PMIAS Academy UPSC Current Affairs September 2025.pdf

PMIAS Academy brings to you a carefully curated compilation of UPSC Current Affairs for September 2025, designed to help Civil Services aspirants stay updated with all significant national and international developments. This PDF covers important government initiatives, policy changes, economic developments, environmental issues, scientific advancements, and socio-political trends relevant to both Prelims and Mains examinations. Each topic is selected to align with the UPSC syllabus and provide aspirants with clear insights into current affairs.

Key highlights include the Prime Minister’s Mementos e-Auction 2025, featuring over 1,300 items gifted to the Prime Minister, with proceeds supporting the Namami Gange Project. Coverage also includes cantonment modernization reforms, National e-Governance Awards 2025, and other significant governance initiatives emphasizing administrative efficiency, digital governance, and citizen-centric policies.

International affairs, including geopolitical updates, bilateral and multilateral agreements, and global environmental and security issues, are also included, ensuring aspirants are aware of India’s position on the global stage. Updates on science, technology, economy, and health initiatives highlight trends shaping society and governance.

This compilation serves as a one-stop reference for aspirants preparing for UPSC. It strengthens knowledge for GS Paper II (Governance, Polity, Social Justice, International Relations) and GS Paper III (Economy, Technology, Environment, Security, Disaster Management), while also aiding Essay writing, Interview preparation, and Optional subjects.

Every update is presented in a concise and exam-oriented manner, emphasizing not just facts but their relevance, implications, and potential UPSC question areas, helping aspirants apply knowledge effectively. The PDF is designed for quick revision and easy retention of essential information.

By using this September 2025 Current Affairs PDF, candidates can build a well-rounded understanding of contemporary issues, improve analytical skills, and stay informed about India’s socio-political, economic, and environmental landscape. PMIAS Academy’s compilation is trusted for its accuracy, clarity, and exam-focused approach.

Key Features:

Curated updates for UPSC Prelims and Mains

National and international current affairs with analysis

Governance, economy, environment, and science updates

Exam-oriented insights for effective preparation

Concise and easy-to-revise format

This PDF is an essential tool for aspirants aiming to excel in UPSC exams and stay ahead in current affairs preparation.

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S.no Particulars Page no
GS 1 9
CULTURE 9
1. Chola-Era Electoral Legacy and Indigenous Democratic
Traditions
9
2. Ministry of Textiles’ Initiatives for National Handloom Day 10
3. Repatriation of Piprahwa Relics 10
4. National Handloom Day 2025 11
5. India’s Nomination of Sarnath for UNESCO World Heritage
Status
12
6. National Handloom Day 2025: Weaving Innovation into
Tradition
13
7. The Role of Citizens in Heritage Conservation 14
8. New PMO to be Housed in Executive Enclave 15
9. Unearthing history: A new archaeological discovery at the
Indus Valley site
16
10. Promoting rural tourism: The new national policy 17
11. Promoting rural tourism in the Himalayas: A new policy for
sustainable development
18
HISTORY 19
1. Features of the Chola-Era Electoral System (as per
Inscriptions):
19
2. Significance for Modern India: 20
3. PM Modi Pays Tributes to Quit India and Kakori Movements 20
4. PM Observes Partition Horrors Remembrance Day 21
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 22
1. Uttarkashi Cloudburst: Alarming Reminder of Himalayan
Vulnerability
22
2. Cloudburst in Uttarkashi 23
3. Groundwater Contamination in India 24
4. ‘Singe Tsangspo Tsangde Lasgul’: A Community Clean-Up
Drive for the Indus River
25
GS 2 26

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GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INTERVENTION 26
1. India’s Digital Sovereignty and Data Governance 26
2. DDA to Launch Premium Housing Scheme by August-end 27
3. Jan Vishwas Bill, 2025 Introduced in Parliament 28
4. Government to Introduce Bills for Removal of PM, CMs on
Criminal Charges
29
5. NCERT Introduces ‘Operation Sindoor’ in School Syllabus 30
6. National Guidelines for Animal Blood Transfusion 31
HEALTH 32
1. WHO-IRCH Workshop on Herbal Medicine 32
INDIAN POLITY AND GOVERNANCE 33
1. How is a ‘constitutional emergency’ different from a ‘national
emergency’?
33
2. Issues Highlighted by the Supreme Court/Petitioners: 37
3. Historical Context of States Reorganisation Act, 1956: 38
4. Strengthening Legal Aid and Judicial Reforms 41
5. Electoral Integrity, Parliamentary Functioning, and Federalism 42
6. Supreme Court Upholds Power of PCBs to Impose
‘Restitutionary Damages’
44
7. Anniversary of Article 370 Abrogation 45
8. ‘Kartavya Bhavan’ Inauguration and Concerns over ‘Open
Office Concept’
46
9. The Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025 47
10. The Age of Consent Debate and the POCSO Act 48
11. Speaker Initiates Process to Remove High Court Judge 49
12. Constitutional and Legal Basis: 49
13. Parliament Passes the Women’s Reservation Bill 50
14. India-France Joint Naval Exercise in Arabian Sea 52
15. Elected governments at the mercy of Governors: SC to Central
government
53
16. A new era for electoral finance? The aftermath of the Supreme
Court’s verdict
54
17. The push for a Uniform Civil Code (UCC): A new legislative
front
55

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18. Reforming urban governance: The key to India’s metropolitan
future
57
19. Atmanirbhar Bharat in Defence: Promoting private sector
participation
58
20. The digital health revolution: Advancing the National Health
Mission
59
21. A new social media code: Balancing digital freedom and
accountability
60
22. Curbing organized crime: The new legislative framework 61
23. Reforming education: The new teacher training initiative 62
24. Empowering women and children: The new welfare scheme 63
25. New rules for the Election Commission: Securing the integrity
of the institution
64
26. New measures for communal harmony: A law to curb hate
speech
66
27. Digital education in rural areas: Bridging the digital divide 67
28. A new welfare scheme for senior citizens: Towards a more
dignified life
68
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 69
1. India’s Strategic Autonomy Under Pressure – Navigating US
Tariffs and Russian Oil:
69
2. India-Philippines Forge Strategic Partnership, Emphasize
Indo-Pacific Cooperation:
73
3. India-US Trade Tensions: Trump’s Tariff Threat and India’s
Strategic Autonomy:
74
4. India and Philippines Conduct Joint Naval Drills in the South
China Sea:
74
5. India and the Philippines Forge a ‘Strategic Partnership’: 74
6. NSA Ajit Doval’s Visit to Moscow Amid Tariff Threats: 75
7. Russia Ends Adherence to INF Treaty: 76
8. India-Russia Industrial Cooperation and Rare Earth Minerals: 76
9. ICJ’s Advisory Opinion on Climate Change 78
10. India’s Trade Relations and U.S. Tariffs 79
11. International Solar Alliance Expands its Global Reach 80

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12. India and Oman Deepen Economic Partnership with New
Trade Deal:
81
13. India’s New Way of Engaging with Africa in Namibia: 82
14. Steering the global economy: India’s role at the G20 Finance
Ministers’ Meeting
82
15. The IMEC Project: A new era of regional connectivity 85
16. India and Fiji Call for Open Indo-Pacific, Agree to Deepen
Defence Ties
86
SOCIAL ISSUES 88
1. Rural Development and Empowerment 88
2. Healthcare Innovation and AYUSH 89
3. Industrial Accidents and the Human Cost of Indifference 91
4. Supreme Court Rules on Marital Rape in a Landmark
Judgment
92
5. The Supreme Court’s Stance on the ‘Creamy Layer’ for SC/ST
Reservations
92
GS 3 94
AGRICULTURE 94
1. M.S. Swaminathan’s Birth Centenary 94
2. Union Government Launches National Policy on Urban
Farming
95
ENVIRONMENT 97
1. Mangrove Ecosystems and Natural Capital 97
2. Environmental Conservation and Climate Resilience: 98
3. India’s Battery Waste Management Rules: Gaps in the EV
Ecosystem:
99
4. India’s Stance on the Global Plastics Treaty: 100
5. Ethanol Blending: Government Clarifies on Mileage & Engine
Concerns
100
6. New Species of Lichen in Western Ghats 101
7. Heat Resilient Moodadi Project in Kerala: 102
8. New Report Highlights Challenges in India’s Wetland
Conservation:
103

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9. Coastal zone management: A new strategy to combat climate
change:
104
10. Powering the future: India’s new push for solar and wind
energy
105
11. Powering the deserts: A new policy for renewable energy in
arid regions:
105
INFRASTRUCTURE 105
1. Infrastructure Development: Railways and Waterways 105
2. New High-Altitude Airbase to be Built in Ladakh 106
3. Mumbai Monorail Breakdowns Amid Heavy Rains 107
4. Smart Cities Mission and the Concept of “Smart Villages” 108
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 109
1. Orbital Characteristics and Coverage: 110
2. Defence and Security: New Missile and Satellite Capabilities 112
3. PM E-DRIVE Scheme Extension 114
4. ISRO’s NISAR Mission Marks a New Era of Indo-US Space
Collaboration
115
5. India Plans Private Sector Push for Defence Satellite
Communications
116
6. IISc and Startup Develop Magnetic Nanobots to Treat Tooth
Sensitivity
117
7. IAF Seeks to Expedite Rudram-II and Rudram-III Anti-
Radiation Missile Trials
118
8. India’s Deep Ocean Mission and ‘Blue Economy’ 119
9. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) in India 120
10. India’s Patent Landscape and University as Changemakers 121
11. Coral Restoration in the Gulf of Mannar 122
12. The New Supernova Triggered by a Black 123
13. India’s First Hydrogen-Powered Train Clears Load Tests 123
14. Assam Rifles and IIIT Manipur Collaborate on Drone
Technology
125
15. Indian Astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla Meets the Prime
Minister
126
16. Cabinet Clears Acquisition of 97 LCA Tejas Mark 1A Fighter
Jets
126

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18. India’s Green Hydrogen Mission: Powering a sustainable
future
128
19. Regulating the AI frontier: The new Digital Personal Data
Protection Rules
129
20. Skilling India for the drone revolution: The new scheme for
youth
130
21. Gaganyaan mission: India’s step toward the human spaceflight
era
131
22. The new ‘Sudarshan Chakra’: A leap in indigenous defense
technology
132
23. Heading: ISRO Successfully Conducts First Integrated Air Drop
Test for Gaganyaan
134
24. Indian Air Force Deploys AI-Enabled X-Guard Fibre-Optic
Towed Decoy (FOTD) System
136
25. New Online Gaming Act Receives Presidential Assent: A New
Era for Digital Governance
137
26. India’s Bioeconomy and National Biofoundry Network 139
27. India’s Defence Indigenisation 140
28. Gaganyaan Mission 141
SECURITY AGENCIES IN INDIA 142
1. Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) Uncovers Massive
Drug Smuggling Racket in ‘Operation
142

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GS 1
CULTURE
Chola-Era Electoral Legacy and Indigenous
Democratic Traditions
GS Papers: GS I (Indian Heritage and Culture), GS II
(Polity and Governance – Historical Underpinnings,
Panchayati Raj, Federalism)
Core Issue: Reclaiming and re-interpreting India’s
pre-colonial democratic heritage, exemplified by
the Chola-era Kudavolai system, to counter
Eurocentric narratives of democracy and reinforce
national pride in indigenous institutions.
Broader Perspective & Analysis:
Beyond Mythology to Historical Fact: Emphasize
that the Uthiramerur inscriptions provide concrete,
verifiable evidence of a highly sophisticated system
of local self-governance, transcending anecdotal or
mythological claims.
Specificity of Kudavolai System:
Codified Rules: Highlight the meticulous details:
age, property ownership, educational qualifications
(knowledge of Vedic texts), honesty, and
experience as criteria.
Disqualification Clauses: Emphasize the strict rules
for disqualification (e.g., non-submission of
accounts, moral turpitude, even for relatives),
demonstrating an early concept of accountability
and anti-corruption.
Committees (Variyams): Explain the structure of
specialized committees (e.g., Garden Committee,
Tank Committee, Justice Committee) responsible
for various aspects of village administration,
showcasing functional decentralization.
The Lottery System: Detail the ‘Kudavolai’ (pot-leaf)
method, where names were written on palm leaves,
placed in a pot, and drawn by a child, ensuring
impartiality.
Nature of Ancient Indian Republics: Extend the
discussion to other republican traditions (e.g.,
Licchavis, Sakyas, Vajji confederacy) in ancient
India, indicating a diverse array of political systems
beyond monarchies.
Modern Relevance & Linkages:
Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs): Draw direct
parallels between the autonomy and functions of
Chola village assemblies and the constitutional
mandate of PRIs in modern India (73rd and 74th
Amendments). How can lessons from the Chola
system, especially regarding accountability and
local resource management, inform modern PRIs?
Ethos of Indian Democracy: Argument that India’s
democratic foundations are not merely borrowed
but rooted in its civilizational values of dialogue,
debate, and consensus.
Soft Power Diplomacy: How showcasing India’s
ancient democratic traditions can be a powerful
tool in its global diplomatic outreach, offering an
alternative model of democratic evolution.
Critical Evaluation: While celebrating, acknowledge
limitations such as non-universal suffrage
(exclusion of women, lower castes, landless) and
the system’s focus on local village autonomy rather
than a centralized national democracy in the
modern sense.
Way Forward:
Curriculum Integration: Incorporate these historical
facts more prominently in educational curricula to
foster a deeper understanding of India’s democratic
roots.
Public Outreach: Utilize cultural events, digital
platforms, and commemorative events to
popularize these historical insights.
Research & Documentation: Encourage further
archaeological and historical research into ancient
Indian governance systems.
Potential Mains Questions:
“The Uthiramerur inscriptions offer a unique
insight into India’s indigenous democratic
traditions. Elaborate on the salient features of the
Chola-era Kudavolai system and critically assess its
relevance and lessons for modern Panchayati Raj
Institutions in India.” (15 Marks)
“Discuss the significance of highlighting India’s
historical republican and democratic traditions in
shaping contemporary national identity and

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challenging Eurocentric historical narratives.” (10
Marks).
8. Ministry of Textiles’ Initiatives for National
Handloom Day
Syllabus: GS-1/Indian Art Forms; GS-3/Economy
In News: The Ministry of Textiles launched several
new schemes on the occasion of the 11th National
Handloom Day to provide a boost to the handloom
sector. These initiatives are designed to improve
the livelihoods of weavers, preserve India’s cultural
heritage, and promote the country’s unique
handloom products globally.
Key Initiatives & Their Significance:
“Haat on Wheels”: This innovative scheme will
provide mobile marketplaces for artisans, allowing
them to sell their products directly to urban
consumers. It bypasses middlemen and provides a
direct channel for income generation.
Special Scholarship for Research: This initiative will
encourage academic and design research in the
handloom sector, helping to preserve traditional
designs while also innovating with new materials
and techniques.
Promotion of GI-tagged Textiles: The focus on
promoting GI-tagged products like Banarasi sarees,
Kanchipuram silk, and Pochampally Ikat will help in
protecting the authenticity of these products and
preventing their commercial imitation.
Handloom Revival Programs: The ministry will
provide financial and technical assistance to
handloom clusters, focusing on skills development
and technology upgradation.
Impact on the Economy and Culture:
Economic Empowerment: The handloom sector is
the second-largest rural employer in India after
agriculture. These initiatives will directly support
the livelihoods of millions of weavers, particularly
women, and contribute to inclusive growth.
Cultural Preservation: By promoting traditional
crafts and GI tags, the government is ensuring the
preservation of India’s rich and diverse cultural
heritage.
Global Recognition: The initiatives aim to increase
the global footprint of Indian handloom products,
aligning with the “Vocal for Local” and
“Atmanirbhar Bharat” campaigns.
Repatriation of Piprahwa Relics
Syllabus: GS1/Art & Culture, History
Context: The repatriation of the sacred Piprahwa
relics of Lord Buddha to India after 127 years is a
major cultural and historical event. The return of
these artifacts, which are believed to be the mortal
remains of Lord Buddha, is a source of national
pride and a testament to India’s cultural diplomacy.
Historical Significance:
The relics were discovered in 1898 during an
archaeological excavation in Piprahwa, Uttar
Pradesh. The site is widely believed to be the
ancient city of Kapilavastu, the capital of the Shakya
kingdom and the birthplace of Lord Buddha.
The discovery of the relics was a landmark event as
it provided crucial archaeological evidence to
support the historical authenticity of Lord Buddha.
Repatriation and Diplomatic Efforts:
For over a century, the relics were in the possession
of various private and public institutions. The
Indian government, through the Ministry of Culture,
had been working for several years to secure their
return.
The repatriation, made possible through a public-
private partnership, is a major success in cultural
diplomacy. The relics were slated for auction in
Hong Kong in May 2025, but the government’s
decisive intervention secured their return.
Cultural and Religious Importance:
The return of the relics is of immense cultural and
religious significance, not only for India but for the
global Buddhist community. It reinforces India’s
identity as the land of origin of Buddhism and
strengthens its cultural ties with Buddhist-majority
countries.
The relics are expected to be placed on public
display, providing an opportunity for citizens and
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Buddha. This will also boost India’s image as a
major destination for Buddhist pilgrimage and
tourism.
National Handloom Day 2025
Syllabus: Indian Culture; Economy
Context: India celebrated the 11th National
Handloom Day on August 7, commemorating the
anniversary of the Swadeshi Movement launched in
1905. The day is dedicated to honoring the rich
cultural heritage and the invaluable contributions
of India’s handloom weavers. The celebration,
attended by the President of India and senior
government officials, highlighted the handloom
sector’s pivotal role in cultural preservation,
economic empowerment, and sustainable fashion.
The theme for this year’s celebration, “Handlooms –
Empowering Women, Empowering the Nation,”
underscored the fact that the handloom sector is
one of the largest employers of women in rural
areas after agriculture.
Analysis:
National Handloom Day is not merely a symbolic
celebration; it is a vital platform for addressing the
challenges and leveraging the opportunities within
the handloom sector.
Cultural and Historical Significance: The handloom
sector is a living embodiment of India’s diverse
cultural traditions and artistic legacy. Each weave,
motif, and design tells a story of a specific region
and its history. The choice of August 7 to celebrate
National Handloom Day is deeply rooted in the
Swadeshi Movement, which was a powerful call to
boycott foreign goods and embrace indigenous
products. This historical context links the handloom
industry directly to the spirit of self-reliance and
national pride. By promoting handlooms, India is
not just preserving a craft but also safeguarding its
unique cultural identity from the homogenizing
effects of globalization.
Economic Empowerment and Livelihood: The
handloom industry is a significant source of
livelihood for millions of people, particularly in
rural India. It is the second-largest employer in the
country after agriculture, and a vast majority of the
weavers are women. Supporting this sector is a
powerful way to promote economic empowerment,
reduce rural poverty, and ensure inclusive growth.
The decentralized nature of the industry means
that it can provide employment opportunities in
remote and marginalized communities where other
formal jobs are scarce. The government’s initiatives
to provide weavers with subsidized raw materials,
design assistance, and access to markets have been
instrumental in improving their income and quality
of life.
Sustainable and Ethical Fashion: In an era of
increasing environmental consciousness,
handlooms offer a sustainable and ethical
alternative to the fast-fashion industry. The
production of handloom textiles has a significantly
lower carbon footprint compared to machine-made
fabrics. It often uses natural fibers and dyes, and
the process is less resource-intensive. Promoting
handlooms helps to reduce the textile industry’s
environmental impact and encourages conscious
consumption. Furthermore, it supports the
principles of fair trade and ethical labor, ensuring
that artisans are paid fairly for their craft.
Challenges and Solutions: Despite its importance,
the handloom sector faces several challenges. These
include competition from cheaper powerloom
products, lack of access to modern markets, and the
aging of the weaving community. Many young
people are moving away from the craft due to low
wages and a lack of social recognition. To address
these issues, a multi-faceted approach is needed.
Market Access and Branding: The government must
continue to support weavers by providing them
with access to modern markets, including e-
commerce platforms and international trade fairs.
Creating a strong “Handloom India” brand, similar
to GI tags, can help consumers distinguish between
genuine handloom products and fake ones.
Technological Upgradation and Skill
Development: While preserving traditional
techniques, it is also important to introduce new
technologies that can improve efficiency and
design. Skill development programs can help
weavers acquire new skills and adapt to changing
market trends.

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Social Security and Welfare: The government needs
to strengthen social security schemes for weavers,
including health insurance, pensions, and housing
benefits, to make the profession more attractive to
the younger generation.
Conclusion: National Handloom Day is a powerful
reminder of the handloom sector’s immense
cultural and economic value. By celebrating and
supporting the country’s weavers, India is not only
preserving its heritage but also building a more
sustainable, equitable, and self-reliant future. The
future of this industry depends on a collective effort
to address its challenges and promote its unique
value in a globalized world.
India’s Nomination of Sarnath for UNESCO World
Heritage Status
Syllabus: Indian Culture, Art & Heritage
Context: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
has officially nominated Sarnath, an ancient
Buddhist site in Uttar Pradesh, for inscription on
the UNESCO World Heritage List for the 2025-26
cycle. Sarnath is one of the four most important
Buddhist pilgrimage sites, where Gautam Buddha
delivered his first sermon after attaining
enlightenment. The site, which includes the
Dhamek Stupa, Ashoka Pillar, and the Sarnath
Archaeological Museum, is a testament to the rich
Buddhist heritage of India. The nomination, which
is a meticulous and lengthy process, aims to secure
international recognition and protection for this
invaluable cultural heritage.
Analysis:
The nomination of Sarnath for UNESCO World
Heritage status is a significant step with cultural,
historical, and geopolitical implications.
Cultural and Historical Significance: Sarnath is not
just a historical site; it is a living symbol of India’s
spiritual and philosophical legacy. It is the
birthplace of Buddhism, one of the world’s major
religions, and a place of immense spiritual
significance for millions of Buddhists around the
world. The site’s archaeological remains, including
stupas, monasteries, and the famous Lion Capital of
Ashoka (India’s national emblem), provide a
window into the rich history of ancient India. The
nomination will help in the preservation and
promotion of this heritage, ensuring that future
generations can learn from and be inspired by it.
Boosting Tourism and Economic Growth: UNESCO
World Heritage status can be a powerful driver of
tourism. By attracting more international visitors,
the status can boost local economies, create jobs,
and foster cultural exchange. Sarnath, which is
already a popular pilgrimage site, is expected to see
a significant increase in tourism, which will benefit
the local community. The status will also help in
attracting international funding and technical
expertise for the conservation and management of
the site.
Reinforcing India’s Soft Power: The nomination of
Sarnath is a powerful tool for India’s soft power
diplomacy. It reinforces India’s image as a land of
spiritual and cultural diversity and strengthens its
relations with Buddhist-majority countries in Asia
and beyond. By highlighting its role as the
birthplace of Buddhism, India can position itself as
a spiritual and cultural leader on the global stage.
This is particularly important in the context of its
Act East policy and its efforts to build stronger ties
with its neighbors.
Way Forward: The nomination process is a long and
arduous one, and India must ensure that all the
necessary steps are taken to secure the status.
Conservation and Management: The ASI must
continue to invest in the conservation and
management of the site, ensuring that it meets all
the standards set by UNESCO.
Community Participation: The local community
must be involved in the process, and their concerns
and needs must be addressed.
International Advocacy: The government must
launch a robust international advocacy campaign to
build support for the nomination among UNESCO
member states.
Conclusion: The nomination of Sarnath for UNESCO
World Heritage status is a well-deserved
recognition of its immense cultural and historical
value. It is an opportunity for India to not only
preserve its heritage but also to use it as a tool for
economic growth, tourism promotion, and

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international diplomacy. The success of this
nomination will be a testament to India’s
commitment to safeguarding its past for a more
prosperous future.
National Handloom Day 2025: Weaving Innovation
into Tradition
Syllabus: Indian Culture, Economy
Context: India is celebrating the 11th National
Handloom Day on August 7, with the
theme “Weaving Innovation into Tradition.” This
theme highlights the need to preserve India’s rich
handloom heritage while also adapting it to the
demands of the modern world. The handloom
sector is a living embodiment of India’s cultural
diversity and a significant source of livelihood for
millions of people, particularly women in rural
areas. The government is committed to supporting
the handloom sector through various initiatives,
including providing financial assistance, marketing
support, and skill development programs.
Analysis:
National Handloom Day is not just a celebration of a
craft; it is a strategic platform for cultural
preservation and economic empowerment.
Cultural and Historical Significance: The handloom
sector is a repository of India’s cultural heritage.
Each handwoven textile tells a story of a specific
region, its traditions, and its people. The
celebration of National Handloom Day on August 7
is a tribute to the Swadeshi Movement, which was a
call to boycott foreign goods and embrace
indigenous products. This historical context links
the handloom industry directly to the spirit of self-
reliance and national pride, making it a powerful
symbol of India’s cultural identity.
Economic Empowerment: The handloom industry is
the second-largest employer in India after
agriculture, providing livelihoods to millions of
people, a majority of whom are women. Supporting
this sector is a powerful way to promote economic
empowerment, reduce rural poverty, and ensure
inclusive growth. The government’s initiatives to
provide weavers with subsidized raw materials,
design assistance, and access to modern markets
are crucial for improving their income and quality
of life.
Sustainable and Ethical Fashion: In an era of
increasing environmental awareness, handlooms
offer a sustainable and ethical alternative to the
fast-fashion industry. The production of handloom
textiles has a significantly lower carbon footprint
compared to machine-made fabrics. By promoting
handlooms, we can encourage conscious
consumption and support a more sustainable and
ethical fashion industry.
Challenges and Way Forward: Despite its
importance, the handloom sector faces several
challenges.
Competition: The handloom sector faces stiff
competition from cheaper powerloom and
machine-made products.
Market Access: Many weavers, especially in rural
areas, lack access to modern markets and struggle
to sell their products at a fair price.
Aging Workforce: Many young people are moving
away from the craft due to low wages and a lack of
social recognition.
To address these challenges, the government must
continue to invest in the sector and promote
innovation and modernization.
Technology and Design: While preserving
traditional techniques, it is important to introduce
new technologies that can improve efficiency and
design.
Branding and Marketing: The government should
focus on building a strong “Handloom India” brand
and promoting it in both domestic and international
markets.
Social Security: The government must strengthen
social security schemes for weavers, including
health insurance and pensions, to make the
profession more attractive to the younger
generation.
Conclusion: National Handloom Day is a reminder
of the handloom sector’s immense cultural and
economic value. By celebrating and supporting the
country’s weavers, India is not only preserving its
heritage but also building a more sustainable,

