGE FILTER 1- DOMESTIC WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 11

12. FILTRATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS E- Cartridge Filter: They are used as pre filters to other treatment systems. Using them as a pre-filter will often protect a water purifier from damage and extend its life . . CARTRIDGE FILTER 1- DOMESTIC WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 12

13. FILTRATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS F- Activated Carbon Filter: Activated carbon filters are particularly effective at removing pollutants which create unpleasant taste, color, and odor in water . Activated carbon is made from a variety of organic materials such as coal, lignite, and wood.  When these are activated by exposure to high temperatures in the absence of oxygen. ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER 1- DOMESTIC WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 13

14. 2- DOMESTIC WATER SOFTENER SYSTEM A Water Softener is a filtration system that works to remove high concentrations of calcium and magnesium Ions that cause water hardness. Types of Water softeners are as follows: Ion Exchange Process Zeolite Process POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 14

15. 2- DOMESTIC WATER SOFTENER SYSTEM POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 15

16. 2- DOMESTIC WATER Ion Exchange Process Ion exchange process is a water softening process in which we use cations or anions in order to soften water. We can do this by exchanging cations or anions with the calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. This process involves a reversible chemical reaction. There are two types: Cation exchangers – use zeolite, greensand, sulfonated coal, etc. as the exchanging material . Anion exchangers – uses metallic oxides, synthetic resins ,…, etc. POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 16

17. 2- DOMESTIC WATER Zeolite Process Zeolite process is a process of softening hard water via ion exchange technique using the chemical compound zeolite. It is a chemical compound that has hydrated sodium aluminosilicate. This leads to name this process as zeolite process. In the water softening process, hard water is passed through a bed of zeolite (inside a cylinder) at a specified rate. Then the cations that cause the water-hardening will retain on the zeolite bed because these cations exchange with the sodium cations of zeolite. Therefore, the water coming out of this cylinder contains sodium cations rather than calcium and magnesium cations . POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 17

18. 2- DOMESTIC WATER Zeolite Process After some time, the zeolite bed gets exhausted. Then we have to stop the water flow and treat the bed with concentrated brine solution (10%) in order to regenerate the zeolite. When we treat the bed with a brine solution, it washes away all the calcium and magnesium ions, by exchanging them with sodium ions in a brine solution. Therefore, this treatment regenerates the zeolite. POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 18

19. 3- DOMESTIC WATER DE-IONIZATION SYSTEM Deionizing water is a process that uses ion exchange resins to remove ionized salt from the water. This process can theoretically remove all traces of salt from water. In practice, this process also removes harmful things such as viruses, bacteria and organic materials. Commercial grade deionization equipment also not only removes the ionized salt molecules, sodium, but they replace them with hydrogen to soften the water . POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 19

20. 3- DOMESTIC WATER DE-IONIZATION SYSTEM The DI includes a feed pump, bag filter, duplex cation and anion exchangers, and controls while we also offer lower-cost systems without a feed pump assuming adequate water pressure. Resin vessel size is based on flow requirements. An Inlet conductivity and flow meter control feed-forward regenerations with feed-back regenerations triggered based upon operator. POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 20

21. 4- DOMESTIC WATER DE-MINERALIZATION SYSTEM Demineralization generally results in almost complete removal of minerals, and is thus typically reserved for applications requiring higher level of water purity, such as feed or makeup water for high- pressure boilers, rinse water for food and beverage industries, or process streams used in electronics industry POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 21

22. 4- DOMESTIC WATER DE-MINERALIZATION SYSTEM The Process is similar to water softening, but It uses both Cations & Anions to remove all dissolved minerals in water, not just calcium and magnesium. POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 22

23. 5- DOMESTIC WATER REVERSE OSMOSIS ( R.O.) SYSTEM Reverse osmosis removes salinity from unfiltered water, or feed water, when pressure forces it through a semipermeable membrane. Water flows from the more concentrated side (more contaminants) of the R.O. membrane to the less concentrated side (fewer contaminants) to provide clean drinking water. The fresh water produced is called the permeate. The concentrated water left over is called the waste or brine . POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 23

24. 5- DOMESTIC WATER REVERSE OSMOSIS ( R.O.) SYSTEM A semipermeable membrane has small pores that block contaminants but allow water molecules to flow through. In osmosis, water becomes more concentrated as it passes through the membrane to obtain equilibrium on both sides. Reverse osmosis, however, blocks contaminants from entering the less concentrated side of the membrane. For example, when pressure is applied to a volume of saltwater during reverse osmosis, the salt is left behind and only clean water flows through. POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 24

25. 5- DOMESTIC WATER REVERSE OSMOSIS ( R.O.) SYSTEM (SCHEMATIC FLOW DIAG.) POTABLE DOMESTIC WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS 25