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equitable, and self-reliant future. The future of this
industry depends on a collective effort to address
its challenges and promote its unique value in a
globalized world.
The Role of Citizens in Heritage Conservation
Syllabus:
GS Paper-I: Indian culture will cover the salient
aspects of Art Forms, Literature and Architecture
from ancient to modern times.
GS Paper-II: Role of NGOs, SHGs, various groups and
associations, donors, charities, institutional and
other stakeholders.
Context : A recent editorial highlights a shift in
perspective on heritage conservation, advocating
for a “conservation manual, drafted by the ordinary
citizen” to foster a deeper, more inclusive
relationship between people and their historical
monuments. This approach critiques the traditional
government-driven model, which is often seen as
bureaucratic and detached from the social and
interpretive context of heritage sites.
Key Assessment Points:
Critique of the Current Model: The editorial
criticizes the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
for being understaffed, underfunded, and overly
bureaucratic. The current approach often focuses
on physical repairs of a select few, high-profile
sites, while neglecting the social, cultural, and
interpretive context of monuments. This top-down
model, which often results in a “colonial garden”
approach, isolates monuments from the lived
environments of the communities surrounding
them. It creates a disconnect where monuments are
seen as static, dead relics rather than dynamic parts
of a community’s life.
A New Participatory Framework: The new approach
draws inspiration from Gandhian philosophy,
particularly the concept of Sarvodaya, or “welfare of
all.” This means conservation should not just be
about preserving stones but about improving the
lives of the communities living around these sites. It
calls for a multidisciplinary approach that includes
insights from wildlife biologists, who would link
monuments with the ecosystems they are part of,
and even mycologists, who would highlight the
value of neglected, small, and forgotten monuments
that support local economies and groundwater
recharge.
The Concept of “Stone Literacy”: The article argues
that citizens must cultivate “stone literacy”, which
involves a deeper understanding of the stories,
biases, and silenced voices embedded in these
monuments. Monuments should be seen as mirrors
of society, and their conservation should be linked
to confronting social prejudices. It calls for the
active engagement of citizens as guardians,
storytellers, and stewards of their local heritage.
Shared Responsibility: The article argues that
heritage is not solely the responsibility of the ASI or
the government. It’s a shared responsibility, and by
engaging critically and empathetically, citizens can
help transform India into a “monument without
walls.” This shift can also enhance India’s soft
power diplomacy, branding it as a global leader in
holistic and inclusive conservation.
Way Forward To move beyond colonial-era
conservation practices, India needs to:
Empower Local Communities: Involve local
communities in the management, interpretation,
and restoration of heritage sites. This could be done
through local heritage councils or volunteer groups.
Promote Heritage Education: Launch national
initiatives to educate citizens about the history and
significance of their local monuments and artifacts.
Leverage Technology: Use digital tools and
platforms, such as augmented reality apps and
online databases, to make heritage more accessible
and engaging for the public.
Adopt a Holistic Approach: Integrate conservation
with local economic development, environmental
protection, and social justice.
Conclusion : By fostering a shared sense of
ownership and responsibility, India can transform
its monuments from static relics into dynamic
centers of community life and cultural pride. This
new approach promises to be more sustainable and
more in tune with the diverse and rich fabric of
India’s history.

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Mains Question: “Conservation of heritage in India
should move beyond a bureaucratic, top-down
approach to a people-centric, participatory model.”
Critically analyze this statement in light of recent
discussions on the subject.
PM’s Homage to Sri Aurobindo
Syllabus:
GS Paper-I: Indian culture will cover the salient
aspects of Art Forms, Literature, and Architecture
from ancient to modern times. Modern Indian
history from about the middle of the eighteenth
century until the present- significant events,
personalities, issues.
Context On the occasion of his birth anniversary on
August 15th, the Prime Minister paid homage to Sri
Aurobindo, a key figure in India’s freedom struggle,
a philosopher, and a yogi. His life and works are
highly relevant for UPSC aspirants as they
represent a unique blend of political activism,
spiritual quest, and philosophical depth.
Key Assessment Points:
Early Life & Political Activism: Born on August 15,
1872, he was educated in England and was a
brilliant student. He cleared the Indian Civil Service
(ICS) exam but was disqualified for missing the
riding test. Upon his return to India, he became a
key figure in the nationalist movement, known for
his radical and revolutionary ideas. He was a co-
founder of the extremist group that advocated for
complete independence from British rule.
Spiritual Transformation: His arrest in the Alipur
Conspiracy Case in 1908 was a turning point in his
life. While in jail, he had a profound spiritual
experience that led to a complete transformation.
After his acquittal, he retired from active politics
and dedicated his life to spiritual pursuits, founding
an ashram in Puducherry.
Literary & Philosophical Contributions: He was a
prolific writer, known for works like “The Life
Divine” and “Savitri,” which explored themes of
spiritual evolution and the future of humanity. He
believed in the concept of “Integral Yoga,” which
aimed for the complete transformation of the mind,
body, and spirit. His philosophy had a deep impact
on subsequent spiritual leaders and thinkers.
Influence on the Freedom Movement: While he
retired from active politics, his writings and
teachings continued to inspire the freedom fighters.
He provided a spiritual and philosophical
foundation for the nationalist movement, arguing
that India’s independence was not just a political
necessity but also a part of a larger divine plan for
humanity.
Way Forward:
Inclusion in Curriculum: The teachings and
contributions of spiritual leaders and philosophers
like Sri Aurobindo should be included in the
academic curriculum to provide a holistic view of
India’s history.
Promoting Research: More research should be
encouraged on his works to bring his philosophical
ideas into the mainstream.
Public Awareness: Public events and digital
campaigns can be used to raise awareness about his
philosophical and spiritual legacy.
Conclusion: Sri Aurobindo’s life is a remarkable
blend of political activism and spiritual quest. His
legacy continues to inspire many, and his
philosophy offers a unique perspective on India’s
past and future. He remains a towering figure in
India’s intellectual and spiritual history.
Mains Question: “Sri Aurobindo’s life journey from a
nationalist revolutionary to a spiritual philosopher
reflects the intellectual and ideological diversity of
India’s freedom struggle.” Discuss.
New PMO to be Housed in Executive Enclave
Syllabus:
GS Paper-I: Indian culture will cover the salient
aspects of Art Forms, Literature, and Architecture
from ancient to modern times.
Context The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO), Cabinet
Secretariat, and other important offices are set to
be shifted to a new building called the Executive
Enclave, which is being constructed as part of the
Central Vista redevelopment project. The existing
North and South Blocks will be converted into a
museum.
In-depth Analysis and UPSC-Relevant Points:

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The relocation of the PMO to the new Executive
Enclave is a pivotal moment in India’s
administrative and architectural history. It is a key
component of the ambitious Central Vista
redevelopment project, a large-scale urban and
architectural undertaking that seeks to modernize
India’s administrative heart while preserving its
colonial-era heritage.
Central Vista Redevelopment: A Vision for ‘New
India’: The Central Vista redevelopment project is a
vision for a “New India” that is modern, efficient,
and forward-looking. The project, which includes a
new Parliament building, a common central
secretariat, and a new Executive Enclave, is
designed to meet the administrative and
architectural needs of a growing and modernizing
country. The new Executive Enclave, which will
house the PMO and the Cabinet Secretariat, is a key
part of this vision. It is designed to provide modern
and efficient office spaces for the country’s top
leadership, which will improve coordination and
efficiency.
Preserving Heritage and Decolonization: A major
feature of the project is the decision to convert the
North and South Blocks into a museum. The new
museum, to be called the “Yuga Yugin Bharat
Sangrahalaya,” will showcase India’s history and
culture. This is a crucial step towards preserving
the country’s heritage and a symbolic move
towards decolonization. The North and South
Blocks, which were built during the British rule,
have been a symbol of colonial power for over 80
years. Their conversion into a museum is a
statement that India is moving away from its
colonial past and is building a future that is rooted
in its own culture and values.
Modernizing Government Infrastructure: The new
Executive Enclave is designed to be a modern and
efficient office complex. It will be equipped with
state-of-the-art technology and will be designed to
meet the administrative needs of a modern
government. This is a crucial step towards
improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the
government. The move to a new building will also
help in consolidating various offices and in
improving coordination between different
ministries.
Challenges and Criticisms: The Central Vista
redevelopment project has been criticized by some
for its high cost and for the lack of transparency in
the planning and execution of the project. Critics
have also argued that the project is an unnecessary
expense and that the money could have been used
for other more pressing needs. However, the
government has argued that the project is essential
for modernizing the country’s administrative
infrastructure and that it is a long-term investment
in the country’s future.
Mains Question: The Central Vista redevelopment
project is a major urban and architectural
undertaking. Discuss the key features of the project,
including the new Executive Enclave, and analyze
its significance from a governance and heritage
perspective, while also critically examining the
controversies surrounding the project.
Unearthing history: A new archaeological discovery
at the Indus Valley site:
Syllabus Link: GS-I: Indian Heritage and Culture
(Ancient Indian History, archaeological
discoveries).
Context: A major archaeological discovery at a
hitherto unexplored site of the Indus Valley
Civilization (IVC) has added a new chapter to our
understanding of ancient India. The excavation, led
by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), has
unearthed significant artifacts, including new types
of seals, pottery, and a well-preserved street
network, providing fresh insights into the urban
planning, trade networks, and social life of the
Harappans. The discovery is poised to deepen the
debate on the origin and decline of the civilization.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
Insights into Urban Planning: The discovery of a
well-preserved street network, complete with a
sophisticated drainage system, provides new
evidence of the advanced urban planning of the IVC.
The layout of the streets and the design of the
houses suggest a high degree of civic engineering
and a strong municipal authority. This discovery
reinforces the notion that the IVC was one of the
most advanced urban civilizations of its time.

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Trade and Commerce: The unearthing of new types
of seals, different from those found at other sites,
suggests that the IVC had an even more extensive
and diverse trade network than previously thought.
The seals, which were used to mark goods, indicate
a thriving commercial economy and contact with
other civilizations in the West and Central Asia.
New Questions on the Script: While the Indus script
remains undeciphered, the new seals found at the
site contain some previously unseen symbols. This
has reignited the hope that a breakthrough in
deciphering the script is possible. It has also added
new complexity to the debate, as the new symbols
may represent a different dialect or a new stage in
the evolution of the script.
The Puzzle of the Decline: The site shows no signs of
a sudden abandonment or a major catastrophe,
such as a flood or an invasion. Instead, it suggests a
gradual decline, which adds weight to the theory
that climate change and a drying up of the
Saraswati river may have been the primary causes
of the civilization’s collapse. The discovery provides
a key piece of evidence in the ongoing debate on the
decline of the IVC.
The Challenge of Preservation: The discovery also
highlights the critical need for better preservation
and management of archaeological sites. Many
ancient sites are under threat from urban
expansion, illegal construction, and environmental
degradation. The discovery has brought a new
sense of urgency to the need for a national policy
for the preservation of our cultural heritage.
Way Forward:
The ASI must conduct a thorough and meticulous
analysis of the artifacts and the site, using modern
scientific methods, including carbon dating and
DNA analysis.
The government should allocate more funds for
archaeological research and the preservation of
ancient sites.
A collaborative approach with international experts
and institutions should be encouraged to ensure a
multi-disciplinary analysis of the discovery.
The discovery should be used as an opportunity to
launch a public awareness campaign to educate
citizens about the importance of our cultural
heritage and the need to protect it.
Conclusion: The new discovery at the Indus Valley
site is a momentous occasion for Indian
archaeology. It has the potential to rewrite parts of
our history and provide new insights into one of the
world’s oldest and most enigmatic civilizations. The
discovery is not just a scientific finding; it is a vital
link to our past and a source of national pride.
Mains Practice Question: “A new archaeological
discovery at an Indus Valley Civilization site has
added to our understanding of the civilization.
Discuss the potential insights this discovery could
provide into the urban planning, trade, and
eventual decline of the IVC. What are the key
challenges in the preservation and analysis of such
ancient sites?”
Promoting rural tourism: The new national policy:
Syllabus Link: GS-I: Indian Heritage & Culture
(Tourism). GS-II: Governance (Government policies
and interventions). GS-III: Economy (Tourism
sector).
Context: The Ministry of Tourism has announced a
new national policy for the promotion of rural
tourism. The new policy aims to transform India’s
rural areas into vibrant tourist destinations and to
provide a new source of income for rural
communities. The policy is a multi-faceted
approach that includes provisions for financial
assistance, skill development, and a new framework
for the marketing of rural tourism products.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
The Potential of Rural Tourism: India has a vast and
diverse rural landscape that is rich in culture,
heritage, and natural beauty. The new policy is a
clear recognition that rural tourism has immense
potential to contribute to the country’s economic
growth and to provide a new source of income for
rural communities.
Addressing the Challenges: Rural tourism in India
faces some major challenges, such as a lack of a
good infrastructure, a lack of skilled manpower, and
a lack of a clear marketing strategy. The new policy
aims to address these issues by providing a new
framework for financial assistance, a new

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curriculum for skill development, and a new digital
platform for the marketing of rural tourism
products.
Empowering Local Communities: The new policy
places a strong emphasis on empowering local
communities. It includes provisions for a new
framework for the participation of local
communities in the planning and the management
of rural tourism projects. This is a vital step toward
ensuring that the benefits of rural tourism are not
limited to a few but are shared by all.
The Need for a Holistic Approach: Rural tourism is
not just about building new resorts and hotels. It is
also about preserving a place’s culture, heritage,
and natural beauty. The new policy recognizes this
and places a strong emphasis on a holistic approach
to rural tourism. It includes provisions for a new
framework for the preservation of a place’s cultural
heritage and a new framework for the protection of
its natural environment.
The Role of the Private Sector: The new policy
encourages greater private sector participation in
the rural tourism sector. It provides a new
framework for private investment and a new
framework for the marketing of rural tourism
products. This is a crucial step toward attracting
the large-scale investment that is needed to
transform India’s rural areas into a major tourist
destination.
Way Forward:
The government should provide financial and tax
incentives to private companies to encourage them
to invest in rural tourism.
A new digital platform should be created to provide
a single point of access to all the information about
rural tourism products and services.
A massive training program for local communities
should be launched to equip them with the skills to
manage rural tourism projects.
The government should also work with the states to
ensure that the new policy is implemented in a
participatory and inclusive manner.
Conclusion: The new national policy for the
promotion of rural tourism is a vital step toward a
more equitable and prosperous society. By
leveraging the country’s vast rural landscape, India
is not only creating a new engine for economic
growth but also preserving its rich cultural
heritage.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the potential of
rural tourism in India. What are the key features of
the new national policy in this regard, and how can
it contribute to the economic development of rural
communities?”
Promoting rural tourism in the Himalayas: A new
policy for sustainable development
Syllabus Link: GS-I: Indian Heritage & Culture
(Tourism). GS-II: Governance (Government policies
and interventions). GS-III: Economy (Tourism
sector).
Context: The Ministry of Tourism has announced a
new national policy for the promotion of rural
tourism in the Himalayan states. The new policy,
which is a key part of the government’s plan to
provide a new source of income for rural
communities and to preserve the cultural heritage
of the Himalayan states, is a multi-faceted approach
that includes provisions for financial assistance,
skill development, and a new framework for the
marketing of rural tourism products.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
The Potential of Himalayan Tourism: The Himalayan
states have a vast and untapped potential for
tourism. They are a major source of natural beauty,
cultural heritage, and spiritual significance. The
new policy is a clear recognition that rural tourism
has immense potential to contribute to the
country’s economic growth and to provide a new
source of income for rural communities.
Addressing the Challenges: Rural tourism in the
Himalayan states faces some major challenges, such
as a lack of a good infrastructure, a lack of skilled
manpower, and a lack of a clear marketing strategy.
The new policy aims to address these issues by
providing a new framework for financial assistance,
a new curriculum for skill development, and a new
digital platform for the marketing of rural tourism
products.

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Empowering Local Communities: The new policy
places a strong emphasis on empowering local
communities. It includes provisions for a new
framework for the participation of local
communities in the planning and the management
of rural tourism projects. This is a vital step toward
ensuring that the benefits of rural tourism are not
limited to a few but are shared by all.
The Need for a Holistic Approach: Rural tourism is
not just about building new resorts and hotels. It is
also about preserving a place’s culture, heritage,
and natural beauty. The new policy recognizes this
and places a strong emphasis on a holistic approach
to rural tourism. It includes provisions for a new
framework for the preservation of a place’s cultural
heritage and a new framework for the protection of
its natural environment.
The Role of the Private Sector: The new policy
encourages greater private sector participation in
the rural tourism sector. It provides a new
framework for private investment and a new
framework for the marketing of rural tourism
products. This is a crucial step toward attracting
the large-scale investment that is needed to
transform the Himalayan states into a major tourist
destination.
Way Forward:
The government should provide financial and tax
incentives to private companies to encourage them
to invest in rural tourism in the Himalayan states.
A new digital platform should be created to provide
a single point of access to all the information about
rural tourism products and services.
A massive training program for local communities
should be launched to equip them with the skills to
manage rural tourism projects.
The government should also work with the states to
ensure that the new policy is implemented in a
participatory and inclusive manner.
Conclusion: The new national policy for the
promotion of rural tourism in the Himalayan states
is a vital step toward a more equitable and
prosperous society. By leveraging the country’s vast
rural landscape, India is not only creating a new
engine for economic growth but also preserving its
rich cultural heritage.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the potential of
rural tourism in the Himalayan states. What are the
key features of the new policy in this regard, and
how can it contribute to the economic development
of rural communities?”
HISTORY
4. Syllabus: GS1/History & Culture; GS2/Polity
In NewsPrime Minister Narendra Modi recently
underscored the deep-rooted nature of democratic
traditions in India, specifically highlighting the
significance of the Uthiramerur Inscriptions from
the Chola dynasty as evidence of ancient indigenous
democratic practices.
Background The Prime Minister’s remarks come in
the context of a broader narrative promoting
India’s historical contributions to democratic
thought and governance, countering the perception
that democracy is solely a Western import. The
Chola dynasty, one of the longest-ruling dynasties
in South Indian history (c. 300 BCE to 1279 CE), is
renowned for its highly organized administrative
system, particularly at the local level. The
Uthiramerur Inscriptions provide unique and
detailed insights into these local self-governing
mechanisms.
Key Points:
Uthiramerur Inscriptions: Located on the walls of
the Vaikunda Perumal Temple in Uthiramerur,
Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, these
inscriptions date back to the reign of Chola king
Parantaka I (around 920 CE). They meticulously
describe the functioning of the ‘Sabha’, a village
assembly composed exclusively of adult male
Brahmins who owned land.
Features of the Chola-Era Electoral System (as per
Inscriptions) :
Ward System: The village was divided into 30
wards, with each ward electing one representative
to the village assembly.
Eligibility Criteria: Detailed qualifications were
stipulated for candidates, including:

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Ownership of a plot of land and a house.
Age between 35 and 70 years.
Knowledge of Vedic texts and sacred mantras.
Being “skilled in business” and possessing “moral
behaviour.”
(An exception was made for land ownership if the
person had learned at least one Veda and four
Bhashyas).
Disqualification Norms : Strict criteria for
disqualification included
Failure to submit accounts from prior service on
any committee.
Having committed any of the first four of the five
“great sins” (killing a Brahman, drinking alcohol,
theft, and adultery).
Association with outcasts or consuming “forbidden”
dishes.
Those who stole others’ property or committed
forgery were also disqualified.
Selection Process: Members were chosen through
an elaborate drawing of lots, where names written
on palm leaf tickets were put into a pot, and a
representative was selected by a young boy. This
system, known as ‘Kudavolai’, aimed to ensure
fairness and prevent manipulation.
Committee System (Variyams): The Sabha operated
through various specialized committees (Variyams)
responsible for specific functions:
Garden Committee (Thottavariyam):: Managed
village gardens.
Tank Committee (Erivariyam): Oversaw water
resources and irrigation tanks.
Annual Committee (Samvatsaravariyam): Required
prior experience and knowledge.
Justice Committee (Nyaya Variyam): Administered
justice.
Gold Committee (Pon Variyam):: Managed the
village temple’s gold.
Gramakariya Variyam: Supervised the overall work
of all committees.
Accountability and Recall::Committee members
served for 360 days and were then expected to
retire. Any member found implicated in
wrongdoing or discrepancies in accounts
was immediately removed from their position,
illustrating a form of accountability.
Significance for Modern India :
Indigenous Democracy : The inscriptions provide
concrete evidence that codified democratic
frameworks, emphasizing local self-governance,
transparency, and accountability, existed in ancient
India. This provides a historical counter-narrative
to the idea that democracy is solely a Western
concept.
Continuity of Principles: Principles like ethical
leadership, citizen participation, and codified rules
of governance found in these ancient systems
resonate with modern democratic ideals.
Local Self-Governance: The Uthiramerur model
offers a historical precedent for the importance of
local self-governance, a concept central to the
modern Panchayati Raj system in India.
PM Modi Pays Tributes to Quit India and Kakori
Movements :
Syllabus: Indian History (Modern)
Context: On August 9, Prime Minister Narendra
Modi paid tributes to the brave people who
participated in the Quit India Movement and
the Kakori Movement. August 9 marks the
anniversary of both of these pivotal events in
India’s struggle for independence. The Prime
Minister’s message, shared on social media,
highlighted the courage of the freedom fighters and
their contributions to India’s quest for freedom. He
also paid tributes to the valour of the
revolutionaries who participated in the Kakori
incident, which he said, “highlighted the resentment
among people against colonial rule.” This
commemoration serves as a reminder of India’s
rich history of struggle and sacrifice.
Analysis:

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The Prime Minister’s tributes to these two
movements are a significant act of historical
remembrance, underscoring their importance in
India’s freedom struggle.
Quit India Movement (1942):The Quit India
Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi, was a
pivotal moment in India’s freedom struggle. It was a
call for immediate independence and marked a
departure from Gandhi’s earlier policy of non-
violent non-cooperation. The movement saw mass
protests, strikes, and civil disobedience across the
country. It was a “do or die” moment that
galvanized the Indian population and sent a clear
message to the British that their rule was no longer
sustainable. Although the British managed to
suppress the movement, it created an atmosphere
of unwavering resolve and ultimately hastened the
end of colonial rule.
Kakori Movement (1925): The Kakori Conspiracy,
which took place on August 9, 1925, was a
significant event in the history of the Indian
revolutionary movement. Organized by the
Hindustan Republican Association (HRA), it
involved a train robbery to fund revolutionary
activities against the British. While the incident led
to the arrest and execution of several freedom
fighters, it also highlighted the deep-seated anger
and resentment among the people against colonial
exploitation. The bravery of the revolutionaries,
including Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, and
Roshan Singh, inspired a new generation of
freedom fighters and underscored the diverse
approaches that were adopted to achieve
independence.
Legacy of Sacrifice and Unity : Commemorating both
the Quit India and Kakori movements on the same
day is a powerful symbol of the diversity of India’s
freedom struggle. It acknowledges that
independence was not won through a single
movement but through a collective effort involving
a wide range of ideologies, from Gandhi’s non-
violence to the revolutionaries’ armed struggle. It is
a tribute to the unity of purpose that defined the
freedom struggle, where different groups, despite
their ideological differences, were united by the
common goal of an independent India.
Conclusion: The Prime Minister’s tributes to the
Quit India and Kakori movements are a fitting
tribute to the heroes of India’s freedom struggle. By
remembering these pivotal moments, we not only
honor the sacrifices of our freedom fighters but also
reaffirm our commitment to the values of
patriotism, unity, and courage that they embodied.
These historical events serve as a constant source
of inspiration for a new generation of Indians to
build a strong and prosperous nation.
PM Observes Partition Horrors Remembrance Day:
Syllabus: GS Paper I – Modern Indian history from
about the middle of the eighteenth century until the
present- significant events, personalities, issues.
Context: On August 14, 2025, Prime Minister
Narendra Modi observed Partition Horrors
Remembrance Day, a day dedicated to honoring the
memory of the millions who suffered during the
partition of India in 1947. The day seeks to
acknowledge the immense pain and upheaval
experienced by countless families and individuals,
and serves as a somber reminder of the enduring
responsibility to strengthen social harmony.
Detailed Analysis :
Historical Background of Partition :
The 1947 Partition of British India: The partition
was the division of the British Indian Empire into
two independent dominions—India and Pakistan.
The partition was enacted by the Indian
Independence Act of 1947 and resulted in the
creation of a new country, Pakistan, from the
Muslim-majority areas of Bengal and Punjab.
The Radcliffe Line : The boundary between the two
nations was officially drawn by Cyril Radcliffe, the
chairman of the Boundary Commission. The
division was based on the demographics of Muslim
and non-Muslim majorities in the provinces of
Bengal and Punjab. The process was rushed, and
the final boundary was announced just two days
after independence, leading to immense confusion
and violence.
Mass Migration and Violence : The partition led to
one of the largest mass migrations in human
history. It is estimated that between 10 to 20
million people were displaced. The migration was

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accompanied by unprecedented communal
violence, looting, and atrocities on both sides of the
border.
Historical Significance : The partition remains one
of the most tragic and defining events in the history
of the Indian subcontinent. Its legacy includes deep-
seated animosity between India and Pakistan and a
lasting trauma for the communities that were
affected.
Rationale for Partition Horrors Remembrance Day :
Remembering the Victims: The day was officially
declared by the Prime Minister in 2021 to ensure
that the sacrifices and suffering of the victims of
partition are not forgotten. It is a way of giving a
voice to the millions who were displaced,
brutalized, and lost their lives.
Educational and Commemorative Purpose : The
observance aims to educate the younger generation
about the horrors of partition, fostering a sense of
empathy and a deeper understanding of the events
that shaped modern India.
Promoting Social Harmony: The day serves as a
powerful reminder of the dangers of communal
disharmony and hate. The Prime Minister’s
message emphasized the need to strengthen the
bonds of harmony and unity that hold the country
together.
National Integration : By acknowledging this painful
chapter of history, the day aims to strengthen the
resolve of the nation to build a future based on
peace, fraternity, and mutual respect, thereby
reinforcing the core principles of the Indian
Constitution.
Historical Debates and Critiques :
Timing of the Commemoration: Some historians and
political commentators have raised concerns about
the timing of the day, arguing that commemorating
the event on the eve of Independence Day could be
seen as a way of politicizing a historical tragedy.
Focus on a Single Narrative : Another criticism is
that the observance might focus on a singular
narrative of the partition, potentially sidelining the
complex and diverse experiences of people from
different regions and communities.
Reconciliation vs. Reminiscence: While the
government’s intent is to promote peace and
harmony, there is a debate on whether constantly
recalling the “horrors” helps in reconciliation or
perpetuates a sense of victimhood and historical
grievance. The challenge is to use this day to foster
healing, not to reopen old wounds.
Conclusion :
Partition Horrors Remembrance Day is a significant
step towards acknowledging a painful and often
overlooked chapter in India’s history.
The observance aims to honor the victims, educate
the youth, and promote the message of social
harmony and national integration.
The success of this initiative will be measured by its
ability to foster a deeper understanding of history
without promoting division, thereby using a painful
memory to build a more united future.
Mains Question: The observance of ‘Partition
Horrors Remembrance Day’ seeks to remember the
victims and promote social harmony. In this
context, critically analyze the historical significance
of the partition of India and discuss the role of such
commemorative events in shaping national
memory and fostering social unity. (250 words).
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
4. Uttarkashi Cloudburst : Alarming Reminder of
Himalayan Vulnerability :
Syllabus: GS-1/Geography; GS-3/Disaster
Management
In News: A severe cloudburst in the Uttarkashi
district of Uttarakhand has resulted in significant
loss of life and property, triggering flash floods and
landslides. This event has once again brought to the
forefront the issue of climate change-induced
extreme weather events and the need for robust
disaster management strategies in the fragile
Himalayan region.
Causes and Context :
Cloudbursts : These are highly localized and intense
rainfall events, a phenomenon becoming more
frequent in the Himalayas due to changes in
weather patterns linked to global warming.

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Fragile Ecology : The Himalayan states are
ecologically sensitive and seismically active.
Unplanned infrastructure development,
deforestation, and unregulated mining have further
exacerbated the region’s vulnerability to landslides
and flash floods.
Vulnerability of Bageshwar : A recent expert panel
report submitted to the National Green Tribunal
(NGT) warned that unregulated mining in
Uttarakhand’s Bageshwar district is creating
conditions similar to the subsidence crisis in
Joshimath. The report highlighted dangers from
unsafe mining practices and waste dumping, which
destabilize slopes and block natural drainage
channels.
Way Forward :
Disaster Preparedness : There is an urgent need for
an advanced early warning system, especially for
cloudbursts and landslides. Community-level
disaster management teams should be trained and
equipped.
Sustainable Development : Development projects in
the Himalayas must adhere to strict environmental
norms. There is a need for a shift towards climate-
resilient infrastructure and a ban on unregulated
activities like mining and construction in
geologically sensitive areas.
Climate Change Adaptation : India’s disaster
management plans must be updated to specifically
address the increasing frequency of climate-
change-induced disasters in vulnerable regions.
Cloudburst in Uttarkashi
Syllabus: GS1/Geography, GS3/Disaster
Management
Context: A devastating cloudburst in the Dharali
village of Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand, has triggered a
massive flash flood, causing significant loss of life,
damage to property, and widespread disruption.
The incident highlights the ecological fragility and
vulnerability of the Himalayan region to such
extreme weather events.
Details of the Disaster :
The cloudburst, a highly localized and intense
rainfall event, occurred in the upper catchment area
of the Kheer Ganga river. This led to a sudden surge
of water and debris, which caused a flash flood in
the Dhauliganga and Bhagirathi river systems.
The flash flood has been particularly destructive in
Dharali village, where it has claimed at least four
lives and left over 50 people missing. The sheer
force of the floodwaters has washed away homes,
shops, and vital infrastructure.
Impact and Response :
The most significant immediate impact has been
the severing of all road links to Gangotri Dham, one
of the most sacred pilgrimage sites for Hindus. This
has left thousands of pilgrims and tourists stranded,
with the authorities scrambling to organize rescue
and relief operations.
Teams from the State Disaster Response Force
(SDRF), National Disaster Response Force (NDRF),
and the Indian Army have been deployed to the
affected areas. Their primary task is to locate the
missing persons, provide humanitarian aid to the
stranded, and restore road connectivity.
The incident has also caused significant economic
damage to the local communities, who depend on
tourism and agriculture for their livelihood.
Relevance to Disaster Management :
The Uttarkashi cloudburst is a classic case study in
disaster management. It highlights the unique
challenges of responding to disasters in difficult,
mountainous terrain.
The incident underscores the need for a multi-
faceted approach to disaster preparedness,
including:
Early Warning Systems: The need for a more robust
and localized early warning system for cloudbursts
and flash floods.
Sustainable Development : The importance of
sustainable and eco-friendly infrastructure
development in the Himalayan region, which is
prone to natural disasters.
Community Preparedness : The need to train and
empower local communities to respond to such
disasters effectively.

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The incident is a stark reminder of the devastating
consequences of climate change and the need for a
comprehensive strategy to protect vulnerable
populations and ecosystems.
Groundwater Contamination in India
Syllabus: Geography; Environment, Health
Context: A recent analysis by the Central Ground
Water Board (CGWB) has revealed an alarming
state of groundwater contamination across India.
Despite increased rainfall in some regions, the
problem of contaminated aquifers is worsening,
posing a severe public health crisis and threatening
agricultural productivity. Groundwater, which
provides over 85% of rural drinking water and
65% of irrigation in the country, is now being
polluted by a cocktail of industrial waste, excessive
fertilizer use, and untreated sewage. The
contamination includes heavy metals like fluoride
and arsenic, as well as nitrates and uranium, which
are causing a range of chronic illnesses and other
health issues.
Analysis :
The issue of groundwater contamination in India is
a complex challenge with far-reaching
consequences.
Public Health Crisis : Contaminated groundwater is
a silent killer, leading to a host of chronic and
debilitating diseases. Fluoride contamination,
prevalent in over 230 districts, is causing skeletal
and dental fluorosis, particularly in states like
Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana. Arsenic
contamination, concentrated in the Gangetic plains,
has been linked to skin diseases, cancers, and organ
failure. Nitrate contamination, a result of
agricultural runoff and septic tank leaks, can cause
“blue baby syndrome” in infants. The presence
of heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and mercury
from industrial discharge is leading to
developmental delays and neurological damage in
children. These health impacts not only affect the
quality of life but also place a significant burden on
the country’s healthcare system.
Agricultural and Food Security Impact: Groundwater
is the lifeblood of Indian agriculture. When
contaminated water is used for irrigation, the
pollutants can enter the food chain, affecting crop
yields and introducing harmful substances into
food. This not only threatens food security but also
poses a serious risk to the health of consumers. The
contamination also degrades soil quality, reducing
its fertility and making it more difficult to grow
crops. The long-term effects could be a decline in
agricultural productivity, which would have a
devastating impact on the livelihoods of millions of
farmers.
Governance and Policy Gaps : The crisis is
exacerbated by systemic failures in governance.
The existing legal framework, such as the Water Act
of 1974, is largely inadequate and lacks the teeth to
address groundwater issues. The Central Ground
Water Board (CGWB) and state-level pollution
control boards often lack the legal authority,
resources, and manpower to enforce regulations
and monitor groundwater quality effectively. The
absence of real-time monitoring and a fragmented
approach to data collection makes it difficult to
assess the scale of the problem and formulate
effective solutions. Unregulated borewell drilling
and a lack of public awareness about sustainable
water management practices further compound the
issue.
Solutions / Analysis : A comprehensive and multi-
pronged strategy is required to tackle this crisis.
Regulatory Frameworks : The government must
enact a robust and comprehensive national
groundwater pollution framework that gives legal
teeth to regulatory bodies. This framework should
include stringent penalties for polluters and a clear
mandate for monitoring and enforcement.
Technological Interventions: Investing in modern,
real-time monitoring tools and publicly available
data platforms can help in identifying and
addressing contamination hotspots. Technologies
like phytoremediation and bio-remediation can be
used to clean up contaminated sites.
Promoting Sustainable Practices: A shift to
sustainable agricultural practices, such as precision
farming and the judicious use of fertilizers, is
crucial to reduce nitrate contamination. Promoting
rainwater harvesting and recharging of aquifers can

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help in replenishing groundwater levels and
diluting contaminants.
Public Awareness and Community Participation
: Raising public awareness about the dangers of
groundwater contamination and the importance of
sustainable water usage is essential. Empowering
local communities to monitor and manage their
water resources can lead to more effective and
sustainable solutions.
Conclusion : Groundwater contamination in India is
a ticking time bomb that threatens the health, food
security, and economic well-being of the nation.
The crisis is a symptom of a broader failure in
environmental governance and resource
management. Addressing this challenge requires a
concerted effort from all stakeholders—the
government, industry, farmers, and the public—to
move towards a more sustainable and equitable
water management system.
‘Singe Tsangspo Tsangde Lasgul’: A Community
Clean-Up Drive for the Indus River
Syllabus: GS Paper I – Geographical features; GS
Paper III – Conservation, environmental pollution
and degradation, environmental impact
assessment.
Context: The Union Territory of Ladakh has
launched a massive community-driven clean-up
drive, dubbed ‘Singe Tsangspo Tsangde Lasgul’
(Mission Indus Clean-Up), to rejuvenate the Indus
River and its tributaries. The initiative, which saw
the participation of over 2,000 volunteers,
highlights a strong community commitment to
protecting the fragile mountain ecosystem and the
cultural significance of the river.
Detailed Analysis :
Significance of the Indus River in Ladakh:
Lifeblood of the Region: The Indus River, known
locally as the ‘Singe Tsangspo’ (Lion River), is the
lifeblood of Ladakh. It is a vital source of water for
irrigation, drinking, and power generation.
Cultural and Historical Heritage : The Indus is not
just a river; it is a sacred thread that binds Ladakh’s
history, culture, and future. The region is home to
the Indus Valley Civilisation, one of the world’s
oldest civilizations.
Fragile Ecosystem : Ladakh is a high-altitude cold
desert with a very fragile ecosystem. Any pollution
of the Indus can have a devastating impact on the
region’s biodiversity and the livelihoods of its
people.
Objectives of ‘Mission Indus Clean-Up’ :
Combating Waste Pollution : The primary objective
of the mission is to remove non-biodegradable
waste, such as plastic debris and metal scraps, from
the Indus River and its tributaries. It has already led
to the removal of over 75 tonnes of waste in a few
hours.
Community Engagement : The mission is a
testament to the power of community action. The
participation of local Gobas (village headmen),
NGOs, trade and transport unions, and security
forces highlights a strong collective commitment to
environmental protection.
Raising Awareness : The drive aims to raise public
awareness about the need for better waste
management practices and the importance of
preserving the river. The campaign included a
solemn pledge to protect the Indus from pollution.
Challenges and the Way Forward :
Sustainability: A key challenge is to ensure that the
momentum of the clean-up drive is sustained over
the long term. This will require a continuous effort
from the community and the government to ensure
that the river remains clean.
Waste Management Infrastructure : The Union
Territory of Ladakh will need to invest in a robust
waste management infrastructure, including waste
segregation, recycling, and scientific disposal of
waste, to prevent the pollution of the river.
Tourism and its Impact: With a growing number of
tourists visiting Ladakh, the challenge of waste
management is likely to increase. The government
will have to formulate policies that promote
sustainable tourism and a ‘zero-waste’ culture
among tourists.
Enforcement of Regulations : The success of the
mission will depend on the strict enforcement of

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regulations against littering and pollution. The
government will have to impose strict penalties on
those who violate these regulations.
Conclusion :
‘Mission Indus Clean-Up’ is a commendable
initiative that highlights the importance of
community action in environmental protection.
By cleaning up the Indus River, the people of
Ladakh are not only protecting their fragile
ecosystem but also reaffirming their commitment
to their cultural and historical heritage.
The success of this mission will depend on a
sustained effort from both the community and the
government to address the long-term challenges of
waste management and to promote a culture of
environmental responsibility.
Mains Question : The ‘Singe Tsangspo Tsangde
Lasgul’ initiative is a community-driven effort to
clean up the Indus River. In this context, discuss the
significance of the Indus River to the people and
ecosystem of Ladakh. What measures can be taken
to ensure the long-term sustainability of such
environmental conservation efforts? (250 words)
GS 2
GOVERNMENT POLICY AND INTERVENTION
1. India’s Digital Sovereignty and Data Governance
GS Papers: GS II (Governance, Government Policies
& Interventions), GS III (Indian Economy, Science &
Technology, Internal Security, Cyber Security)
Core Issue: The ongoing debate around India’s
digital autonomy in the face of globalized data flows
and technology dependencies, specifically
highlighted by concerns in the India-UK FTA and
the Draft Telecom Cyber Security Rules, 2025.
Broader Perspective & Analysis :
The Nexus of Data, Trade, and Sovereignty : Explain
why data is considered the “new oil” and a strategic
asset. How trade agreements, traditionally focused
on goods and services, are now increasingly
shaping digital economies and potentially
undermining a nation’s control over its data and
digital infrastructure.
Specific FTA Concerns (Deep Dive) :
Source Code Access: Critical analysis of clauses
limiting India’s ability to demand source code
transfer. Why is this crucial for national security
(identifying backdoors, vulnerabilities), economic
development (reverse engineering, building
indigenous capabilities), and consumer protection?
Contrast with China’s stricter requirements.
“Open Government Data” as an “International Public
Good”: Critique this phrasing. While open data
promotes transparency, classifying all government-
held data (even if non-sensitive) as an
“international public good” in a trade context could
erode India’s negotiating leverage and intellectual
property claims over its own data sets, which are
critical for AI training and national digital
development.
Most Favoured Nation (MFN) Clause: The
commitment to extend “equivalent disciplines” if
India agrees to cross-border data flow provisions
with another country. This could bind India to
unfavorable terms from future agreements, limiting
its policy space.
Digital Colonialism vs. Global Integration: A nuanced
discussion on the tension between safeguarding
digital sovereignty (preventing foreign firms from
dominating India’s digital space based on their
access to Indian data) and participating in the
global digital economy. Is complete isolation
feasible or desirable?
Domestic Regulatory Frameworks (Interplay) :
Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP Act): Its role in
safeguarding individual privacy but its limitations
regarding government access and broader data
governance policy.
Draft Telecom Cyber Security Rules, 2025: Beyond
mobile number validation, analyze the implications
of extended surveillance powers, obligations on
telecom equipment manufacturers, and a central
IMEI database. Concerns about user privacy,
potential for mass surveillance, and regulatory
burden on industry.
Proposed Digital India Act: How this overarching
law aims to harmonize digital regulations. Will it be
robust enough to assert digital sovereignty?

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Building a ‘Digital Atmanirbhar Bharat’: Discuss
policy measures needed to foster indigenous digital
ecosystems – promoting domestic hardware
manufacturing, software development, data
centres, cloud infrastructure, and AI capabilities.
Role of Public Digital Infrastructure (e.g., UPI,
Aadhaar).
Global Digital Governance Landscape: India’s role in
shaping international norms for data governance,
cross-border data flows, and cyber security,
advocating for a multilateral, equitable framework.
Way Forward:
Develop a National Digital Strategy clearly outlining
India’s red lines in digital trade negotiations.
Strengthen Domestic Capacity: Invest in research
and development for critical digital technologies.
Regulatory Clarity & Predictability: Ensure
coherence across various digital laws and rules to
avoid jurisdictional conflicts and foster innovation.
Public Awareness & Consensus : Build a stronger
public and political understanding of “digital
sovereignty” as a critical national interest.
Potential Mains Questions :
“Critically examine how the digital clauses in recent
Free Trade Agreements, particularly concerning
data localization and source code access, pose
challenges to India’s digital sovereignty. What
policy measures should India undertake to navigate
the complexities of global digital trade while
safeguarding its national interests?” (15 Marks)
“Analyze the implications of the Draft Telecom
Cyber Security Rules, 2025, for individual privacy
and the telecommunications industry in India. How
can a balance be struck between national security
imperatives and citizen rights in the digital
domain?” (10 Marks)
DDA to Launch Premium Housing Scheme by
August-end:
Syllabus: GS Paper II – Government policies and
interventions for development in various sectors
and issues arising out of their design and
implementation.
Context: The Delhi Development Authority (DDA) is
set to launch a new Premium Housing Scheme by
the end of August 2025. The scheme, which will
offer approximately 250 flats through an e-
auctioning process, aims to cater to the high-
income and middle-income groups in prime
locations across the city, as a part of the authority’s
evolving housing strategy.
Detailed Analysis:
Shift in DDA’s Housing Strategy:
Traditional Approach: Traditionally, the DDA’s
primary focus has been on providing affordable
housing for the lower-income groups and the
economically weaker sections. Its schemes have
often been criticized for the lack of demand for flats
in remote locations.
The New Focus: The new premium housing scheme
marks a significant shift in this strategy. By offering
flats in prime locations and through an e-auction
model, the DDA is now directly competing with
private builders in the luxury and premium housing
segment.
Revenue Generation: This new model is also a way
for the DDA to generate revenue, which can then be
used to cross-subsidize its affordable housing
schemes. This is a crucial step towards making the
authority more financially self-sustaining.
Key Features and Components of the Scheme:
E-Auctioning Model: The flats will be sold through
an e-auctioning process, which is designed to be
more transparent and efficient than the traditional
lottery system. This model also ensures that the
DDA gets the best possible price for its properties.
Prime Locations: The scheme offers a variety of flats
in highly sought-after locations like Vasant Kunj,
Dwarka, Jasola, and Pitampura, which are known
for their proximity to commercial hubs, metro
stations, and other civic amenities.
Varied Categories: The scheme includes a mix of
High-Income Group (HIG), Middle-Income Group
(MIG), and Low-Income Group (LIG) flats, catering
to a diverse range of buyers.
Additional Offerings: The scheme also includes the
e-auctioning of car and scooter garages, which is a

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new addition to the DDA’s offerings and addresses
the growing demand for parking spaces in the city.
Implications and Challenges:
Impact on the Real Estate Market: The DDA’s entry
into the premium housing segment could have a
significant impact on the real estate market in
Delhi, as it offers a transparent and reliable
alternative to private builders.
Equity Concerns: While the move is a step towards
financial self-sufficiency, there is a concern that it
might dilute the DDA’s original mandate of
providing affordable housing for the common man.
Affordability vs. Profitability: The DDA will have to
strike a delicate balance between generating
revenue from its premium schemes and ensuring
that its affordable housing schemes remain
accessible and viable for the target audience.
Land Management: The DDA’s role as the sole land-
owning agency in Delhi gives it a unique advantage
in the real estate market. The success of this new
scheme will depend on its ability to efficiently
manage and develop its land bank.
Conclusion:
The DDA’s Premium Housing Scheme is a strategic
move that reflects the authority’s changing role in
Delhi’s urban development.
By venturing into the premium segment, the DDA is
not only tapping into a new market but also
creating a model for financial self-sufficiency.
The success of this new strategy will be crucial for
the DDA’s long-term viability and its ability to
continue its original mandate of providing housing
for all sections of society.
Mains Question: The Delhi Development Authority
(DDA) is shifting its focus from primarily providing
affordable housing to venturing into the premium
real estate market. Critically analyze the
implications of this shift for urban development,
housing affordability, and the role of a public
authority in a competitive market. (250 words)
Jan Vishwas Bill, 2025 Introduced in Parliament
Syllabus
GS Paper-II: Government policies and interventions
for development in various sectors and issues
arising out of their design and implementation.
Context The Union Government has introduced the
Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Bill, 2025,
in Parliament. The bill, a follow-up to the Jan
Vishwas Act of 2023, aims to decriminalize minor
offences and reduce the burden of compliance on
businesses and citizens. This is part of the
government’s ongoing effort to promote ease of
living and doing business.
In-depth Analysis and UPSC-Relevant Points
The introduction of the Jan Vishwas Bill, 2025, is a
significant legislative reform that reflects a
paradigm shift in the government’s approach to
governance. It moves away from a punitive,
“inspector raj” model to a more facilitative and
“trust-based governance” model. The bill’s
provisions are aimed at modernizing India’s
regulatory framework and making it more
conducive to business and individual freedom.
Promoting Ease of Living and Doing Business: The
bill seeks to decriminalize 288 provisions and
amend 67 others across 16 Central Acts. This is a
monumental step towards reducing the number of
minor offenses that can lead to criminal
prosecution. For businesses, this will mean a
significant reduction in the burden of compliance,
as they will no longer have to fear imprisonment for
minor, technical violations. For citizens, it will mean
a more relaxed and less intimidating interaction
with the government. This is a crucial step towards
improving India’s ranking in the World Bank’s Ease
of Doing Business Index and attracting foreign
investment.
Shift to a ‘Warning-Correct-Penalize’ Model: The bill
proposes to replace criminal penalties with
monetary fines for minor offenses. It also
introduces the concept of “improvement notices”
for first-time violations, giving violators an
opportunity to rectify their non-compliance. This is
a significant shift from the earlier approach of
“penalize on first detection” to a more pragmatic
and trust-based model. It recognizes that minor
offenses are often a result of human error and
should not lead to criminal prosecution. This will

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also help in fostering a more voluntary and
compliant business environment.
Rationalization of Penalties and De-clogging the
Judicial System: The bill rationalizes penalties for
repeat violations, with a steep hike in penalties for
second and subsequent offenses. This is aimed at
ensuring that the law acts as a deterrent for
habitual offenders. The decriminalization of minor
offenses will also help in reducing the workload of
the judicial system. It will free up courts to focus on
more serious crimes and will lead to a faster
resolution of disputes. This is a crucial step towards
addressing the issue of pending cases in India’s
courts.
Sectors Covered and Broader Impact: The bill
proposes to amend provisions related to a wide
range of sectors, including agriculture export,
industries, transport, electricity, and municipal
services. This demonstrates the government’s
commitment to a holistic and comprehensive
approach to regulatory reform. The bill’s impact
will be felt across all sectors of the economy and
will help in creating a more predictable and
transparent regulatory environment. It is a step
towards building a more agile and efficient
government that is more responsive to the needs of
its citizens and businesses.
Mains Question: The Jan Vishwas Bill, 2025, aims to
decriminalize minor offenses and promote ease of
living and doing business. Analyze the key features
of the bill and discuss its potential impact on the
business environment, the judicial system, and the
broader concept of trust-based governance in India.
Government to Introduce Bills for Removal of PM,
CMs on Criminal Charges
Syllabus
GS Paper-II: Indian Constitution—historical
underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments,
significant provisions and basic structure.
Parliament and State Legislatures—structure,
functioning, conduct of business, powers &
privileges and issues arising out of these.
Context Union Home Minister Amit Shah is set to
introduce three new bills in the Lok Sabha on
August 20, 2025, aimed at establishing a legal
framework for the removal of the Prime Minister,
Union Ministers, Chief Ministers, and state
ministers who are arrested and held in custody on
serious criminal charges. The proposed legislations,
namely the Government of Union Territories
(Amendment) Bill, 2025, the Constitution (One
Hundred and Thirtieth Amendment) Bill, 2025, and
the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation
(Amendment) Bill, 2025, represent a significant
legal and political reform.
In-depth Analysis and UPSC-Relevant Points:
This legislative move is a critical step towards
addressing a long-standing debate on political
accountability and ethical governance. The absence
of a clear legal framework to handle a situation
where a top elected official is detained on serious
criminal charges has often led to political and
constitutional crises. This new set of bills seeks to
fill that vacuum, aligning with the principles of
probity in public life.
Rationale and Constitutional Implications: The
proposed bills are a response to a perceived
loophole in the existing constitutional and legal
provisions. While there are mechanisms for
impeachment or no-confidence motions, there is no
specific, time-bound legal process for the removal
of a minister or chief executive who faces serious
criminal charges and is in custody. The bills are
likely to define “serious criminal charges” and the
duration of custody that would trigger the legal
process for removal. This will prevent a situation
where a minister can continue to hold office while
being detained, which many consider a violation of
public trust and a stain on democratic institutions.
However, the introduction of a new legal
framework also raises questions about its potential
for political misuse. The definition of “serious
criminal charges” and the process for removal will
be subject to intense scrutiny to ensure they are not
used to settle political scores or target opposition
leaders.
Comparison with Global Practices: This legislative
reform can be compared with similar laws in other
democracies. For instance, in many countries, there
is a legal or customary practice for a minister to
resign or be removed if they are indicted for a
crime. The bills seek to codify this principle into

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Indian law, making it more explicit and binding. It is
a step towards bringing India’s governance
standards in line with global best practices of
democratic accountability. The debate in
Parliament will focus on the details of this legal
framework, including the role of the judiciary, the
executive, and the legislature in the process of
removal.
Addressing the Issue of Political Probity: For years,
the issue of criminalization of politics has been a
major concern in India. The new bills are a direct
attempt to address this issue by making it more
difficult for individuals with a criminal background
to hold high office. While the bills are not a panacea
for the criminalization of politics, they do represent
a significant step towards cleaning up the political
system. They will force political parties to be more
circumspect in their choice of candidates and
leaders. This will contribute to a more ethical and
transparent political environment.
Challenges and Concerns: The bills are likely to face
stiff opposition, not just from those who may be
directly affected but also from those who argue that
they may be unconstitutional or open to misuse.
There will be concerns about the definition of
“serious criminal charges” and whether it will be
broad enough to be used against political
opponents. The bills’ journey through Parliament
will be a test of the government’s ability to build a
consensus on a contentious issue. The opposition
may argue that the bills are a violation of the
principle of “innocent until proven guilty” and that
they are a form of political targeting.
Mains Question: The proposed bills for the removal
of a Prime Minister, Chief Minister, or minister who
is in custody on serious criminal charges represent
a significant legal and political reform. Analyze the
rationale behind these bills, their constitutional
implications, and the potential challenges they may
face in implementation.
NCERT Introduces ‘Operation Sindoor’ in School
Syllabus
Syllabus
GS Paper-II: Government policies and interventions
for development in various sectors and issues
arising out of their design and implementation.
GS Paper-I: Indian culture will cover the salient
aspects of Art Forms, Literature, and Architecture
from ancient to modern times.
Context The National Council of Educational
Research and Training (NCERT) has introduced a
new module on ‘Operation Sindoor’ in the school
syllabus for Classes 3 to 12. The module, which is a
part of the school’s new curriculum, is designed to
teach students about the valor and sacrifices of the
Indian Armed Forces during the military conflict
with Pakistan that followed the Pahalgam killings.
In-depth Analysis and UPSC-Relevant Points
The introduction of ‘Operation Sindoor’ in the
school syllabus is a significant step towards
national integration and a powerful statement
about the government’s commitment to instilling a
sense of patriotism and national pride in the
country’s youth. The move is a part of the
government’s broader effort to reform the
education system and to make it more relevant to
the country’s needs and aspirations.
Promoting Patriotism and National Pride: The
module on ‘Operation Sindoor’ is designed to teach
students about the bravery and sacrifices of the
Indian Armed Forces. It will help in instilling a
sense of patriotism and national pride in the
country’s youth. The module will also help in
building a strong sense of national identity and in
promoting a sense of unity among the country’s
diverse population. This is a crucial step towards
building a strong and a united India.
A Shift in Curriculum and a Focus on National
Heroes: The new module is a part of a larger trend
of a shift in the school curriculum towards a greater
focus on national heroes and on the country’s rich
history and culture. The move is a response to a
long-standing demand for a more nationalistic and
a more relevant curriculum. The module on
‘Operation Sindoor’ is a key part of this new
curriculum and is a testament to the government’s
commitment to building a new generation of
Indians who are proud of their country and who are
committed to its future.
Addressing the Concerns of the Past: The new
module is also a response to the concerns of the
past, when the school curriculum was criticized for

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being too secular and for not giving enough
importance to the country’s history and culture.
The new module is a step towards addressing these
concerns and towards building a more balanced
and a more comprehensive curriculum.
Challenges and the Way Forward: The introduction
of the new module is likely to face a debate. Critics
may argue that the module is too nationalistic and
that it may not be suitable for a diverse and a
secular country. They may also argue that the
module may not be historically accurate and that it
may be used to promote a particular political
agenda. However, the government has argued that
the module is a part of a broader effort to reform
the education system and to make it more relevant
to the country’s needs and aspirations. The
government will have to ensure that the module is
factually accurate and that it is taught in a way that
is respectful of all communities.
Mains Question: The introduction of ‘Operation
Sindoor’ in the school syllabus is a significant step
towards national integration. Discuss the rationale
behind this move and its potential to instill a sense
of patriotism and national pride in the country’s
youth, while also examining the challenges and
controversies surrounding the new curriculum.
National Guidelines for Animal Blood Transfusion
Syllabus Relevance:
GS Paper III: Conservation, environmental pollution
and degradation, environmental impact
assessment. Science and Technology- developments
and their applications and effects in everyday life.
GS Paper II: Government policies and interventions
for development in various sectors and issues
arising out of their design and implementation.
Context:
The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry &
Dairying has released the first-ever national
guidelines for animal blood transfusion and blood
banking services. This is a significant step towards
standardizing veterinary practices, ensuring animal
welfare, and addressing the critical need for a
regulated system for managing animal blood.
Animal Welfare & Ethical Dimension:
Standardization of Practice: The guidelines provide
a much-needed framework for standardizing
procedures for donor selection, blood collection,
storage, and transfusion. This will improve the
safety and efficacy of the process and reduce the
risk of adverse reactions.
Donor Animal Welfare: The guidelines emphasize
the ethical treatment of donor animals, ensuring
their health and well-being. It promotes voluntary,
non-remunerated donations and outlines clear
criteria for donor selection to prevent exploitation.
Addressing the Gap: Currently, most animal blood
transfusions are performed in emergency settings
without proper screening or protocols. The new
guidelines will fill this gap, ensuring that all
animals, whether companion animals or livestock,
receive the same high-quality care.
Public Health & One Health Dimension:
Zoonotic Risks: The guidelines integrate the “One
Health” principle, which recognizes the
interconnectedness of human, animal, and
environmental health. By standardizing blood
screening and transfusion protocols, the guidelines
aim to minimize the risk of transmission of zoonotic
diseases.
Food Security: Given that India has the world’s
largest livestock population, the guidelines are
crucial for the health of livestock, which is a
backbone of the country’s food security and rural
livelihoods.
Economic & Scientific Dimension:
Veterinary Infrastructure: The guidelines will
encourage the establishment of a national network
of veterinary blood banks, which will improve the
overall veterinary infrastructure in the country.
Skill Development: The new framework will
necessitate the training and upskilling of veterinary
professionals in blood banking and transfusion
medicine. This will create new job opportunities
and improve the quality of veterinary care.
Research: The guidelines will lay the foundation for
future research in advanced transfusion
technologies, animal immunology, and blood
typing.

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Way Forward:
Implementation: The guidelines must be effectively
implemented across all states, with clear roles and
responsibilities for government agencies,
veterinary colleges, and private practitioners.
Awareness & Education: A nationwide awareness
campaign is needed to educate pet owners and
farmers about the importance of blood donation
and the new guidelines.
Investment: The government needs to invest in
building the necessary infrastructure for veterinary
blood banks, including cold chain facilities and
advanced diagnostic equipment.
Legal Framework: A robust legal framework is
needed to enforce the guidelines and penalize non-
compliance.
Conclusion:
The National Guidelines for Animal Blood
Transfusion are a landmark step towards a more
humane, scientific, and regulated approach to
veterinary medicine. By focusing on animal welfare,
public health, and scientific standards, the
guidelines will not only improve the health of
animals but also contribute to the broader goals of
food security and sustainable development.
Mains Practice Questions:
Discuss the significance of the recently released
National Guidelines for Animal Blood Transfusion
in India. How do these guidelines align with the
‘One Health’ principle and contribute to animal
welfare and public health?
“A robust veterinary infrastructure is essential for
both animal welfare and India’s rural economy.”
Elaborate on this statement, highlighting the role of
government policies and initiatives in
strengthening this sector.
HEALTH
WHO-IRCH Workshop on Herbal Medicine
Syllabus: GS2/Health, GS3/Science & Technology
Context: India is hosting a workshop in
collaboration with the World Health Organization
(WHO) and the Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission
(IPC) on the safety and regulation of herbal
medicine. The workshop is a significant step
towards standardizing the quality of traditional
medicines and promoting their safe and effective
use globally.
The Need for Standardization:
Traditional and herbal medicines are widely used
globally, but there is a lack of standardized
regulations and quality control. This can lead to
issues of safety, efficacy, and consumer trust.
The WHO has been advocating for the integration of
traditional medicine into national healthcare
systems, but it emphasizes the need for a scientific
and regulatory framework to ensure its safety and
effectiveness.
India’s Role and the Workshop’s Agenda:
India, with its rich heritage of Ayurveda, Unani, and
other traditional systems of medicine, is a natural
leader in this field. The workshop is an opportunity
for India to showcase its expertise and lead the
global effort to standardize the quality of traditional
medicines.
The three-day technical workshop will bring
together global experts and regulators to discuss
key issues, including:
Regulatory Frameworks: Developing common
regulatory frameworks for the manufacturing,
quality control, and testing of herbal products.
Safety and Efficacy: Sharing best practices for
ensuring the safety and efficacy of herbal
medicines, including a focused discussion on
specific herbs like Ashwagandha.
Pharmacovigilance: The workshop will also
introduce the Ayush Suraksha (Pharmacovigilance)
Programme, aimed at strengthening the safety
monitoring of traditional medicines in India.
Implications: The workshop is a significant step
towards creating a global standard for herbal
medicines, which will boost their credibility and
acceptance. It will also help India to position itself
as a global leader in traditional medicine and
promote its export.
INDIAN POLITY & GOVERNANCE

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1. Syllabus: GS2/Governance
In NewsThe Lok Sabha has given its approval to the
statutory resolution regarding the extension
of President’s Rule in Manipur for a further period
of six months with effect from August 13, 2025. The
Minister of State for Home Affairs, Nityanand Rai,
asserted that the law and order situation in
Manipur has significantly improved, citing only one
incident of violence with one death reported in the
last eight months, and no killings in the last four
months since central rule was imposed on February
13, 2025.
BackgroundManipur was placed under President’s
Rule in February 2025 after the resignation of Chief
Minister N. Biren Singh, nearly two years after the
devastating ethnic conflict erupted in the state. The
conflict, which began on May 3, 2023, is primarily
between the valley-based Meitei community and
the hills-based Scheduled Tribe Kuki-Zo group of
communities. The immediate trigger for the
violence was the Meitei community’s demand for
Scheduled Tribe (ST) status, which was vehemently
opposed by the Kuki-Zo communities who feared
potential loss of land, job opportunities, and other
affirmative action benefits meant for existing STs.
The conflict led to immense loss of life,
displacement, and destruction of property. As of
November 22, 2024, government figures
indicated 258 people killed and 60,000 displaced,
with 4,786 houses burnt and 386 religious
structures vandalized. The extension of President’s
Rule signals the Centre’s continued direct oversight
in managing the volatile situation. Opposition MPs,
however, questioned the rationale for the
extension, arguing that it was imposed to “save the
ruling party from embarrassment” and demanded
fresh elections to restore a democratically elected
government.
Do you know?– Emergency provisions are
enshrined in Part XVIII of the Indian Constitution
(Articles 352 to 360). – These provisions are
designed to enable the Central government to
effectively manage extraordinary situations that
pose a threat to the nation’s sovereignty, unity,
integrity, or security. – The inspiration for these
provisions is often attributed to the Weimar
Constitution of Germany. – There are three main
types of emergencies: 1. National
Emergency (Article 352) 2. State
Emergency (Article 356), commonly known as
President’s Rule 3. Financial Emergency (Article
360)
President’s Rule President’s Rule refers to the
imposition of a state of emergency in a State, often
referred to as a ‘State Emergency’ or ‘Constitutional
Emergency’. While commonly called ‘President’s
Rule’, this specific term is not explicitly mentioned
in the Constitution itself. It is declared under Article
356 of the Constitution.Article 355 places a duty on
the Union government to protect every State
against external aggression and internal
disturbance and to ensure that the government of
every State is carried on in accordance with the
provisions of the Constitution. Article 356(1)
empowers the President to issue a Proclamation if
he is satisfied that a situation has arisen in which
the government of a State cannot be carried on in
accordance with the provisions of the Constitution.
This satisfaction can be based on the report of the
Governor of the State or “otherwise” (i.e., even
without the Governor’s report, if the President is
satisfied).Upon the imposition of President’s Rule,
the executive powers of the State are assumed by
the Centre (exercised by the President through the
Governor), and the legislative powers of the State
are shifted to Parliament. However, the powers of
the High Court in the State remain unaffected.Article
365 states that if any State fails to comply with, or
to give effect to, any directions given by the Union
in the exercise of its executive power, it shall be
lawful for the President to hold that a situation has
arisen in which the government of the State cannot
be carried on in accordance with the provisions of
the Constitution, thereby enabling the imposition of
a Constitutional Emergency.
ConditionsA Proclamation imposing President’s
Rule must be laid before both Houses of
Parliament and must be approved by resolutions of
both Houses within two months from the date of its
issue. If approved by both Houses, the President’s
Rule continues for six months. It can be extended
for a maximum period of three years with the
approval of Parliament every six months. However,
it can be extended beyond one year only if two
conditions are met:

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A National Emergency (Article 352) is in force in the
whole of India, or in the whole or any part of the
State.
The Election Commission of India certifies that it is
difficult to hold general elections to the Legislative
Assembly of the State concerned. The Proclamation
of President’s Rule can be revoked by the President
at any time by a subsequent Proclamation, and such
a Proclamation does not require parliamentary
approval.
How is a ‘constitutional emergency’ different from a
‘national emergency’? – A Constitutional
emergency (Article 356) and a National
emergency (Article 352) differ significantly in
purpose, scope, and procedural requirements::
Purpose::
National Emergency: Declared when the security of
India or any part of its territory is threatened
by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion.
Constitutional Emergency (President’s
Rule): Imposed when the constitutional machinery
of a specific state fails, meaning the state
government cannot function according to
constitutional provisions.
Scope:
National Emergency: Affects the entire nation or a
substantial part of it. The Centre gains concurrent
legislative powers over State subjects, and the
fundamental rights of citizens can be suspended
(with exceptions).
Constitutional Emergency: Confined to a single state.
The executive power of the state is assumed by the
Centre, and legislative power is transferred to
Parliament, but it does not generally affect
fundamental rights of citizens within that state.
Parliamentary Approval & Duration:
National Emergency: Requires approval by a special
majority of both Houses of Parliament within one
month. Once approved, it can continue for
an indefinite period (subject to six-monthly
parliamentary approval) with no maximum time
limit. State governments continue to function,
though under central control.
Constitutional Emergency: Requires approval by
a simple majority of both Houses of Parliament
within two months. It can initially last for six
months and can be extended up to a maximum of
three years (with six-monthly parliamentary
approvals), subject to specific conditions beyond
one year. The state government is either suspended
or dissolved.
Fundamental Rights:
National Emergency: Under Article 358, Article 19
(freedoms) is automatically suspended.
Under Article 359, the President can suspend the
right to move any court for the enforcement of
other fundamental rights (except Articles 20 and
21) for the duration of the emergency.
Constitutional Emergency: Unlike a national
emergency, President’s Rule does not suspend
citizens’ fundamental rights..
Judicial Review::
The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 introduced
safeguards for National Emergency, making the
President’s satisfaction subject to judicial review.
The S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) judgment
explicitly brought President’s Rule under Article
356 within the ambit of judicial review.
Impacts Under President’s Rule:
The President can assume all or any of the functions
of the State Government, and all or any of the
powers vested in or exercisable by the Governor or
any body or authority in the State other than the
High Court.
The President may declare that the powers of the
State Legislature shall be exercisable by or under
the authority of Parliament.
The President may make incidental and
consequential provisions necessary or desirable for
giving effect to the Proclamation.
The State administration is carried out by the
Governor on behalf of the President, often aided by
the Chief Secretary or appointed advisors.
Article 357 provides that when the powers of the
State Legislature are declared to be exercisable by

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or under the authority of Parliament, Parliament
may confer legislative power on the President, or
authorize the President to delegate such power. It
also enables the President to authorize, when the
Lok Sabha is not in session, expenditure from the
State’s Consolidated Fund, pending parliamentary
approval.
Instances of Use Despite Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s hope
that Article 356 would remain a “dead letter,”
President’s Rule has been invoked frequently. It has
been imposed nearly 134 times across 29 States
and Union Territories since 1950.
The first application of President’s Rule was
in Punjab in 1951.
It has often been seen as a politically sensitive
measure, with allegations of its misuse by the Union
government to dismiss state governments run by
opposition parties.
Manipur and Uttar Pradesh hold the record for the
highest number of impositions, at 10
each (Manipur’s latest extension making it 11
times).
Jammu & Kashmir holds the record for the longest
cumulative period under President’s Rule (over 12
years), followed by Punjab (over 10 years) and
Puducherry (over 7 years).
Judicial InterpretationThe Supreme Court’s
landmark judgment in S.R. Bommai v. Union of India
(1994) significantly redefined the scope and use of
President’s Rule under Article 356. The Court
emphasized that it should be a “last resort
option” and ruled that:
While India’s federal system has a centralizing
tendency, States are not mere extensions of the
Union; they are an independent constitutional
entity.
The power under Article 356 is conditional, not
absolute, and its exercise is subject to judicial
review. The Court can examine the material on
which the President’s satisfaction is based.
The burden is on the Union government to prove
that the constitutional machinery in a state has
indeed broken down.
The President’s power to dissolve the legislative
assembly is not absolute and should be exercised
only after parliamentary approval of the
Proclamation. If Parliament disapproves, the
dismissed government can be reinstated.
In cases where President’s Rule is imposed
unconstitutionally, the Supreme Court has the
power to restore the dismissed state government.
The Court clarified that the imposition of
President’s Rule should be strictly limited to
instances of actual ‘constitutional breakdown’ and
not for political expediency or to settle political
scores.Source: The Hindu, Indian Express
3. Syllabus: GS2/Polity & Governance
In NewsThe Supreme Court has allowed the
Election Commission of India (ECI) to publish
Bihar’s draft voter list on August 1, 2025, following
a Special Intensive Revision (SIR) process. However,
the apex court issued a stern warning, stating that it
would “immediately step in” if there was evidence
of “mass exclusion” of eligible voters from the
electoral rolls. This directive comes amidst strong
allegations from various petitioners and opposition
leaders that the SIR process in Bihar was
potentially disenfranchising lakhs of citizens.
Background:
The Election Commission of India had initiated a
Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in
Bihar, with July 1, 2025, as the qualifying date. This
revision process typically involves house-to-house
surveys by Booth Level Officers (BLOs) and
updation of voter data. However, concerns were
raised by several individuals and political parties,
including the Opposition INDIA bloc, alleging that
the SIR process was being carried out with overly
stringent documentary requirements, leading to
the exclusion of millions of existing voters. Specific
allegations included marking a large number of
voters as “dead” or “migrated” without proper
verification, and a perceived reluctance to accept
standard identification proofs like Aadhaar and
Voter IDs as sufficient “citizenship proof.” The
timing of this revision, just months before the State
Assembly elections in Bihar, intensified political
scrutiny.

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Key Points:
Supreme Court’s Directives: The SC, while allowing
the publication of the draft list, underscored the
ECI’s constitutional mandate to ensure “mass
inclusion” and prevent the arbitrary exclusion of
eligible voters. The Court explicitly stated that
the January 2025 voter list should form the
foundational base for the current revision. It
directed the ECI to ensure a robust process for
filing claims and objections, allowing a minimum
of 30 days for citizens to apply for corrections,
inclusions, or challenge exclusions. The Court also
asked the ECI to produce detailed data regarding
the number of deletions and the specific reasons
cited for each deletion.
Allegations of Disenfranchisement: Petitioners and
opposition leaders alleged that the SIR process was
effectively acting as an indirect “citizenship test,”
disproportionately affecting vulnerable groups such
as migrant laborers, women (especially those who
have moved after marriage and may lack updated
address proofs), and marginalized communities
who might not possess extensive documentation.
They argued that strict requirements for “proper
citizenship proof” beyond standard IDs were
uncalled for and violated the right to vote.
Election Commission’s Defence: The ECI defended
its process, stating that the SIR is a standard
procedure undertaken to maintain the accuracy and
integrity of electoral rolls. It emphasized that draft
rolls are always published, followed by a window
for objections and corrections, and deletions are
only finalized after a thorough due process,
including opportunities for individuals to be heard.
The ECI also highlighted that political parties are
involved and provided with lists of voters for their
scrutiny.
UPSC Relevance (for Mains):
Right to Vote: Discuss its constitutional basis
(Article 326) and how it is a fundamental pillar of
democracy.
Role of Election Commission of India (ECI): Analyze
its powers (Article 324) and responsibilities in
preparing and maintaining electoral rolls, ensuring
free and fair elections. Discuss the balance between
ensuring integrity of rolls and preventing
disenfranchisement.
Electoral Reforms: Examine the ongoing need for
electoral reforms to make the process more
inclusive, transparent, and less susceptible to
manipulation.
Judicial Activism/Review: Analyze the Supreme
Court’s role in safeguarding fundamental rights and
ensuring constitutional adherence by statutory
bodies like the ECI.
Citizenship and Documentation: Discuss the
challenges faced by vulnerable populations in
proving identity and citizenship for electoral
purposes.
6. Syllabus: GS2/Governance & Social Justice
In NewsThe Supreme Court has reserved its
judgment on a set of petitions challenging the age-
related eligibility criteria for intending parents
under the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021. The
court’s observations suggest a critical view of the
restrictions, indicating that laws should not
“frustrate the wish of childless couples, widows and
divorcees to become parents through surrogacy.”
Background The Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021,
along with the Assisted Reproductive Technology
(Regulation) Act, 2021, came into force in January
2022. These laws were enacted with the stated
objective of regulating surrogacy in India, primarily
to prohibit commercial surrogacy and promote
altruistic surrogacy (where the surrogate mother
receives no monetary compensation beyond
medical expenses and insurance). However, various
provisions of these acts, particularly those related
to eligibility, have faced legal challenges for being
overly restrictive and potentially infringing upon
fundamental rights.
Key Provisions of Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021
(under challenge):
Type of Surrogacy: Only altruistic surrogacy is
permitted, strictly banning commercial surrogacy.
Eligibility for Intending Couples:
Must be legally married for at least five years.

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The intending mother must be between 23 and 50
years of age.
The intending father must be between 26 and 55
years of age.
They must not have any living biological, adopted,
or surrogate child, with exceptions for children
with mental or physical disabilities or those
suffering from a life-threatening disorder.
Eligibility for Single Women: Only widows or
divorcees between 35 and 45 years of age are
eligible to opt for surrogacy. Unmarried women are
not eligible.
Surrogate Mother Criteria: Must be a close
relative of the intending couple, married, and have
at least one biological child of her own. Her age
must be between 25 and 35 years. She can act as a
surrogate only once in her lifetime.
Certification Requirement: A “Certificate of
Essentiality” from a District Medical Board is
required, including proof of infertility of the
intending couple.
Issues Highlighted by the Supreme
Court/Petitioners:
Retroactive Application and Lack of Transitional
Provision: Many petitioners had initiated their
fertility treatment (e.g., embryo
freezing) before the law came into effect but are
now disqualified due to the new age limits. The
court questioned the fairness of this retroactive
application and the absence of a “grandfather
clause” to protect such cases.
questioned the rationale behind fixed age limits for
intending parents, especially when natural
pregnancies at older ages are not prohibited. It
pondered why a couple in their 50s or 60s can
adopt a child but are barred from having a child
through altruistic surrogacy due to age.
Violation of Fundamental Rights: Petitioners argue
that these age restrictions and other limitations
violate:
Article 14 (Right to Equality): By creating arbitrary
distinctions between different categories of
individuals seeking surrogacy.
Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty): This
broadly includes the right to reproductive
autonomy and the right to make choices about
one’s family and parenthood. The court specifically
stated that the void in the life of a widow or
divorcee could be addressed by surrogacy, implying
a broader interpretation of reproductive rights.
Exclusion of Unmarried Women: The law’s complete
bar on unmarried women (who are not widows or
divorcees) from pursuing surrogacy has been
challenged as discriminatory and lacking a rational
basis.
Law’s Intent vs. Impact: While the law aims to
prevent commercial exploitation and ensure ethical
practices, the court stressed that it should not
become an unreasonable barrier for genuine
intending parents to have children.
UPSC Relevance (for Mains):
Bioethics and Law: Discuss the ethical dilemmas
surrounding assisted reproductive technologies
and how laws attempt to regulate them.
Fundamental Rights: Analyze the scope of Article 14
and Article 21 concerning reproductive autonomy,
the right to form a family, and gender equality.
Judicial Review: Examine the role of the Supreme
Court in reviewing legislation and safeguarding
fundamental rights.
Social Justice: Discuss the implications of such laws
on diverse family structures, individuals facing
infertility, and the rights of single parents.
Women’s Rights: Analyze the impact of surrogacy
laws on women’s autonomy and their choices
related to motherhood.
7. Syllabus: GS2/Polity; GS1/History
In News Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi recently
sparked a debate by criticizing the “linguistic
division of states” after India’s Independence,
asserting that it has inadvertently led to the
creation of “second-class citizens” within these
linguistically demarcated states.
BackgroundThe reorganization of states in India
along linguistic lines was a contentious issue during
the post-independence period. Initially, leaders like

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Jawaharlal Nehru were hesitant, fearing that
linguistic states might foster fissiparous tendencies
and undermine national unity. However, strong
popular movements, most notably the agitation led
by Potti Sreeramulu for an Andhra state, eventually
led to the government’s acceptance of the principle.
The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 was the
landmark legislation that largely formalized the
linguistic basis for state boundaries.
Key Points:
Governor Ravi’s Criticism: Governor Ravi argued
that while India was inherently united before
Independence despite its diversity, the creation of
linguistic states fostered a sense of “linguistic
nationalism” and created divisions. He cited his
own state, Tamil Nadu, where he claimed that
people speaking different languages (Telugu,
Kannada, Gujarati, Marathi, Hindi) now live but
might feel like “second-class citizens” compared to
the dominant linguistic group. He further implied
that “something went wrong after Independence”
which led to internal conflicts and the creation of
ethnicity-based states that have not always
resolved internal security issues (e.g., Nagaland,
Mizoram).
Historical Context of States Reorganisation Act,
1956:
Demand for Linguistic States: Post-independence,
there was a widespread demand for states based on
linguistic homogeneity, driven by cultural identity
and administrative convenience (governing in local
languages).
Dar Commission (1948) & JVP Committee
(1948): Initially advised against linguistic
reorganization, favoring administrative
convenience.
Fazl Ali Commission (1953): Appointed after
widespread agitation (e.g., Andhra movement), it
broadly accepted language as the basis for
reorganization but emphasized national unity,
financial viability, and administrative efficiency. Its
recommendations led to the States Reorganisation
Act.
Outcome: The Act led to the creation of 14 states
and 6 union territories, largely along linguistic lines,
abolishing the old Part A, B, C, D classification.
-Arguments and Impact of Linguistic Reorganization:
National Integration: Many historians and political
scientists argue that linguistic reorganization,
despite initial fears, actually strengthened national
integration. By accommodating strong linguistic
identities within federal units, it “tamed and
domesticated secessionist tendencies” that might
otherwise have spiraled into more serious
separatist movements. Examples of countries that
faced severe internal conflict by suppressing
linguistic identities (e.g., Pakistan’s breakup leading
to Bangladesh, Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict) are often
cited as a contrast.
Administrative Efficiency: Governing in local
languages improved administration, enhanced
public participation, and made governance more
accessible to the common people.
Cultural Preservation: It helped in the development
and preservation of regional languages and
cultures.
Challenges: While beneficial, linguistic
reorganization also led to:
Boundary disputes betweenstates (e.g.,
Maharashtra-Karnataka border dispute).
Minority issues within linguistic states, where non-
dominant linguistic groups faced challenges.
Demands for further sub-states based on ethnic or
regional identities (e.g., Gorkhaland, Bodoland).
UPSC Relevance (for Mains):
Federalism in India: Discuss the evolution of Indian
federalism and the role of linguistic reorganization
in shaping its nature.
National Integration: Analyze how India has
managed unity in diversity, particularly through the
accommodation of linguistic identities.
Post-Independence Consolidation: Examine the
challenges faced by the Indian state in consolidating
its territory and identity after independence.

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Centre-State Relations: Discuss the powers of the
Governor and their role in state politics,
particularly in expressing views that may differ
from the state government’s or prevailing historical
consensus.
9. Syllabus: GS2/Governance; GS3/Economy,
Infrastructure:
In NewsThe Press Information Bureau (PIB)
reported significant progress in infrastructure
development and economic growth in the North
Eastern Region (NER) of India. This update follows
the recent ‘Rising North East Investors Summit
2025’, which successfully garnered substantial
investment interest from both domestic and
international players, totaling ₹4.3 lakh crore.
BackgroundThe North Eastern Region, comprising
eight states, has historically faced developmental
challenges due to its unique geographical location,
difficult terrain, and connectivity issues.
Recognizing its strategic importance, both
economically and geopolitically (as a gateway to
Southeast Asia), the Government of India has
launched multiple initiatives to accelerate its
development under the broad framework of the
“Act East Policy.”
Key Points:
Investment Mobilization: The ‘Rising North East
Investors Summit 2025’, inaugurated by Prime
Minister Narendra Modi, served as a crucial
platform to showcase the NER’s potential. It led to
significant investment commitments, including:
Reliance Industries: Pledging ₹75,000 crore over the
next five years.
Adani Group: Committing ₹50,000 crore over the
next decade.
Other major domestic and international investors
contributing to the ₹4.3 lakh crore total..
These investments are expected across various
sectors, including energy, logistics, tourism, and
manufacturing.
Robust Infrastructure Growth:
Road Connectivity: Substantial improvements have
been made in the development of National
Highways and the network of roads and bridges
under the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana
(PMGSY), enhancing intra-regional and inter-
regional connectivity.
Air Connectivity: The UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam
Nagrik) Scheme has been instrumental, with 90
routes operationalized, connecting 12
airports/heliports in the region, significantly
boosting accessibility and tourism.
Digital Connectivity: Initiatives like BharatNet are
connecting Gram Panchayats with high-speed
internet, and there has been a significant increase
in mobile tower installations, bridging the digital
divide.
PM-DevINE Scheme: The Prime Minister’s
Development Initiative for North Eastern Region
(PM-DevINE) is a crucial Central Sector Scheme
with an outlay of ₹6,600 crore for the period FY
2022-23 to FY 2025-26 (recently extended to 2028-
29 as per other reports). Its objectives include:
Funding infrastructure projects in the spirit of PM
GatiShakti.
Supporting social development projects based on
felt needs..
Enabling livelihood activities for youth and women.
Filling development gaps in various sectors.
Hydro Electric Projects: A scheme with an outlay
of ₹4,136 crore (FY 2024-25 to FY 2031-32) has
been approved for Central Financial Assistance
towards Equity Participation by State Governments
of NER for the development of Hydro Electric
Projects, aiming to support a cumulative hydro
capacity of about 15,000 MW.
Strategic Importance and “Act East Policy”: The
comprehensive development of the NER, especially
improved connectivity (roads, railways, air,
waterways), is critical for India’s “Act East Policy.” It
facilitates stronger trade linkages, cultural
exchange, and people-to-people connections with
Southeast Asian nations, positioning the region as
India’s gateway to the ASEAN bloc.
UPSC Relevance (for Mains):

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Regional Development: Discuss the challenges and
strategies for inclusive development of
geographically disadvantaged regions like the NER.
Government Policies and Initiatives: Analyze the
effectiveness of schemes like PM-DevINE, UDAN,
and PMGSY in transforming the NER.
Infrastructure Development: Examine the role of
multi-modal connectivity (roads, air, rail,
waterways) in fostering economic growth and
regional integration.
International Relations/Foreign Policy: Discuss the
strategic significance of the NER in the context of
India’s “Act East Policy” and its engagement with
Southeast Asia.
Public-Private Partnership: Analyze the role of
private investment in supplementing government
efforts for regional development.
10. Syllabus: GS2/Governance; GS3/Economy::
In NewsThe Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime
Minister, has approved a new Central Sector
Scheme titled “Grant in aid to National Cooperative
Development Corporation (NCDC)” with an outlay
of ₹2,000 crore for a period of four years, from FY
2025-26 to FY 2028-29.
BackgroundThe cooperative sector plays a pivotal
role in India’s rural economy, particularly in
agriculture, dairy, fisheries, and handicrafts.
Cooperatives, as autonomous associations of people
united voluntarily to meet their common economic,
social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a
jointly-owned and democratically-controlled
enterprise, are critical for inclusive growth and
grassroots development. The NCDC, established in
1963, is a statutory corporation under the Ministry
of Cooperation, responsible for planning,
promoting, and financing cooperative programs for
the production, processing, marketing, storage,
export, and import of agricultural produce and
other notified commodities.
Key Points:
Scheme Outlay and Leverage: The scheme
provides ₹2,000 crore as grant-in-aid from the
Union Budget (₹500 crore each year). Crucially, this
grant will enable NCDC to raise an additional
₹20,000 crore from the open market over the four-
year period. This leveraging mechanism is designed
to significantly boost the financial resources
available to the cooperative sector.
Purpose of Funds: The mobilized funds will be
utilized by NCDC primarily for:
Granting loans to cooperatives across various
sectors.
Financing the setting up of new cooperative
projects.
Supporting the expansion, modernization, and
technological upgradation of existing cooperative
plants and facilities.
Meeting the working capital requirements of
cooperatives to ensure their smooth and efficient
operation.
Beneficiaries and Reach:The scheme is poised to
benefit approximately 2.9 crore
members associated with 13,288 cooperative
societies across the country. India boasts a vast
cooperative network with over 8.25 lakh
cooperatives and more than 29 crore members,
with 94% of farmers linked to cooperatives in some
form.
Targeted Sectors for Support: The scheme will
specifically focus on providing financial assistance
to vital but often weaker or underserved
cooperative sectors, including:
, Poultry & Livestock: Essential for rural livelihoods
and food security.
Fisheries: Supporting the blue economy.
Sugar & Textiles: Traditional agro-based industries.
Food Processing, Storage & Cold Storage: Critical for
value addition and reducing post-harvest losses.
Labor Cooperatives & Women-led
Cooperatives: Promoting inclusive growth and
empowering marginalized groups.
Expected Impact and Benefits:
Economic Benefits: Creation of income-generating
capital assets, providing much-needed liquidity to

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cooperatives, enhancing their efficiency and
profitability.
Employment Generation: Expected to create
widespread employment opportunities, especially
in rural and semi-urban areas.
Socio-Economic Bridging: By adhering to principles
of democracy, equality, and community concerns,
cooperatives are viewed as a powerful tool to
bridge socio-economic gaps and increase women’s
participation in the workforce.
Execution Strategy: NCDC will be the executing
agency, responsible for disbursement, follow-up,
monitoring, and loan recovery. It will provide loans
directly to cooperatives that meet specific criteria
or through state governments, adhering to NCDC
guidelines.
UPSC Relevance (for Mains):
Cooperative Movement in India: Discuss the
historical evolution, significance, and challenges
faced by the cooperative sector.
Rural Development and Agriculture: Analyze the
role of cooperatives in agricultural finance,
marketing, processing, and overall rural economic
development.
Inclusive Growth: Examine how strengthening
cooperatives contributes to inclusive growth and
poverty alleviation.
Government Initiatives for Cooperatives: Evaluate
the impact of government support and policy
frameworks for the cooperative sector.
Institutional Finance: Discuss the role of NCDC and
other financial institutions in supporting grassroots
economic activities.
Strengthening Legal Aid and Judicial Reforms
GS Papers: GS II (Polity and Governance, Social
Justice, Human Rights)
Core Issue: Bridging the gap between the
constitutional promise of equal access to justice and
the ground reality, by reforming and expanding
India’s legal aid system through institutional
strengthening, technological integration, and
grassroots outreach.
Broader Perspective & Analysis:
Access to Justice as a Fundamental Right: Reinforce
its status under Article 21 (Right to Life and
Personal Liberty) and its link to Articles 14
(Equality Before Law), 22 (Protection Against
Arrest), and DPSP Article 39A (Free Legal Aid).
Explain how legal aid is not charity but an
entitlement.
Impact on Vulnerable Groups: Detail how lack of
legal aid disproportionately affects undertrials,
women, children, Scheduled Castes/Tribes,
migrants, and the poor, perpetuating cycles of
injustice and poverty.
Challenges in Legal Aid Delivery (Deeper Dive):
Quality of Legal Aid Lawyers: Concerns about
motivation, training, and experience of empanelled
lawyers due to low remuneration.
Bureaucratic Hurdles: Procedural complexities,
delays in sanctioning legal aid, and lack of
accountability within the system.
Geographic Reach: Limited physical presence and
outreach in remote rural and tribal areas.
Awareness Deficit: Lack of legal literacy among the
masses about their rights and available legal aid
services.
Resource Constraints:Inadequate funding for
NALSA/SLSAs compared to the scale of need.
Digital Divide: While technology offers solutions, it
can also exacerbate the divide for those without
internet access or digital literacy.
Digital Justice Initiatives (Opportunities &
Limitations):
Tele-Law Scheme: Its potential to connect rural
citizens with legal advice via CSCs, but also
challenges in ensuring quality and follow-up.
Online Dispute Resolution (ODR): Its potential for
resolving minor disputes quickly and affordably,
reducing burden on courts.
E-Courts Project: Making court records accessible,
streamlining processes, but needs to be user-
friendly for non-tech-savvy individuals.

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Legal Aid Mobile Apps: Their role in providing
information and direct access to legal services.
NALSA (JAGRITI) Scheme, 2025: Analyze its key
objectives – institutionalizing legal awareness, deep
integration with Local Self-Government
Institutions, leveraging PLVs and community
workers, using innovative methods (Nukkad
Nataks, mobile vans) for outreach. This is a
significant step towards grassroots empowerment.
Role of Lok Adalats & Mediation: Their importance
as alternative dispute resolution mechanisms for
speedy justice and reducing pendency.
Way Forward:
Adequate Funding & Autonomy: Provide greater
financial autonomy and sustained funding to NALSA
and SLSAs.
Professionalization of Legal Aid: Enhance training,
remuneration, and performance incentives for legal
aid lawyers.
Mandatory Pro Bono Work: Explore making a
certain number of pro bono hours mandatory for
practicing lawyers.
Legal Literacy Missions: Launch large-scale,
sustained legal literacy campaigns using diverse
media, especially in vernacular languages.
Technology for Inclusion: Design user-friendly
digital platforms that account for the digital divide,
perhaps through a ‘phygital’ (physical + digital)
approach.
Synergy with Social Welfare Schemes: Integrate
legal aid awareness with other government social
welfare programs.
Potential Mains Questions:
“Access to justice, while a constitutional right,
remains elusive for many in India. Critically analyze
the systemic and institutional challenges in India’s
legal aid delivery mechanism. How can the NALSA
(JAGRITI) Scheme, 2025, coupled with
technological interventions, bridge this gap and
promote ‘justice at the doorstep’?” (15 Marks).
“Discuss the role of free legal aid in promoting
prison reforms and reducing the burden of
undertrial prisoners in India. What are the ethical
obligations of the legal profession towards ensuring
justice for the vulnerable?” (10 Marks)
Electoral Integrity, Parliamentary Functioning, and
Federalism:
GS Papers: GS II (Polity & Governance, Election
Commission, Parliament, Federalism, Political
Parties)
Core Issue:: The ongoing controversy surrounding
the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral
rolls has ignited debates over the Election
Commission’s neutrality, parliamentary deadlock,
and the sanctity of electoral processes, highlighting
critical challenges to India’s democratic fabric.
Broader Perspective & Analysis:
Election Commission’s Credibility Under Scrutiny:
Allegations of Bias: The Opposition’s accusation of
the ECI “abusing power” and “attempting to
reshape political demographics” through the SIR in
states like Tamil Nadu (alleged inclusion of Bihar
migrants, missing 36 lakh voters from Bihar)
significantly erodes public trust in the
independence and impartiality of a vital
constitutional body.
Transparency and Accountability: The ECI’s
dismissal of “false figures” without detailed public
explanation, coupled with its letter to Tejashwi
Yadav, while necessary, needs to be part of a larger
transparent process to build confidence. The public
expects more than just a denial; it expects proof of
robust, fair, and auditable processes.
Parliamentary Deadlock and Democratic Discourse:
Government-Opposition Stalemate: The continued
“deadlock” in Parliament due to the Opposition’s
demand for a discussion on SIR reflects a deepening
chasm between the ruling and opposition benches.
The government’s stance citing a former Speaker’s
ruling (that Parliament cannot discuss
administrative work of constitutional bodies) is
legally plausible but politically fraught.
Erosion of Deliberative Function: Persistent
disruptions over key issues, as seen with the SIR
debate, undermine Parliament’s primary role as a
forum for legislative business and meaningful

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debate on matters of national importance. This
impacts the quality of governance and law-making.
Federalism and Inter-State Migration in Electoral
Context:
“Ordinary Resident” Definition: The controversy
brings to the fore the complexities of defining
“ordinary resident” for electoral purposes,
especially in the context of significant inter-state
labour migration. While citizens have the right to
vote where they ordinarily reside, the process must
prevent manipulation and ensure that genuine
residents are registered.
Political Implications: Allegations of demographic
manipulation can exacerbate regional and linguistic
tensions, impacting social cohesion and federal
harmony.
Integrity of Electoral Rolls – A Persistent Challenge:
Voter List Accuracy: The dual voter ID allegation
against Tejashwi Yadav and the “missing voters”
from Bihar underscore the perennial challenge of
maintaining accurate, updated, and de-duplicated
electoral rolls across India’s vast and mobile
population.
Technological Solutions vs. Human Oversight: While
technology can aid in de-duplication, the SIR
process still relies heavily on ground-level
enumeration and human verification, making it
susceptible to errors or deliberate manipulation.
Challenges:
Rebuilding and maintaining the ECI’s image as an
impartial and independent body.
Ensuring that electoral roll revisions are
transparent, foolproof, and free from political
influence.
Finding a constructive way for Parliament to
address critical issues of governance and public
concern without resorting to frequent deadlocks.
Developing clear, consistent national guidelines for
voter registration of migrant workers that are fair
and prevent misuse.
Way Forward:
Enhanced ECI Transparency: The ECI should
consider greater public outreach, regular press
briefings with detailed data, and engagement with
all political parties to explain the SIR process,
address concerns, and demonstrate impartiality.
Technological Audits: Independent technological
audits of the electoral roll management system
could enhance trust and identify vulnerabilities.
Cross-Party Dialogue: Political parties must engage
in constructive dialogue to find solutions for
parliamentary functioning, prioritizing legislative
business while allowing for robust debate.
Strengthening Electoral Laws: Reviewing and
strengthening laws related to voter registration and
electoral offenses to deter manipulation and ensure
accountability.
Public Awareness Campaigns: Educating citizens
about the voter registration process and their rights
to challenge incorrect entries can empower them to
safeguard electoral integrity.
Press Freedom and Media Scrutiny in India
News Highlights:
Press Club of India urges Himachal Pradesh CM to
withdraw FIR against a journalist and a news
portal.
PCI terms the FIR “a clear attempt to intimidate and
silence independent journalism.”
The incident occurred after the journalist reported
on an alleged land scam involving a prominent
politician.
UPSC Relevance:
GS Paper II: Polity & Governance: Freedom of
Speech & Expression (Article 19(1)(a)), Role of
Media, Press Freedom, Sedition Law (indirectly),
Accountability of Public Officials, Fundamental
Rights..
GS Paper IV: Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude: Media
Ethics, Probity in Public Life, Conflict of Interest.
Broader Perspective & Analysis:
Pillars of Democracy Under Threat: A free and
independent press is considered the fourth pillar of

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democracy, crucial for holding power accountable,
informing the public, and facilitating transparent
governance. An FIR against a journalist for
reporting on an alleged scam is a direct assault on
this foundational principle.
Chilling Effect on Independent Journalism: Such
actions, especially by state authorities, create a
“chilling effect” where journalists may self-censor
or shy away from reporting on sensitive issues
involving powerful individuals or the government,
fearing legal repercussions. This undermines the
media’s ability to act as a watchdog.
Misuse of Legal Provisions: Often, legal provisions
(like defamation, or even sedition in some cases)
are allegedly misused to silence dissent or critical
reporting. This case, involving an alleged land scam,
highlights the vulnerability of journalists reporting
on corruption or misconduct by public figures.
Accountability of Public Officials: The essence of
such reporting is to bring alleged misconduct of
public officials into the public domain, which is vital
for probity and integrity in governance.
Suppressing such reports undermines the very idea
of public accountability.
Role of Press Bodies: The intervention by the Press
Club of India (PCI) is crucial. Such professional
bodies play a vital role in defending press freedom,
advocating for journalists’ rights, and drawing
attention to threats faced by the media.
Challenges:
Balancing Freedom with Responsibility: While press
freedom is paramount, it must be balanced with
responsible journalism and ethical reporting,
avoiding sensationalism or baseless allegations.
Legal Harassment: Journalists often face prolonged
legal battles (SLAPPs – Strategic Lawsuits Against
Public Participation) that drain their resources and
time.
Physical Safety: Beyond legal threats, journalists,
especially those investigating sensitive topics, face
threats to their physical safety.
Economic Vulnerability: The financial fragility of
many media houses can make them susceptible to
pressure.
Way Forward::
Review of Laws: Government should review laws
that are prone to misuse against journalists (e.g.,
defamation laws, and ensuring sedition laws are
not applied in such cases) to safeguard press
freedom.
Journalist Protection Act: Consider a specific law for
the protection of journalists that defines their rights
and provides safeguards against arbitrary arrests
or harassment.
Stronger Self-Regulation: Media houses and
journalist bodies should reinforce self-regulatory
mechanisms and ethical guidelines to ensure
responsible journalism.
Public Awareness: Educate the public about the
importance of press freedom for a healthy
democracy and the role of investigative journalism.
Judicial Vigilance: The judiciary has a crucial role to
play in upholding press freedom and swiftly
quashing frivolous cases against journalists.
Potential Mains Questions:
“A free and fearless press is indispensable for the
functioning of a vibrant democracy. In light of
recent incidents of FIRs against journalists,
critically examine the challenges to press freedom
in India and suggest measures to safeguard
independent journalism.” (15 Marks)
“Discuss the ethical responsibilities of journalists
when reporting on alleged corruption involving
public officials. How can a balance be struck
between the public’s right to know and the right to
reputation?” (10 Marks)
3. Supreme Court Upholds Power of PCBs to Impose
‘Restitutionary Damages’::
Syllabus: GS-2/Polity & Governance; GS-
3/Environment, Conservation
In News: In a landmark judgment, the Supreme
Court of India ruled that Pollution Control Boards
(PCBs) have the statutory power to impose
“restitutionary damages” on polluting entities, even
in cases where a formal pollution threshold has not
been breached. The ruling reinforces the “Polluter

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Pays Principle” and gives more teeth to
environmental regulators.
Detailed Analysis of the Judgment:
Legal Basis: The court’s decision is rooted in the
powers granted to PCBs under Section 33A of the
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974, and Section 31A of the Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. These sections give
PCBs wide-ranging powers to issue directions to
protect the environment.
Restitution vs. Penalty:The court clearly
distinguished between restitutionary damages and
punitive penalties. Restitutionary damages are a
remedial measure intended to compensate for the
harm done to the environment and restore it to its
original state. Punitive penalties, on the other hand,
are meant to punish violations and can only be
imposed through a judicial process.
Precedent: The judgment drew on the principles
laid down in landmark cases like the Vellore
Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India (1996),
which first articulated the idea of environmental
restitution as a constitutional obligation.
Implications: This ruling is a game-changer for
environmental governance. It empowers PCBs to
take a more proactive and effective role, not just in
punishing violations, but also in ensuring that
environmental harm is rectified, which is often a
more critical step.
Anniversary of Article 370 Abrogation:
Syllabus: GS2/Polity & Governance
Context: August 6, 2025, marks the sixth
anniversary of the abrogation of Article 370’s
provisions in Jammu and Kashmir. The day was
observed with contrasting sentiments, highlighting
the deep political and social divide that continues to
exist in the region. While the government
celebrated it as a day of integration and progress,
opposition parties and several civil society groups
marked it as a “Black Day,” protesting the move.
Background and Rationale:
On August 5, 2019, the Government of India,
through a presidential order, revoked the special
status of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of
the Constitution. This was followed by the passage
of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act,
2019, which downgraded the state to two Union
Territories: Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh.
The government’s stated rationale was to fully
integrate the region into the Indian Union, end
dynastic politics, and eliminate the “terror
ecosystem” that had plagued the area for decades. It
was argued that Article 370 and its related
provisions were a major impediment to economic
development, good governance, and the extension
of central welfare schemes to the people of J&K.
Government’s Narrative of Progress:
On the sixth anniversary, the Lieutenant Governor
of Jammu and Kashmir, Manoj Sinha, delivered a
speech in Srinagar, celebrating the “birth of a new
Jammu and Kashmir.” He highlighted the perceived
benefits of the abrogation, including a significant
reduction in terrorism-related incidents and stone-
pelting, a more responsive administration, and the
implementation of central laws.
The government also pointed to a boom in tourism,
increased investment, and the empowerment of
local bodies through the holding of Panchayat
elections. It also mentioned the provision of jobs to
the kin of civilians killed by terrorists, an initiative
that was presented as a way to provide justice and
healing.
Opposition’s Critique and Continued Concerns:
In contrast to the official narrative, major regional
political parties, including the National Conference
(NC), Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), and others,
held protests to mark the day. Leaders like former
Chief Ministers Mehbooba Mufti and Omar Abdullah
decried the move as unconstitutional and a
subversion of democracy. They argued that the
promises of peace and development have not been
fulfilled.
Critics of the abrogation point to the continued
presence of a large number of security forces, the
prolonged internet shutdowns, and the delay in
holding assembly elections as evidence of the
political and democratic vacuum in the region. They
also claim that the new policies have been largely
top-down and have failed to address the aspirations

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of the local population. The legal challenge to the
abrogation is still pending before the Supreme
Court, which adds to the political and constitutional
uncertainty.
2. ‘Kartavya Bhavan’ Inauguration and Concerns
over ‘Open Office Concept’:
Syllabus: GS2/Polity & Governance,
GS3/Infrastructure
Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi
inaugurated “Kartavya Bhavan,” the first of the new
Common Central Secretariat buildings, as part of
the Central Vista redevelopment project. While the
building is a symbol of a modern and ambitious
India, its internal design, based on an ‘open office’
concept, has drawn criticism from government
officials.
Central Vista Project and ‘Kartavya Bhavan’:
The Central Vista project is a flagship initiative of
the government to redevelop the country’s
administrative core in New Delhi. The project
includes a new Parliament building, a new
residence for the Prime Minister and Vice
President, and a Common Central Secretariat (CCS)
that will house all the ministries.
‘Kartavya Bhavan’ is designed as a state-of-the-art,
green building with a focus on modern, efficient,
and technologically integrated workspaces. The aim
is to consolidate the ministries that are currently
scattered in different buildings, thereby improving
inter-departmental coordination and reducing
logistical challenges.
The Debate over the ‘Open Office Concept’:
The design of ‘Kartavya Bhavan’ and other
buildings in the CCS incorporates an ‘open office’
layout, which is a departure from the traditional
compartmentalized government offices. This
concept, popular in the private sector, aims to
foster collaboration, break down hierarchical
barriers, and improve communication among
employees.
However, the Central Secretariat Service (CSS)
Forum, representing a large body of government
officials, has raised serious concerns. In a formal
letter to the Prime Minister’s Office, the forum
argued that the open office concept is
fundamentally incompatible with the nature of
government work.
Reasons for Opposition:
Confidentiality and Security: Government work
often involves handling classified and sensitive
information. The forum argued that in an open
office, it would be impossible to maintain the
necessary level of confidentiality. Private
conversations and confidential documents could be
easily overheard or viewed, posing a significant risk
to national security.
Productivity and Efficiency: Officials expressed
concern that the lack of private cabins and the
constant noise and interruptions would severely
hamper their ability to concentrate on complex
tasks and files. They argued that this could lead to a
decline in productivity and an increase in errors.
Work Culture and Hierarchy: The forum also
highlighted that the traditional government work
culture is built on a clear hierarchy and defined
protocols. A uniform, open workspace, they argued,
could undermine this structure, leading to
confusion and a lack of accountability.
Implications: The debate over the ‘open office
concept’ highlights a crucial tension between
modernization and the practical realities of
government functioning. While the government
aims to create a more dynamic and collaborative
work environment, the concerns raised by the
officials point to the need for a careful and nuanced
approach to administrative reforms, one that takes
into account the specific requirements of public
administration.
UPSC’s New Outreach Initiative:
Syllabus: GS2/Polity & Governance
Context: The Union Public Service Commission
(UPSC) has launched a new outreach initiative to
provide direct email alerts about its recruitment
advertisements to educational and professional
institutions. The initiative is a simple yet effective
administrative reform aimed at improving the
recruitment process for government jobs.
The Challenge and the Solution::

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The UPSC conducts examinations for a wide range
of government positions, including highly
specialized posts that require specific qualifications
and experience. Often, many eligible and qualified
candidates, especially those from niche academic
fields or remote areas, may not be aware of these
opportunities.
To address this, the UPSC has launched a new email
alert system. It will maintain a database of
educational and professional institutions and will
send them direct email notifications whenever a
new recruitment advertisement is released.
Objectives and Benefits::
Wider Reach: The initiative is expected to
significantly increase the reach of the
advertisements, ensuring that a larger number of
potential candidates are aware of the opportunities.
Improved Candidate Pool: By targeting specific
institutions, the UPSC hopes to attract a more
diverse and highly qualified pool of applicants,
which will improve the quality of the public service.
Transparency and Efficiency: The new system will
make the recruitment process more transparent
and accessible. It is a proactive step by the UPSC to
leverage technology to improve the efficiency and
fairness of its selection process.
Relevance to Governance: This initiative is a clear
example of administrative reform. It shows how a
government body can use a simple technological
solution to address a long-standing problem. It is
highly relevant to the UPSC syllabus on governance,
as it highlights the efforts to improve the efficiency,
transparency, and accessibility of public services.
The Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025
Syllabus: Governance; Economy
Context: The Parliament has passed the Merchant
Shipping Bill, 2025, a landmark piece of legislation
that repeals the outdated Merchant Shipping Act of
1958. This new bill is a comprehensive reform
package designed to modernize India’s maritime
governance, aligning its laws with contemporary
international standards and practices. The bill aims
to streamline regulatory processes, boost the
country’s maritime economy, and enhance the
welfare of Indian seafarers. The previous act was
criticized for being bulky and fragmented, failing to
address modern challenges or fully implement
India’s obligations under various International
Maritime Organization (IMO) conventions.
Analysis::
The Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025, represents a
significant leap forward for India’s maritime sector,
with advantages and implications across several
domains.
Modernization and Ease of Doing Business: The new
bill consolidates and simplifies the legal framework,
making it more agile and responsive to the needs of
the modern shipping industry. It introduces
provisions for mandatory registration of all vessels,
regardless of their propulsion method or tonnage. A
key change is the relaxation of ownership criteria,
which now allows for partial ownership by Indian
citizens, companies registered in India, and even
Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs). This opens up the
sector to wider domestic and global investment,
promoting a more competitive and dynamic
market. The bill also allows Indian entities to
register chartered foreign vessels as Indian, which
is expected to boost the country’s ship recycling
business and strengthen its maritime economy.
This streamlined and investor-friendly approach is
crucial for India to become a leading player in the
global shipping industry.
Safety, Security, and Environmental Protection:: The
new legislation is a significant step towards
ensuring a safer and more sustainable maritime
environment. It fully incorporates key international
conventions, such as the MARPOL (International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships) and the Wreck Removal Convention. The bill
mandates that all vessels, irrespective of their
tonnage, must have pollution prevention
certification. It also strengthens penalties for a
range of offenses, including endangering life and
environmental violations, which will act as a strong
deterrent. The redesignation of the Director-
General of Shipping to the Director-General of
Marine Administration, with expanded powers to
regulate maritime education, training, and security,
will ensure a more robust and responsive
regulatory system.

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Seafarer Welfare and Empowerment: A critical and
long-overdue aspect of the new bill is its focus on
the welfare and protection of Indian seafarers. The
bill expands provisions for social security,
improved working conditions, and access to justice
for all Indian seafarers, whether they are on Indian
or foreign-flagged vessels. This is a crucial move to
ensure that India’s seafarers, who are a vital part of
the global maritime workforce, are not left
vulnerable to exploitation. The bill also includes
provisions for better training and skill
development, which will help Indian seafarers meet
the demands of a technologically advanced
industry.
Disadvantages/Challenges: While the bill is a
welcome development, its success hinges on
effective implementation. The new regulatory body,
the Director-General of Marine Administration,
must be adequately staffed and resourced to handle
its expanded mandate. There is a risk that the
bureaucracy, accustomed to the old system, may be
slow to adapt to the new, more streamlined
approach.
Way Forward: For the Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025,
to achieve its full potential, a coordinated effort is
needed. The government must focus on building the
capacity of its regulatory bodies, investing in digital
platforms for efficient and transparent governance,
and launching awareness campaigns to inform all
stakeholders about the new provisions. Continued
dialogue with industry players and seafarer unions
will be essential to ensure that the implementation
is smooth and inclusive.
Conclusion: The Merchant Shipping Bill, 2025, is a
transformative piece of legislation that promises to
modernize India’s maritime sector. By streamlining
governance, boosting the economy, and enhancing
seafarer welfare, it is poised to propel India onto
the global stage as a major maritime power. Its
success will be a litmus test for India’s ability to
implement comprehensive reforms and adapt to a
rapidly changing global environment.
The Age of Consent Debate and the POCSO Act
Syllabus: Social Issues, Governance (Social Justice)
Context: The debate surrounding India’s age of
consent has intensified, fueled by recent court cases
and a report from the Praja Foundation. The issue
revolves around the Protection of Children from
Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, which sets the age of
consent at 18. While the Act is a crucial piece of
legislation designed to protect minors from sexual
abuse, its rigid application in cases involving
consensual relationships between teenagers has led
to unintended and complex socio-legal
consequences. Many young people, especially girls
from marginalized communities, are facing legal
and social repercussions for relationships that they
entered into willingly. The debate has been
highlighted in the Indian Express and other
publications, with experts arguing for a more
nuanced approach to the law.
Analysis:
The debate over the age of consent is not a simple
one, and it touches on the fundamental principles of
law, social justice, and child rights.
Socio-Legal Paradox: The POCSO Act, in its current
form, treats any sexual activity involving a minor
below 18 as an offense, regardless of consent. This
is a critical provision for protecting children from
genuine predatory behavior. However, it creates a
paradox when applied to cases of teenage
relationships, particularly those involving
elopement. A Praja Foundation report highlighted
that over half of POCSO cases involve partners,
friends, or known persons, often linked to
elopement. In these scenarios, the law’s rigid
application can lead to the arrest and prosecution
of the male partner, forced pregnancies, and the
confinement of the girl in a shelter home, often
isolating her from her family and support systems.
This can perpetuate a cycle of trauma and social
stigma for the very individuals the law is meant to
protect.
Vulnerability of Marginalized Girls: The issue is
particularly acute for girls from marginalized
communities. Many engage in sexual relationships
or elope to escape domestic violence, sexual abuse,
or forced marriage within their own families. When
they are caught, the POCSO Act, instead of offering
them a way out of an abusive situation, often lands
them and their partners in legal trouble. This can
lead to a more precarious future, as they may be
forced to return to their abusive homes or live in

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confinement with a criminal record against their
partner. The law’s strictness can therefore have a
disproportionately negative impact on vulnerable
girls, undermining their agency and freedom of
choice.
Evolving Concept of Consent: The legal framework
around consent needs to be reconsidered in the
context of teenage relationships. While protecting
minors is paramount, the law must also recognize
that teenagers are not a homogenous group. There
is a vast difference between a child and a young
person who, while not legally an adult, has the
capacity to make informed decisions about their
own life. The current “one-size-fits-all” approach
fails to account for this nuance. The debate calls for
a re-examination of the law to see if it can be
reformed to differentiate between predatory
behavior and consensual relationships between
minors, perhaps by introducing a graded system or
by providing a judicial mechanism to assess the
maturity and agency of the individuals involved.
Solutions / Analysis: A multi-dimensional approach
is needed to resolve this complex issue.
Review and Reform: A comprehensive review of the
POCSO Act is needed to address its unintended
consequences. This does not mean weakening the
law but rather making it more nuanced and
effective. The law should be reformed to
differentiate between predatory sexual abuse and
consensual relationships between minors who are
close in age.
Support Systems: The government must invest in
robust support systems for teenage girls, especially
those from vulnerable communities. These systems
should provide them with safe spaces, education,
and economic opportunities, reducing their
dependency on others and giving them a genuine
choice in their lives.
Raising Awareness: A massive public awareness
campaign is needed to educate parents, teachers,
and communities about the importance of consent,
safe relationships, and the legal implications of the
POCSO Act. This will help to create a more
supportive and understanding environment for
young people.
Conclusion: The debate over the age of consent and
the POCSO Act is a critical one for India’s legal and
social landscape. While the Act is essential for
protecting children, its rigid application in certain
cases is causing unintended harm. A more nuanced
and rights-based approach is needed to ensure that
the law truly serves its purpose of protecting
children while also safeguarding the dignity and
well-being of young people from all backgrounds.

Speaker Initiates Process to Remove High Court
Judge
Syllabus: GS Paper II – Structure, organization and
functioning of the Judiciary; Parliament and State
Legislatures.
Context: The Lok Sabha Speaker has initiated the
process for the removal of a High Court judge. This
is a rare constitutional action following an
impeachment notice signed by 146 Members of
Parliament, raising serious concerns about judicial
integrity. The move comes after a prolonged period
of public and legal scrutiny regarding the judge’s
conduct.
Detailed Analysis:
Constitutional and Legal Basis:
Article 124(4) and 217: These articles of the
Constitution outline the procedure for the removal
of a Supreme Court or High Court judge. The
grounds for removal are ‘proved misbehaviour or
incapacity’.
The Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968: This act governs the
process. The Speaker, upon receiving a signed
notice from a certain number of MPs, forms a three-
member inquiry committee to investigate the
allegations.
Inquiry Committee Composition: The committee
typically comprises a Supreme Court judge, a Chief
Justice of a High Court, and an eminent jurist. Its
role is to determine the validity of the charges.
Parliamentary Vote: If the committee finds the judge
guilty, the removal motion must then be passed by
both houses of Parliament with a special majority—
a majority of the total membership and a majority

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of not less than two-thirds of the members present
and voting.
Judicial Independence vs. Accountability:
Safeguard for Independence: The process is
designed to be deliberately difficult to protect the
judiciary’s independence from political
interference. It ensures that a judge cannot be
removed on frivolous grounds.
Mechanism for Accountability: However, the
process also serves as a crucial check and balance
against judicial misconduct, reinforcing that no
constitutional functionary is above the law. This is
vital for maintaining the judiciary’s credibility and
public trust.
Precedents: While several impeachment motions
have been initiated in the past, none have resulted
in the final removal of a judge by Parliament. The
most famous case was that of Justice V. Ramaswami
in 1993, where the motion failed in the Lok Sabha.
Significance of the Current Move:
Robustness of Institutions: The Speaker’s action,
after receiving a multi-party notice, demonstrates
the strength and functioning of India’s democratic
institutions. It shows that the mechanism for
judicial accountability is alive and can be invoked
when needed.
Restoring Public Trust: A thorough and transparent
inquiry, irrespective of the final outcome, can help
restore public trust in the judiciary by signaling
that allegations of misconduct against judges are
taken seriously.
Broader Implications: This event could also lead to a
renewed debate on judicial reforms, including the
need for a more transparent and expedited process
for handling complaints against judges and the role
of the ‘in-house procedure’ of the judiciary itself.
Conclusion:
The initiation of the removal process for a High
Court judge is a testament to the robustness of
India’s democratic institutions and its
constitutional checks and balances.
This move reinforces the principle that judicial
independence and judicial accountability are two
sides of the same coin, both essential for a healthy
and functioning democracy.
The outcome of this process will be keenly watched,
as it could set an important precedent for judicial
oversight in the future.
Mains Question: Critically analyze the constitutional
process for removing a High Court judge in India.
Discuss the safeguards in place to ensure judicial
independence and how the recent initiation of the
removal process impacts the judiciary’s credibility.
(250 words)
Parliament Passes the Women’s Reservation Bill
Syllabus
GS Paper-II: Indian Constitution—historical
underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments,
significant provisions and basic structure.
Parliament and State Legislatures—structure,
functioning, conduct of business, powers &
privileges and issues arising out of these.
Context In a historic and landmark move, the Indian
Parliament has passed the Constitution (128th
Amendment) Bill, 2025, popularly known as the
Women’s Reservation Bill. The bill seeks to reserve
one-third of all seats for women in the Lok Sabha,
state legislative assemblies, and the Delhi
Legislative Assembly. This marks a new era in
Indian politics and is seen as a major step towards
gender parity and the empowerment of women in
governance. The bill’s passage comes after decades
of political debate, and its journey reflects the
complex dynamics of Indian democracy.
In-depth Analysis and UPSC-Relevant Points
The passage of the Women’s Reservation Bill is a
watershed moment, but its significance extends
beyond a simple legislative act. It’s a culmination of
a long and arduous struggle, and its
implementation, while a positive step, presents its
own set of challenges.
Historical and Legislative Context: The demand for
women’s reservation has a long history, dating back
to the Committee on the Status of Women in India
(CSWI) report in 1974. The idea gained momentum
with the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments
in 1992, which successfully reserved one-third of

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seats for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions
(PRIs) and urban local bodies. The success of this
grassroots-level reservation provided the political
impetus for a similar law at the national and state
levels. The previous attempts to pass the bill in
1996, 1998, 1999, and 2008 failed due to a lack of
political consensus, highlighting the resistance to
ceding political power. The present bill, introduced
as the Constitution (128th Amendment) Bill, finally
garnered the necessary two-thirds majority in both
houses of Parliament, signifying a rare cross-party
political will on a contentious issue.
Key Provisions and Implementation Challenges: The
bill mandates the reservation of one-third of seats
for women, including those for Scheduled Castes
(SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs). A key provision,
which also poses a significant challenge, is that the
law will come into effect only after the next census
and a subsequent delimitation exercise. This means
the bill will not be implemented for the immediate
upcoming elections, which has drawn criticism
from a section of the opposition and women’s rights
groups. The government, however, has argued that
a fresh census is necessary to determine the new
population demographics and a delimitation
exercise is required to ensure that the reservation
is not a ‘floating’ quota but is implemented in a fair
and transparent manner. This delayed
implementation is a crucial point for analysis, as it
tempers the immediate impact of the bill.
Theories of Representation and Impact on
Governance: The bill is a move towards achieving
“substantive representation” as opposed to mere
“descriptive representation.” Descriptive
representation focuses on the presence of women
in legislative bodies, while substantive
representation aims to ensure that their presence
translates into a change in policy priorities and
governance. A higher number of women in
legislative bodies can lead to greater focus on issues
such as education, healthcare, sanitation, and
women’s safety. Studies on the impact of women’s
reservation in Panchayati Raj Institutions have
shown that it has led to a greater focus on these
issues at the grassroots level. The bill also has the
potential to break the traditional political power
structures and bring a new generation of women
leaders to the forefront of Indian politics.
Challenges of the Reservation Model: While the bill
is a welcome step, it has also been criticized. Some
arguments against the bill include:
Perpetuating a Quota-based System: Opponents
argue that reservation in legislative bodies is a form
of tokenism and that it does not address the
underlying social and economic barriers that
prevent women from entering politics. They
advocate for a system based on merit and
performance.
Exclusion of OBCs: A major point of contention has
been the absence of a sub-quota for women from
Other Backward Classes (OBCs). Critics argue that
this will not ensure a truly inclusive political system
and will exclude a large section of women from the
benefits of the reservation.
Rotating Constituencies: The bill’s provision for
rotating reserved constituencies could disrupt the
continuity of local development, as elected
representatives would not have the incentive to
build a long-term relationship with their
constituency.
Comparison with Global Models: India’s move to a
gender quota system is in line with a global trend.
Countries like Rwanda, Bolivia, and Mexico have a
much higher percentage of women in their
parliaments due to similar quota systems. The
success of these models, however, is debated. While
they have been effective in increasing women’s
representation, their impact on policy and
governance is a subject of ongoing research.
Mains Question: The passing of the Women’s
Reservation Bill is a landmark moment in India’s
political history. Discuss the key features of the bill
and analyze its potential impact on gender parity
and the nature of Indian democracy, while also
critically examining the implementation challenges
and long-standing debates surrounding the issue.
India-France Joint Naval Exercise in Arabian Sea
Syllabus
GS Paper-II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings
and agreements involving India and/or affecting
India’s interests.

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Context The Indian Navy and the French Navy have
concluded a major joint naval exercise, ‘VARUNA
2025’, in the Arabian Sea. The exercise, which
involved a wide range of naval assets, including
warships, submarines, and fighter jets, was a key
step towards strengthening the strategic
partnership between the two countries and
enhancing interoperability between their navies.
In-depth Analysis and UPSC-Relevant Points
The annual ‘Varuna’ exercise is more than a routine
military drill; it is a critical component of the India-
France strategic partnership and a significant
geopolitical statement. The 2025 edition, with its
focus on complex multi-domain operations,
underscores the growing convergence of security
interests between New Delhi and Paris in the Indo-
Pacific.
Deepening Strategic Partnership: The India-France
strategic partnership, established in 1998, has
consistently been a cornerstone of India’s foreign
policy, especially in the defence sector. France has
proven to be a reliable and independent partner,
particularly with its willingness to transfer critical
technology. The ‘Varuna’ exercise is a tangible
manifestation of this trust and commitment. It
provides a platform for the two navies to fine-tune
their tactical and operational proficiency, building
on decades of cooperation. The recent Inter-
Governmental Agreement for the procurement of
26 Rafale-M aircraft for the Indian Navy further
solidifies this defence relationship, as does the joint
production of Scorpene-class submarines in India.
Ensuring Maritime Security in the Indo-Pacific: The
Arabian Sea is a key choke point and a vital sea lane
for global trade, particularly for energy supplies.
The joint exercise in this region sends a clear signal
of the two nations’ shared commitment to a rules-
based maritime order and freedom of navigation.
The exercise is a direct response to the growing
assertiveness of certain powers in the Indo-Pacific.
France, with its significant territories and a
permanent naval presence in the Indian Ocean, is a
key player in the region. The exercise enhances the
collective capacity of India and France to address
contemporary maritime security challenges,
including piracy, terrorism, and illegal fishing.
Enhancing Interoperability and Operational
Doctrines: The ‘Varuna’ exercises are structured to
facilitate a high degree of operational coordination.
The drills included advanced anti-submarine
warfare, anti-surface warfare, and air defence
scenarios, involving assets like Rafale-M fighter jets
and Indian submarines. The exchange of best
practices and the fostering of a deeper
understanding of each other’s operational doctrines
are crucial. This interoperability is vital for
seamless cooperation during humanitarian
assistance and disaster relief (HADR) operations, as
well as for potential future coalition operations. The
exercise also allowed both navies to test and refine
their communication protocols and command and
control structures in a complex and simulated
combat environment.
The Broader Indo-Pacific Strategy: The joint
exercise with France is part of a larger trend of
military and diplomatic cooperation between India
and like-minded powers in the Indo-Pacific. India’s
“Act East” policy, coupled with France’s “Indo-
Pacific Strategy,” has created a powerful synergy.
The two countries are increasingly working
together to build a network of security partnerships
in the region, including with other powers like
Australia, Japan, and the United States. This
“minilateralism” is seen as a way to address shared
security challenges and to ensure a stable and
balanced regional order.
Challenges and Future Outlook: While the
partnership is robust, challenges remain. There is a
need to move beyond high-end military
cooperation to a more comprehensive and inclusive
partnership that includes intelligence sharing,
cyber security, and technological collaboration. The
two countries need to work together to develop a
common vision for the Indo-Pacific that addresses
the concerns of smaller island nations and
promotes sustainable development. The success of
the Varuna exercise sets a strong foundation for
future collaborations, including joint patrols and a
more integrated approach to maritime domain
awareness.
Mains Question: The recent joint naval exercise
between India and France in the Arabian Sea
highlights the deepening strategic partnership
between the two countries. Analyze the significance

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of this exercise in the context of the evolving
geopolitical landscape of the Indo-Pacific region
and discuss how it contributes to a rules-based
maritime order.
1. Bills to oust arrested PM, CMs trigger House chaos
Syllabus Link: GS-II: Polity & Governance (Indian
Constitution, Parliament, State Legislatures,
Separation of Powers, and issues arising from their
functioning).
Context: Parliament saw major uproar over a
proposed Constitution Amendment Bill that would
automatically remove a Prime Minister or Chief
Minister from office if they’re arrested for a serious
offense and held for 30 consecutive days without
bail. The government argues for probity in public
life, while the opposition sees it as a political
weapon. The bill has been sent to a Joint
Parliamentary Committee for review.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
Eroding the ‘Innocent until Proven Guilty’
Principle: The bill punishes an individual based on
arrest, not conviction. This violates a fundamental
principle of criminal jurisprudence and risks
institutionalizing “trial by arrest.”
Weaponizing Central Agencies: Critics fear the law
could be used by the central government to
destabilize opposition-led state governments by
using politically sensitive cases filed by agencies
like the Enforcement Directorate (ED) and the
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
Low Conviction Rate: The debate is crucial because
of the low conviction rate in political cases,
particularly by the ED. This raises concerns that the
law could be based on flimsy evidence and result in
a person being removed from office without a fair
trial.
Undermining Parliamentary Democracy: The bill
sidesteps the traditional democratic process for
removing a leader, such as a vote of no-confidence.
It puts the fate of an elected government at the
mercy of an investigative agency and a potentially
slow judicial process.
Constitutional Morality vs. Political
Expediency: While the stated goal is to uphold
constitutional morality and public trust, the timing
and context suggest it may be an attempt to gain a
political upper hand.
Way Forward:
Strengthen the independence of investigative
agencies to insulate them from political influence.
Enact judicial reforms to ensure fast-track trials for
cases involving public functionaries.
The Joint Parliamentary Committee must engage in
a bipartisan dialogue, proposing safeguards to
prevent the law’s misuse and uphold due process.
Conclusion: The proposed legislation, while aiming
to improve accountability, presents a serious threat
to democratic principles and federalism. Any law on
this matter must strike a delicate balance between a
leader’s accountability and their fundamental right
to a fair trial.
Mains Practice Question: “The proposed bill for the
removal of arrested public functionaries has
sparked a debate on the balance between political
accountability and constitutional morality. Analyze
the key issues and suggest safeguards to prevent
the misuse of such legislation.”

2. Elected governments at the mercy of Governors:
SC to Central government
Syllabus Link: GS-II: Polity & Governance
(Federalism, Centre-State Relations, Constitutional
posts, role of the Governor).
Context: During a presidential reference hearing,
the Supreme Court questioned the central
government about the Governor’s unlimited power
to delay assent to bills passed by state legislatures.
The court’s remarks highlight the constitutional
friction between the Centre and states and the
partisan role the Governor’s office is sometimes
accused of playing.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
Erosion of Federalism: The Governor’s indefinite
delay in giving assent to bills effectively stalls the
legislative process of an elected state government,

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undermining the principle of cooperative
federalism.
Constitutional Ambiguity: Article 200 of the
Constitution doesn’t provide a specific timeline for
the Governor to act on a bill, creating a
constitutional loophole that allows for arbitrary
delays and actions.
Partisan Role: The Governor, an appointee of the
central government, is often accused of acting on
the instructions of the Centre. This undermines the
constitutional neutrality of the office and turns it
into a political tool.
Legislative Gridlock: The withholding of assent can
lead to administrative and legislative gridlock,
affecting the implementation of state policies and
governance.
Supreme Court’s Role as a Guardian: The court’s
intervention underscores its role as the guardian of
the Constitution, seeking to provide a judicial
interpretation that ensures the spirit of the law is
upheld and federal principles are respected.
Way Forward:
The Supreme Court could provide a clear judicial
interpretation of Article 200, setting a reasonable,
time-bound framework for the Governor to act.
Implement the recommendations of the Sarkaria
and Punchhi Commissions on the appointment of
Governors to ensure their impartiality.
Strengthen the Inter-State Council to provide a
platform for dialogue and conflict resolution
between the Centre and states.
Conclusion: The Supreme Court’s strong stance on
the Governor’s powers is a crucial step toward
reinforcing federal principles in India. The outcome
of this debate could lead to a significant re-
evaluation of the Governor’s role, ensuring they
serve as a constitutional link rather than a political
impediment.
Mains Practice Question: “The Governor’s office has
often been a point of friction in Centre-State
relations. Analyze the constitutional and political
factors that contribute to this, and discuss the need
for reforms to ensure the office’s neutrality and
efficacy.”
A new era for electoral finance? The aftermath of the
Supreme Court’s verdict
Syllabus Link: GS-II: Polity & Governance (Electoral
reforms, role of the Supreme Court, transparency
and accountability).
Context: The Supreme Court’s landmark judgment
declaring the Electoral Bond Scheme
unconstitutional has ushered in a new era of
scrutiny for political funding. The verdict, which
came into effect in early 2024, has had significant
political and economic ramifications, forcing a
fundamental rethink of how political parties raise
funds and how corporate influence on policy is
monitored. The subsequent release of data by the
State Bank of India (SBI) has unveiled the intricate
web of corporate donations, sparking an intense
public debate on the nexus between business
interests and politics.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
Upholding the Right to Information: The Supreme
Court’s verdict was a victory for the voter’s right to
information, a fundamental facet of Article 19(1)(a)
of the Constitution. The court’s reasoning was that a
voter’s ability to make an informed choice is a
cornerstone of a healthy democracy. Without
knowing the source of a political party’s funding, a
voter cannot adequately assess the potential for
quid pro quo arrangements or undue influence
from corporate entities. The judgment has
established a precedent that transparency in
political funding is paramount and cannot be
sacrificed for donor anonymity.
Corporate Influence on Policy: The data released
post-judgment has revealed a direct link between
large-scale corporate donations and the companies’
subsequent success in securing government
contracts, policy changes, and licenses. This has
fueled public concern that political decisions are
being shaped by financial contributions, potentially
at the expense of public interest. This has reignited
the debate about the role of big money in politics
and the need for stricter regulations on corporate
lobbying and political donations.
Challenges for Political Parties: With the anonymity
provided by electoral bonds gone, political parties
are grappling with a new funding landscape. They

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are now under pressure to disclose their donors,
which could make them vulnerable to political
pressure or public backlash. The challenge is to find
an alternative that is transparent and yet does not
discourage donations from legitimate sources.
Many smaller parties have also argued that the
scheme gave an unfair advantage to the ruling
party, which has historically been the biggest
beneficiary.
The Problem of ‘Trial by Media’: While the
transparency is lauded, the public disclosure of
donors has also led to what some have called a
“trial by media,” where companies are scrutinized
and judged based on their political donations,
regardless of the legality of their actions. This
creates a new set of ethical dilemmas for both the
media and the public, as the line between public
interest and personal vendetta can become blurred.
A Call for Broader Electoral Reforms: The judgment
has opened a window of opportunity for more
comprehensive electoral reforms. The current
system still has loopholes, such as the use of
electoral trusts and a lack of a cap on individual
donations. The Election Commission of India (ECI)
has also been empowered to a greater extent, and
the focus is now on strengthening its independence
and ensuring it has the tools to enforce a more
transparent system. The judgment is a catalyst for a
discussion on state funding of elections, which is
often seen as the most effective way to curb the
influence of black money and corporate interests.
Way Forward:
Implement legislative reforms to create a
transparent and equitable political funding system.
This could involve setting up a National Electoral
Fund where corporate and individual donations are
collected anonymously and distributed to parties
based on a formula linked to their electoral
performance.
Strengthen the Enforcement Directorate (ED) and
other agencies to ensure a strict crackdown on the
misuse of funds.
Empower the ECI with greater autonomy and
punitive powers to enforce rules and ensure
compliance from political parties.
Launch a public awareness campaign to inform
citizens about the importance of transparency in
political funding.
Conclusion: The Supreme Court’s verdict on
electoral bonds is a historic step towards a more
transparent democracy. While it presents
immediate challenges for political parties and
corporate donors, it has created a vital opportunity
to enact a more robust and equitable electoral
funding system. Ultimately, a healthy democracy is
one where the will of the people, not the power of
money, is the guiding force.
Mains Practice Question: “The Supreme Court’s
judgment on electoral bonds is a watershed
moment for electoral reforms in India. Analyze the
key implications of the verdict on political funding
and corporate influence. What measures are
needed to build on this judgment and ensure
greater transparency and accountability in Indian
elections?”
The push for a Uniform Civil Code (UCC): A new
legislative front
Syllabus Link: GS-I: Indian Society (Diversity of
India). GS-II: Polity & Governance (Indian
Constitution, secularism, government policies and
interventions).
Context: The government’s decision to table a bill
for a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in Parliament has
reignited a long-standing and contentious debate.
The move, rooted in the constitutional directive in
Article 44, aims to replace diverse personal laws
based on religion with a single set of laws
governing marriage, divorce, inheritance, and
adoption for all citizens. While the government
positions the UCC as a necessary step for gender
justice and national unity, it has met with stiff
opposition from various minority groups who view
it as a threat to their religious and cultural
autonomy.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
Constitutional Mandate and Debate: Article 44 of the
Directive Principles of State Policy mandates the
state to secure a UCC. However, it is not a
fundamental right, making its implementation a
matter of political and legislative will. The

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Constituent Assembly debates reveal that while
leaders like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar advocated for a UCC
for social reform, they also acknowledged the need
for a gradual and consensual approach, given
India’s vast religious and cultural diversity.
Arguments for the UCC: Proponents of the UCC
highlight its potential to promote gender justice,
arguing that many personal laws discriminate
against women in matters of inheritance, adoption,
and maintenance. They also see it as a tool
for national integration, fostering a sense of shared
citizenship by removing legal disparities based on
religion. They contend that a modern, secular state
cannot have different laws for its citizens based on
their faith. The UCC is presented as a measure to
bring the legal framework in line with modern
principles of equality and human rights.
Concerns from Opposition: The strongest opposition
comes from Muslim and tribal communities who
see the UCC as an attempt to impose the laws of the
majority community and erode their religious and
cultural identity. They argue that it infringes upon
their freedom of religion (Article 25) and the right
to manage their religious affairs. The opposition
also raises concerns about the potential for cultural
homogenisation and the erosion of India’s
pluralistic fabric. For tribal communities, many of
whose customs are not codified, the imposition of a
uniform law could be particularly disruptive.
The Path to Implementation: The government’s
decision to present a draft bill for a UCC is a
departure from previous approaches, which
involved consultations and a more cautious
approach. The legislative process is likely to be a
stormy one, with intense debates in Parliament and
potential legal challenges in the Supreme Court. The
implementation of such a code would be a
mammoth task, requiring a new administrative and
judicial infrastructure to handle the transition from
personal laws to a single, uniform one.
The Role of the Judiciary and Law Commission: The
Supreme Court has, on several occasions, called for
a UCC. The Law Commission of India has also
weighed in, with its 2018 consultation paper
suggesting that a UCC is “neither necessary nor
desirable at this stage.” It instead recommended a
gradual reform of existing personal laws. The
current government’s move to push for the UCC
signals a clear political will to bypass these
recommendations and take a direct legislative
approach.
Way Forward:
The government should initiate a comprehensive
public consultation process, engaging with all
stakeholders, including religious leaders, legal
experts, and civil society groups, to build consensus
and address concerns.
The focus should be on codifying the progressive
aspects of personal laws and building a new law
based on gender equality and justice, without
targeting any one community.
A phased approach, starting with non-controversial
provisions like adoption or inheritance for all
citizens, could build trust and pave the way for a
more comprehensive law.
The government must reassure minority
communities that the law is not aimed at eroding
their religious identity but at ensuring fundamental
rights for all citizens.
Conclusion: The push for a Uniform Civil Code is a
defining moment for India’s secular and democratic
character. While the goal of gender justice is
laudable, its implementation must be handled with
utmost sensitivity and consensus-building. A
successful UCC would need to be a testament to
India’s diversity, not an attempt to erase it.
Mains Practice Question: “The Uniform Civil Code is
a highly debated subject in India. Discuss the
arguments for and against its implementation. In
what ways can a Uniform Civil Code be a tool for
gender justice without threatening the country’s
religious and cultural pluralism?”
Reforming urban governance: The key to India’s
metropolitan future
Syllabus Link: GS-II: Governance (Decentralization,
local self-government, e-governance). GS-I:
Urbanization (Urbanization, its problems and
remedies).
Context: With India’s urban population projected to
grow exponentially, the issue of urban governance
has taken center stage. A new report by a

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government-appointed committee has highlighted
the need for fundamental reforms in the
management of India’s metropolitan cities. The
report identifies key issues, from bureaucratic
fragmentation and a lack of financial autonomy to
inadequate infrastructure and a failure to
effectively plan for rapid urban growth.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
Fragmented Governance: The most pressing issue in
urban governance is the fragmentation of power
and responsibility. Indian cities are often governed
by a multitude of agencies, each with its own
mandate, leading to a lack of coordination and
accountability. For instance, in many cities, the
municipality, the urban development authority, the
police, and other agencies work in silos, leading to
administrative chaos and inefficiency.
Weak Financial Autonomy: Municipalities, which
are the primary institutions of urban governance,
suffer from a chronic lack of funds. They are heavily
dependent on grants from state governments and
have limited powers to raise their own revenues.
This financial dependence stifles their ability to
invest in much-needed infrastructure and services,
from public transportation to waste management.
The 74th Constitution Amendment Act has not been
fully implemented by many states, which have been
reluctant to devolve powers and functions to local
bodies.
Lack of Participatory Governance: Despite the
constitutional mandate, urban governance often
lacks meaningful citizen participation. There are
limited opportunities for citizens to engage in
decision-making, leading to a disconnect between
the government and the governed. This not only
erodes public trust but also results in policies that
are not aligned with the needs and aspirations of
the people.
The Problem of Haphazard Growth: Rapid and
unplanned urbanization has led to a host of
problems, including slums, traffic congestion, and
inadequate public services. The lack of a clear long-
term vision and master plan for cities has
exacerbated these problems.
The Need for E-governance: The report also
emphasizes the potential of e-governance and
technology to improve service delivery and
increase transparency. Smart city projects have
shown that technology can be a powerful tool for
urban management, from smart traffic management
systems to digital platforms for citizen services.
Way Forward:
The government should implement the report’s
recommendations to create a unified metropolitan
governance structure with a single authority for all
urban services.
Provide greater financial autonomy to
municipalities by empowering them to raise their
own revenues through property taxes, user fees,
and other sources.
The government should establish Ward Committees
and Area Sabhas to ensure greater citizen
participation in decision-making.
A National Urban Policy is needed to provide a long-
term vision and a clear roadmap for the
development of India’s cities.
Invest in capacity-building for urban planners and
administrators to equip them with the skills to
manage the complex challenges of urban growth.
Conclusion: The future of India is urban, and the
success of its economic and social development will
depend on its ability to effectively manage its cities.
By implementing a comprehensive set of reforms,
India can transform its urban centers from chaotic
and unplanned spaces into vibrant, inclusive, and
sustainable hubs of growth and innovation.
Mains Practice Question: “Urban governance in
India’s metropolitan cities is often characterized by
fragmentation and inefficiency. Discuss the major
challenges in this regard and suggest a
comprehensive reform agenda to make urban
governance more effective, accountable, and
citizen-centric.”
Atmanirbhar Bharat in Defence: Promoting private
sector participation
Syllabus Link: GS-II: Governance (Government
policies and interventions). GS-III: Economy
(Industrial policy, Make in India). GS-III: Science &
Technology (Indigenization of technology, defense
technology).

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Context: The government has unveiled a new set of
policy measures aimed at significantly increasing
the private sector’s role in India’s defense
manufacturing ecosystem. The move is a crucial
part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant
India) initiative, which aims to reduce India’s
reliance on defense imports and transform the
country into a global defense manufacturing and
export hub. The new policies seek to create a level
playing field for private companies and provide
them with a clear roadmap for investment and
growth.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
Reducing Import Dependence: For decades, India
has been one of the world’s largest importers of
defense equipment. This has not only drained the
country’s foreign exchange reserves but has also
made it vulnerable to geopolitical pressures and
supply chain disruptions. The new policy is a clear
signal that the government is committed to
reversing this trend by building a robust and
indigenous defense industrial base.
The New Policy Framework: The new policy
includes several key measures to incentivize
private sector participation. These include an
increase in the Foreign Direct Investment
(FDI) limit in the defense sector, a new Strategic
Partnership model to encourage private players to
build advanced platforms like submarines and
fighter jets, and the establishment of defense
industrial corridors to create a localized
manufacturing ecosystem.
Challenges of a New Ecosystem: While the policy is
laudable, it faces significant challenges. The defense
sector is characterized by long gestation periods,
high R&D costs, and strict quality control. The
private sector, which is used to a faster pace of
business, may find it difficult to adapt to these
conditions. There is also the issue of a lack of a clear
technology transfer mechanism from state-owned
defense public sector undertakings (DPSUs) to
private companies.
The Role of MSMEs: The new policy also places a
strong emphasis on the role of Micro, Small, and
Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). These companies
are often the backbone of the defense supply chain,
providing components and services to larger
players. The government has created a new
framework to provide them with financial
assistance and to ensure they have access to a
stable market.
Export Potential: The long-term goal of the policy is
to make India a net exporter of defense equipment.
By encouraging the private sector to innovate and
produce high-quality, cost-competitive products,
the government is laying the groundwork for India
to enter the global defense market. This could not
only boost India’s economy but also enhance its
strategic standing in the world.
Way Forward:
The government must ensure that the new policy is
implemented effectively and that the bureaucratic
hurdles for private companies are reduced.
A clear and transparent technology transfer
mechanism is needed to facilitate the flow of
knowledge from DPSUs and the Defence Research
and Development Organisation (DRDO) to the
private sector.
The government should continue to
provide financial and tax incentives to private
companies and MSMEs to encourage them to invest
in the defense sector.
A long-term vision for the defense sector is needed,
with a clear roadmap for the development of new
technologies and platforms.
Conclusion: The new policy to promote private
sector participation in the defense sector is a
paradigm shift. It is a clear signal that the
government is committed to moving away from a
state-dominated defense industry and creating a
dynamic, innovative, and self-reliant ecosystem.
The success of this policy will be a key determinant
of India’s strategic autonomy and its economic
future.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the rationale
behind the government’s push for greater private
sector participation in the Indian defense
manufacturing ecosystem. What are the key policy
measures in this regard, and what are the major
challenges that need to be addressed to ensure
their success?”

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12. The digital health revolution: Advancing the
National Health Mission
Syllabus Link: GS-II: Governance (Government
policies, health sector reforms, e-governance). GS-
III: Science & Technology (Digital technology,
health technology).
Context: A recent update from the Ministry of
Health & Family Welfare has highlighted the
significant progress made under the National
Health Mission (NHM), with a particular focus on
the integration of new digital health initiatives. The
push for a comprehensive digital health ecosystem
is a key component of India’s strategy to achieve
universal health coverage and to provide
affordable, accessible, and high-quality healthcare
to all its citizens.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
The Push for Digital Health IDs: A central pillar of
the digital health revolution is the creation of
a unique digital health ID for every citizen. This ID
will act as a central repository for an individual’s
medical records, from diagnosis and treatment to
prescriptions and lab results. This will enable
doctors and patients to access a person’s medical
history from anywhere, which is crucial for
emergency care and for ensuring a continuum of
care.
Tackling Urban-Rural Divide: The digital health
initiatives are particularly aimed at bridging the
urban-rural divide in healthcare. Telemedicine
services, which allow patients in rural areas to
consult with doctors in urban centers, are a game-
changer. The use of digital platforms for health
awareness, disease surveillance, and the delivery of
government schemes can also help to reach a wider
population.
Challenges of Data Privacy and Security: The
creation of a vast repository of digital health
records raises serious concerns about data privacy
and security. The government has put in place new
rules to ensure that the data is encrypted and that a
person’s medical history cannot be accessed
without their consent. However, the risk of data
breaches and misuse remains a significant
challenge.
Interoperability and Standardization: For the digital
health ecosystem to work, there must be a high
degree of interoperability among different digital
platforms and systems. The government is working
to create a standardized framework that ensures
that all health data, from that of a small clinic to a
large hospital, is in a uniform format. This is crucial
for enabling a seamless flow of information and for
creating a national health grid.
Capacity-Building: The success of the digital health
revolution will also depend on the capacity of
healthcare professionals to adapt to the new
technology. There is a need for a massive training
program to equip doctors, nurses, and other health
workers with the skills to use digital platforms,
manage electronic health records, and provide
telemedicine services.
Way Forward:
The government must continue to invest in digital
infrastructure to ensure that all parts of the country
have access to high-speed internet and reliable
electricity.
A robust cybersecurity framework must be put in
place to protect the privacy and security of citizens’
health data.
The government should launch a
massive awareness campaign to educate citizens
about the benefits of digital health and to address
their concerns about privacy.
The digital health initiatives should
be complemented by investments in physical
infrastructure, such as primary healthcare centers,
hospitals, and medical colleges.
Conclusion: The integration of digital health
initiatives into the National Health Mission is a
transformative step toward a more equitable and
efficient healthcare system. By leveraging
technology, India is not only improving healthcare
outcomes but also laying the foundation for a more
inclusive and prosperous society. The future of
healthcare in India is digital.
Mains Practice Question: “The National Health
Mission is being transformed by the integration of
digital health initiatives. Discuss the key
components of this digital health revolution. What

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are the major opportunities and challenges in
leveraging technology to achieve universal health
coverage in India?”
A new social media code: Balancing digital freedom
and accountability
Syllabus Link: GS-II: Polity & Governance
(Government policies and interventions for
development in various sectors). GS-III: Internal
Security (Cybersecurity, role of media and social
networking sites).
Context: The Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology (MeitY) has released a new
draft bill on the regulation of social media
platforms, sparking a nationwide debate. The
proposed legislation, which aims to create a more
accountable digital ecosystem, seeks to address a
range of issues from misinformation and fake news
to content moderation and user safety. While the
government frames the bill as a necessary step to
protect citizens, critics have voiced concerns that it
could lead to censorship and stifle free speech.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
Defining ‘Digital Freedom’: The new bill attempts to
define the boundaries of digital freedom by holding
platforms accountable for the content they host. It
mandates that social media intermediaries must
have a clear and consistent policy for content
moderation, in line with Indian laws. This is a
significant move from the previous ‘safe harbour’
provisions, where platforms were not held liable
for third-party content. This has raised questions
about whether platforms are now being forced to
act as arbiters of free speech, a role that many are
not equipped for.
Combating Misinformation and Hate Speech: A
central tenet of the bill is to curb the spread of
misinformation and hate speech, which have often
led to social unrest and violence. The new rules
require platforms to have a mechanism for fact-
checking and for removing content that violates
their terms of service or is deemed illegal. This is a
welcome step, but it also raises the risk of
government overreach, with the potential for the
state to label legitimate dissent as ‘fake news’ and
demand its removal.
Transparency and User Grievance Redressal: The
bill places a strong emphasis on transparency and
user rights. It mandates that platforms must have a
clear and accessible grievance redressal
mechanism, with a dedicated officer to handle user
complaints. It also requires platforms to be more
transparent about their algorithms and their
content moderation policies. This is a positive step
toward empowering users and making platforms
more accountable.
The Challenge of Encryption: A highly contentious
part of the bill is the provision for traceability of
information. This would require platforms that use
end-to-end encryption, such as WhatsApp, to reveal
the originator of a message in cases of serious
crime. This has sparked a fierce debate on the right
to privacy, as it would require breaking the
encryption, which could make the entire system
vulnerable to hackers and state surveillance.
Global Precedents: India’s new bill is part of a global
trend where governments are grappling with the
power of big tech companies. Countries like
Germany and France have also enacted laws to
regulate social media, and the European Union has
a comprehensive framework in the form of the
Digital Services Act. However, the Indian bill’s
provisions on traceability and censorship have
been seen as more stringent and have raised
concerns from international human rights
organizations.
Way Forward:
The government should initiate a comprehensive
and transparent public consultation to incorporate
feedback from a wide range of stakeholders,
including tech companies, civil society, and privacy
advocates.
A clear and independent Digital Freedom
Authority should be established to oversee the
implementation of the law and to act as an
impartial arbiter in disputes.
The government should ensure that the bill’s
provisions are aligned with the fundamental right to
freedom of speech and expression as enshrined in
the Constitution.

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A clear distinction must be made
between misinformation and legitimate dissent to
prevent the misuse of the law for political purposes.
Conclusion: The new draft bill on social media
regulation is a crucial step toward building a more
accountable digital ecosystem. While it addresses
pressing issues like misinformation and hate
speech, it must be implemented with a strong
commitment to protecting the fundamental rights
of citizens. The government must strike a delicate
balance between regulating the digital space and
preserving the freedom that has made it a platform
for innovation and public discourse.
Mains Practice Question: “Critically analyze the
provisions of the new draft bill on social media
regulation. Discuss how the legislation attempts to
balance the need for a safe digital environment with
the fundamental rights of freedom of speech and
privacy.”
Curbing organized crime: The new legislative
framework
Syllabus Link: GS-III: Internal Security (Organized
crime and its linkage with terrorism). GS-II: Polity
& Governance (Criminal Justice System).
Context: The government has introduced a new
legislative framework aimed at tackling the
growing challenge of organized crime. The new law,
which is based on the Maharashtra Control of
Organised Crime Act (MCOCA), seeks to provide
law enforcement agencies with new powers to
combat criminal syndicates and to seize their
assets. The move is a response to the increasing
sophistication of organized crime, which is often
linked to terrorism, drug trafficking, and other
serious crimes.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
The Evolving Nature of Organized Crime: Organized
crime in India has evolved from simple gangs to
sophisticated criminal syndicates that operate
across borders and are often linked to a wide range
of illegal activities. These syndicates use advanced
technology and a complex network of associates to
evade law enforcement agencies. The new law is a
response to this evolving threat and aims to
provide police with the tools to tackle it.
New Powers for Law Enforcement: The new law
provides law enforcement agencies with new
powers, such as the power to intercept
communications, to use confessions made to a
police officer as evidence, and to seize the assets of
a person accused of organized crime. These powers
are seen as essential to break the nexus between
criminals and their financial backers.
The Challenge of Evidence: The new law also seeks
to address the issue of a lack of evidence in
organized crime cases. The law provides for a new
framework for the use of electronic evidence and
for the protection of witnesses. This is a welcome
step, as many organized crime cases fail due to a
lack of evidence and the intimidation of witnesses.
Human Rights Concerns: The new law has also
raised some serious concerns about its potential for
misuse. Critics have argued that the new powers
could be used to target political opponents and
human rights activists. There are also concerns that
the law’s provisions, such as the use of confessions
made to a police officer, could lead to a violation of
human rights.
The Need for a Holistic Approach: While the new
law is a crucial step toward tackling organized
crime, it is not a silver bullet. The problem of
organized crime is complex and requires a holistic
approach. The government needs to invest in a new
police force that is trained to deal with organized
crime, to strengthen the country’s intelligence
agencies, and to work with international partners
to combat cross-border criminal syndicates.
Way Forward:
The new law must be implemented with a strong
commitment to human rights and with a clear
mechanism to prevent its misuse.
The government should invest in a massive training
program for law enforcement agencies to equip
them with the skills to use the new law effectively
and to combat organized crime.
A specialized anti-organized crime unit should be
established in all major cities.
The government should also work with
international partners to share intelligence and to

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coordinate efforts to combat cross-border criminal
syndicates.
Conclusion: The new legislative framework is a vital
step toward tackling the growing threat of
organized crime. It provides law enforcement
agencies with new powers and aims to create a
more effective criminal justice system. However,
the law must be implemented with a strong
commitment to human rights and with a clear focus
on the rule of law.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the key features
of the new legislative framework to combat
organized crime. Analyze its potential benefits and
its possible implications for human rights and the
rule of law in India.”
Reforming education: The new teacher training
initiative
Syllabus Link: GS-II: Governance (Government
policies and interventions for development in
education). GS-II: Human Resources (Education).
Context: The Ministry of Education has launched a
new national initiative for teacher training, with a
focus on implementing the recommendations of the
National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. The
initiative aims to equip teachers with the skills and
knowledge needed to deliver a 21st-century
education. It includes a new curriculum for teacher
training, a new digital platform for professional
development, and a new framework for teacher
assessment.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
The Centrality of Teachers: The NEP 2020 places a
strong emphasis on the centrality of teachers. The
new initiative is a clear recognition that the quality
of education is directly linked to the quality of
teachers. The initiative aims to transform the
teaching profession from a last resort to a career of
choice.
The New Curriculum: The new curriculum for
teacher training is a radical departure from the old
one. It places a strong emphasis on a multi-
disciplinary approach, with a focus on subjects like
arts, sports, and vocational skills. It also includes
new modules on digital literacy, emotional
intelligence, and pedagogy.
Leveraging Technology: The new initiative also
leverages technology to improve the quality of
teacher training. It includes a new digital platform
that provides teachers with access to a wide range
of online courses, resources, and expert mentors.
This is a vital step toward ensuring that all
teachers, regardless of their location, have access to
high-quality professional development.
Addressing the Challenges: The initiative faces some
major challenges. One of the biggest challenges is
the lack of a sufficient number of teacher training
colleges in many parts of the country. There is also
the issue of a lack of a clear career path for teachers
and a lack of a clear mechanism for assessing their
performance.
The Role of the States: Education is a subject on the
Concurrent List, and the success of the new
initiative will depend on the cooperation of the
state governments. The central government needs
to work closely with the states to ensure that the
new curriculum and the new digital are
implemented effectively.
Way Forward:
The government should provide financial assistance
to the states to help them to upgrade their teacher
training colleges and to recruit new faculty.
A new national accreditation board for teacher
training colleges should be established to ensure
that all colleges meet a high standard of quality.
The government should launch a massive public
awareness campaign to raise the status of the
teaching profession and to encourage young people
to pursue a career in teaching.
A new framework for teacher assessment should be
created that is based on a teacher’s performance,
not just on a single test.
Conclusion: The new teacher training initiative is a
vital step toward reforming India’s education
system. By equipping teachers with the skills and
knowledge needed to deliver a 21st-century
education, India is not only investing in its future
but also in its most valuable asset: its human
capital.

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Mains Practice Question: “The National Education
Policy (NEP) 2020 places a strong emphasis on the
professional development of teachers. Discuss the
key features of the new teacher training initiative
and analyze its potential to transform the Indian
education system.”
Empowering women and children: The new welfare
scheme
Syllabus Link: GS-II: Governance (Government
policies and interventions for development of
vulnerable sections of the society).
Context: The Ministry of Women and Child
Development has announced a new national
welfare scheme aimed at empowering women and
ensuring the well-being of children. The scheme,
which is part of a larger plan to achieve gender
equality and social justice, is a multi-faceted
approach that includes provisions for financial
assistance, skill development, and health and
nutrition. The scheme is a clear signal that the
government is committed to addressing the long-
standing issues of gender inequality and child
malnutrition.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
The Gender Gap: India has a large gender gap in
areas like education, employment, and health. The
new scheme is a targeted intervention to address
this gap by providing women with the resources
and the opportunities they need to succeed. It
includes provisions for financial assistance to
women entrepreneurs, skill development programs
for young women, and a new framework for
protecting women from violence and exploitation.
Child Malnutrition: India has one of the highest
rates of child malnutrition in the world. The new
scheme aims to address this issue by providing a
new framework for the delivery of health and
nutrition services to children. It includes provisions
for a new digital platform that will be used to track
the health of children and to provide them with the
care they need.
The Role of the Aanganwadi System: The
Aanganwadi system is a vital part of India’s social
safety net. The new scheme aims to strengthen the
Aanganwadi system by providing new resources
and a new framework for the training of
Aanganwadi workers. This is a crucial step toward
ensuring that all children, regardless of their
location, have access to high-quality early
childhood care.
The Challenge of Implementation: While the new
scheme is laudable, its implementation will be a
major challenge. It will require a high degree of
coordination between various government agencies
and a strong commitment from the state
governments. There is also the issue of a lack of
awareness among the public about the new scheme.
The Need for a Holistic Approach: The problem of
gender inequality and child malnutrition is complex
and requires a holistic approach. The government
needs to work with a wide range of stakeholders,
including NGOs, civil society organizations, and the
private sector, to ensure that the new scheme is a
success.
Way Forward:
The government should launch a massive public
awareness campaign to educate women and
children about the new scheme.
A new digital platform should be created to provide
a single point of access to all the services provided
by the scheme.
The government should also invest in a
massive training program for Aanganwadi workers
and other health workers to equip them with the
skills to deliver the services provided by the
scheme.
The government should also work with NGOs and
civil society organizations to ensure that the new
scheme is implemented in a participatory and
inclusive manner.
Conclusion: The new welfare scheme for women
and children is a vital step toward creating a more
equitable and prosperous society. By addressing
the long-standing issues of gender inequality and
child malnutrition, India is not only investing in its
future but also in its most valuable asset: its people.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the key features
of the new national welfare scheme for women and
children. How does the scheme aim to address the

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issues of gender inequality and child malnutrition,
and what are the major challenges that need to be
overcome for its successful implementation?”
New rules for the Election Commission: Securing the
integrity of the institution
Syllabus Link: GS-II: Polity & Governance (Statutory,
regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies).
Context: The government has introduced a new set
of rules for the appointment of the Chief Election
Commissioner (CEC) and the Election
Commissioners (ECs), following the recent
Supreme Court verdict. The new rules, which
outline a new process for the selection of the
election commissioners, have been met with a
mixed response. While the government argues that
the new rules will ensure transparency and
accountability, critics have raised concerns about
the independence of the Election Commission (EC)
and the potential for a loss of its impartiality.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
Supreme Court’s Mandate: The new rules were
introduced following a landmark judgment by the
Supreme Court of India. The Court had ruled that
the appointment of the CEC and the ECs should be
based on the recommendations of a committee
consisting of the Prime Minister, the Leader of the
Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and the Chief Justice of
India. The new rules are an attempt to comply with
this judgment, but they have also been criticized for
not fully adhering to its spirit.
The Selection Committee: The new rules propose a
selection committee headed by the Prime Minister
and consisting of the Leader of the Opposition in
the Lok Sabha and a Union Cabinet Minister
nominated by the Prime Minister. This has been a
major point of contention, as critics have argued
that the committee would be dominated by the
government and that it would not be able to act
independently. The absence of the Chief Justice of
India from the committee has been a major point of
concern.
The Question of Impartiality: The Election
Commission is a vital institution in India’s
democracy, and its impartiality is crucial for a free
and fair election. The new rules have raised
concerns about the potential for a loss of this
impartiality, as the government would have a
dominant role in the selection of the election
commissioners. This could lead to a situation where
the EC is seen as a political body and not as an
impartial one.
International Best Practices: Many other
democracies, such as the United Kingdom and
Australia, have a transparent and independent
process for the appointment of their election
commissioners. These processes often involve a
selection committee that is not dominated by the
government and that includes members from civil
society and the judiciary. The new Indian rules have
been criticized for not being in line with these
international best practices.
The Need for a New Law: The Supreme Court had
suggested that a new law should be enacted to
govern the appointment of the CEC and the ECs.
While the new rules are a step in the right direction,
they are not a substitute for a new law. A new law
would provide a more comprehensive framework
for the appointment of the election commissioners
and would also provide a more robust mechanism
for their removal.
Way Forward:
The government should initiate a comprehensive
and transparent public consultation to incorporate
feedback from a wide range of stakeholders,
including civil society, legal experts, and political
parties.
The government should consider a new legislative
measure that includes the Chief Justice of India or
an independent jurist in the selection committee to
ensure the independence and credibility of the
appointment process.
The government should ensure that the new rules
are in line with the spirit of the Supreme Court’s
verdict and that they are not just a cosmetic change.
A new framework for the removal of the election
commissioners should be put in place to ensure
that they can act without fear of reprisal.
Conclusion: The new rules for the appointment of
the CEC and the ECs are a crucial step toward
reforming the Election Commission. While they

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attempt to address the Supreme Court’s concerns,
they must be implemented with a strong
commitment to the principles of independence and
impartiality. The government must ensure that the
EC remains a beacon of democracy and that it is not
seen as a political body.
Mains Practice Question: “Critically analyze the new
draft rules for the appointment of the Chief Election
Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners
(ECs). Discuss how the proposed changes could
impact the independence and impartiality of the
Election Commission of India.”
The new urban employment scheme: Addressing the
challenges of urbanization
Syllabus Link: GS-II: Governance (Government
policies and interventions for development). GS-III:
Economy (Growth, development and employment).
Context: The government has officially announced a
new national urban employment guarantee scheme,
a long-pending demand from economists and urban
planners. The scheme, which is modeled on the
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), aims to provide a social
safety net for the urban poor and to create a new
source of employment in cities. The move is a
response to the growing challenges of urbanization,
such as a lack of jobs, a lack of a good
infrastructure, and a lack of social security for the
urban poor.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
The Rationale for an Urban Scheme: The urban
population in India is growing at a rapid pace, but
the cities have not been able to keep up with the
demand for jobs and services. The urban
unemployment rate is often higher than the rural
unemployment rate, and the urban poor are often
more vulnerable to economic shocks. The new
scheme is a direct response to this challenge and
aims to provide a much-needed social safety net.
The Design of the Scheme: The new scheme is
designed to be a demand-driven one, where the
government is committed to providing a certain
number of days of employment to all those who
demand it. The scheme also includes provisions for
a new framework for the creation of new urban
infrastructure, such as parks, roads, and sanitation
facilities. This is a vital step toward creating a more
livable and sustainable city.
The Challenges of Implementation: The new scheme
faces some major challenges in its implementation.
One of the biggest challenges is the lack of a clear
and effective mechanism for the identification of
the urban poor. There is also the issue of a lack of a
sufficient number of urban local bodies that have
the capacity to manage the scheme.
Lessons from MGNREGA: The new scheme is
modeled on MGNREGA, but it will have to learn
from the lessons of the rural scheme. MGNREGA has
been a major success in providing a social safety net
to the rural poor, but it has also been plagued by
issues of corruption and a lack of a clear and
effective monitoring and evaluation mechanism.
The new urban scheme will have to address these
issues to ensure that it is a success.
The Role of the Private Sector: The new scheme is
primarily a government-led one, but it should also
encourage greater private sector participation. The
private sector can play a key role in the creation of
new urban infrastructure and in the provision of
new jobs. The government should create a new
framework for a public-private partnership in the
implementation of the scheme.
Way Forward:
The government should initiate a comprehensive
and transparent public consultation to incorporate
feedback from a wide range of stakeholders,
including urban planners, economists, and civil
society.
A new national urban employment authority should
be established to oversee the implementation of the
scheme and to act as a single point of contact for all
the urban local bodies.
The government should also work with the states to
ensure that the urban local bodies have the capacity
and the resources to manage the scheme effectively.
A clear and transparent monitoring and evaluation
mechanism should be put in place to ensure that the
scheme is not plagued by corruption and a lack of
accountability.

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Conclusion: The new national urban employment
scheme is a vital step toward addressing the
challenges of urbanization. By providing a social
safety net to the urban poor and by creating a new
source of employment, the scheme has the potential
to transform India’s cities into more livable and
sustainable places.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the rationale for
an urban employment guarantee scheme in India.
How does the new scheme aim to address the
challenges of urbanization, and what are the major
challenges that need to be addressed for its
successful implementation?”
New measures for communal harmony: A law to
curb hate speech
Syllabus Link: GS-I: Indian Society (Communalism).
GS-II: Polity & Governance (Rule of Law).
Context: The government has introduced a new
legislative measure to tackle the growing challenge
of communal disharmony and hate speech. The new
law, which is a key part of the government’s plan to
promote a more inclusive and peaceful society,
aims to provide a new framework for the
prosecution of those who spread hate speech and
who incite violence. The move is a response to the
increasing use of social media and other digital
platforms to spread hate speech and to incite
violence.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
The Need for a New Law: India has a long history of
communal violence, and the issue of hate speech is
a major cause of concern. The existing laws, such as
Section 153A and Section 295A of the Indian Penal
Code, have often been seen as inadequate and have
not been able to keep up with the new forms of hate
speech that are being used. The new law is a direct
response to this challenge and aims to provide a
more effective tool for the prosecution of those who
spread hate speech.
Defining ‘Hate Speech’: The new law provides a new
and comprehensive definition of ‘hate speech’. It
defines hate speech as any speech or expression
that is intended to incite hatred, violence, or
discrimination against a group of people on the
basis of their religion, race, caste, or other identity.
The new definition is a vital step toward providing
a more effective tool for the prosecution of those
who spread hate speech.
The Challenge of Implementation: The new law
faces some major challenges in its implementation.
One of the biggest challenges is the lack of a clear
and effective mechanism for the identification of
hate speech. There is also the issue of the lack of a
sufficient number of government agencies that have
the capacity to monitor and to enforce the new law.
Balancing Free Speech and Security: The new law
has also raised some serious concerns about its
potential for misuse. Critics have argued that the
new powers could be used to target political
opponents and human rights activists. There are
also concerns that the law’s provisions could be
used to stifle dissent and to violate the fundamental
right to freedom of speech and expression. The
government will have to strike a delicate balance
between a need for security and the need to protect
free speech.
The Role of Social Media: The new law places a
strong emphasis on the role of social media
platforms in combating hate speech. It mandates
that the platforms must have a clear and accessible
grievance redressal mechanism, with a dedicated
officer to handle user complaints. This is a vital step
toward ensuring that the platforms are held
accountable for the content they host.
Way Forward:
The government should initiate a comprehensive
and transparent public consultation to incorporate
feedback from a wide range of stakeholders,
including legal experts, civil society, and social
media platforms.
A new independent body should be established to
oversee the implementation of the law and to act as
an impartial arbiter in disputes.
A new framework for the training of law
enforcement agencies and for the creation of new
technologies to identify hate speech should be put
in place.
The government should also launch a
massive public awareness campaign to educate

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citizens about the importance of communal
harmony.
Conclusion: The new legislative measure to curb
hate speech is a vital step toward a more inclusive
and peaceful society. By providing a new and
effective tool for the prosecution of those who
spread hate speech, the new law is not only
protecting the rights of the minorities but also
ensuring that the rule of law is upheld.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the key features
of the new law to curb hate speech. How does the
new law aim to balance the need for a secure and
peaceful society with the fundamental right to
freedom of speech and expression?”
Digital education in rural areas: Bridging the digital
divide
Syllabus Link: GS-II: Governance (Government
policies and interventions for development of
human resources). GS-II: Social Justice (Issues
relating to education).
Context: The Ministry of Education has announced a
new national initiative to promote digital education
in rural and remote areas. The new initiative, which
is a key part of the government’s plan to achieve a
more inclusive and a more equitable education
system, is a multi-faceted approach that includes
provisions for a new digital platform, a new
framework for teacher training, and a new
framework for the distribution of digital devices.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
The Digital Divide: India has a large digital divide,
with a major gap in access to a digital infrastructure
and to a digital literacy in rural areas. The new
initiative is a direct response to this challenge and
aims to bridge the digital divide. The new initiative
is a clear recognition that digital education is the
key to a more inclusive and a more equitable
education system.
The New Digital Platform: The new initiative
includes a new digital platform that will provide
students in rural areas with access to a wide range
of online courses, e-books, and expert mentors. The
platform will also provide a new framework for
teacher training and for the professional
development of teachers. This is a vital step toward
ensuring that all students, regardless of their
location, have access to high-quality education.
The Role of the States: Education is a subject on the
Concurrent List, and the success of the new
initiative will depend on the cooperation of the
state governments. The central government needs
to work closely with the states to ensure that the
new digital platform and the new framework for
teacher training are implemented effectively.
The Challenge of Infrastructure: The new initiative
faces some major challenges in its implementation.
One of the biggest challenges is the lack of a good
digital infrastructure, such as a high-speed internet
network, in many rural and remote areas. There is
also the issue of the lack of a sufficient number of
digital devices, such as laptops and tablets, for the
students.
The Need for a New Pedagogy: The new initiative
also requires a new pedagogy. Teachers in rural
areas will have to be trained in a new way of
teaching that is based on the use of technology.
They will also have to be trained to use the new
digital platform effectively. The government will
have to invest in a massive training program for the
teachers.
Way Forward:
The government should provide financial assistance
to the states to help them to upgrade their digital
infrastructure and to distribute new digital devices.
A new national accreditation board for digital
education should be established to ensure that all
the digital content is of a high quality.
A massive public awareness campaign should be
launched to educate parents and students about the
benefits of digital education.
The government should also work with the private
sector to ensure that the new initiative is
implemented in a timely and cost-effective manner.
Conclusion: The new initiative for digital education
in rural areas is a vital step toward a more inclusive
and a more equitable education system. By
providing students in rural areas with access to a
wide range of digital resources, the new initiative is
not only bridging the digital divide but also

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ensuring that all students have the opportunity to
succeed.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the key features
of the new initiative to promote digital education in
rural India. How does the new initiative aim to
bridge the digital divide, and what are the major
challenges that need to be addressed for its
successful implementation?”
A new welfare scheme for senior citizens: Towards a
more dignified life
Syllabus Link: GS-II: Governance (Government
policies and interventions for development of
vulnerable sections of the society).
Context: The Ministry of Social Justice and
Empowerment has announced a new national
welfare scheme for senior citizens. The new
scheme, which is a key part of the government’s
plan to provide a social safety net to the elderly, is a
multi-faceted approach that includes provisions for
financial assistance, health care, and a new
framework for their protection from abuse and
exploitation. The new scheme is a clear signal that
the government is committed to ensuring a more
dignified life for the elderly.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
The Needs of the Elderly: India has a large and
growing population of senior citizens, but they are
often neglected and are often not able to meet their
basic needs. The new scheme is a direct response to
this challenge and aims to provide a much-needed
social safety net. It includes provisions for a new
pension scheme, a new framework for health care,
and a new framework for the protection of the
elderly from abuse and exploitation.
The Role of the States: The new scheme is a
centrally-sponsored one, but its success will
depend on the cooperation of the state
governments. The central government needs to
work closely with the states to ensure that the new
scheme is implemented effectively.
The Challenge of Implementation: The new scheme
faces some major challenges in its implementation.
One of the biggest challenges is the lack of a clear
and effective mechanism for the identification of
the elderly. There is also the issue of the lack of a
sufficient number of government agencies that have
the capacity to manage the scheme.
The Need for a Holistic Approach: The problem of a
lack of a good social safety net for the elderly is
complex and requires a holistic approach. The
government needs to work with a wide range of
stakeholders, including NGOs, civil society
organizations, and the private sector, to ensure that
the new scheme is a success.
The Role of the Family: The new scheme is a clear
recognition that the family is the primary source of
care for the elderly. The new scheme includes
provisions for a new framework for the training of
family members and for their participation in the
new scheme. This is a vital step toward ensuring
that the elderly are not neglected.
Way Forward:
The government should launch a massive public
awareness campaign to educate senior citizens and
their families about the new scheme.
A new digital platform should be created to provide
a single point of access to all the services provided
by the scheme.
The government should also work with NGOs and
civil society organizations to ensure that the new
scheme is implemented in a participatory and
inclusive manner.
The government should also invest in a
new framework for the training of government
officials and for the creation of a new and more
effective system for the management of the scheme.
Conclusion: The new welfare scheme for senior
citizens is a vital step toward a more equitable and
a more compassionate society. By providing a social
safety net to the elderly, the new scheme is not only
ensuring that they are able to live a dignified life
but also a more prosperous society.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the key features
of the new national welfare scheme for senior
citizens. How does the new scheme aim to address
the issues facing the elderly, and what are the major
challenges that need to be addressed for its
successful implementation?”
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

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2. Syllabus: GS2/International Relations;
GS3/Economy:
In News:
In a significant development impacting bilateral
trade, US President Donald Trump announced that
India would face tariffs of up to 25% on its
imports to the United States, effective August 1,
2025. This decision is accompanied by additional
penalties, specifically citing India’s continued
energy and defense ties with Russia amidst the
ongoing geopolitical tensions.
Background :This move by the US administration
comes after prolonged and often contentious trade
negotiations between India and the United States.
President Trump had previously hinted at imposing
tariffs between 20-25% on Indian goods,
expressing dissatisfaction with what he termed
India’s “far too high” tariffs and “strenuous and
obnoxious non-monetary Trade Barriers” on
American products. The current tariff imposition
also explicitly links to India’s strategic autonomy in
its foreign policy, particularly its continued
procurement of oil and advanced defense systems
from Russia, a country under extensive Western
sanctions due to the Ukraine conflict. This
highlights the increasing intersection of geopolitical
alignments and economic policy in international
relations.
Key Points:
US Grievances: The primary reasons cited by the US
for these tariffs include:
Perceived high tariffs imposed by India on
American goods (e.g., Harley-Davidson motorcycles,
agricultural products).
Non-tariff barriers and market access restrictions
for US companies.
India’s continued energy imports from Russia,
which the US views as undermining sanctions.
India’s defense procurement from Russia, despite
US efforts to promote American defense equipment.
India’s Stance: The Indian Ministry of Commerce &
Industry stated that India would assess the full
impact of these tariffs and reiterated its
commitment to pursuing a fair and equitable trade
agreement with the US. India has consistently
defended its sovereign right to maintain its foreign
policy relationships, including those with Russia,
based on its national interests. It has also
maintained a protective stance on key sectors like
agriculture and dairy in trade negotiations.
Economic Implications for India:
Impact on Exports: Indian export-oriented sectors
such as gems and jewelry, seafood, auto
components, textiles, and pharmaceuticals are
particularly vulnerable to these tariffs. A 25% tariff
makes Indian goods significantly less competitive in
the US market.
Growth and Employment: The increased tariffs
could lead to a reduced growth rate in these export
sectors and impact job creation, as exports become
more expensive and potentially lose market share.
Rupee Value: The Indian Rupee may experience
volatility and potential depreciation against the US
Dollar due to reduced export earnings and investor
uncertainty.
Diversification: This situation underscores the need
for India to further diversify its export markets and
reduce over-reliance on any single trading partner.
Comparison with Competitors: India faces increased
competition from countries like South Korea,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Vietnam,
which have secured more favorable trade terms
with the US or do not face similar tariff impositions.
Diplomatic Challenge: The imposition of tariffs adds
a new layer of complexity to India-US relations.
India must navigate the challenge of balancing its
strategic autonomy, vital for its geopolitical
standing, with the need to engage constructively
with a crucial trade and strategic partner like the
US. It tests the resilience of the Comprehensive
Global Strategic Partnership between the two
nations.
11. Syllabus: GS2/International Relations
In News India and Morocco have formalized an
agreement to enhance judicial cooperation, through
the signing of a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty
(MLAT) within the framework of a broader
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). This

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initiative aims to strengthen bilateral relations by
fostering legal and judicial collaboration.
Background Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties
(MLATs) are agreements between countries that
enable formal cooperation in legal or criminal
matters. They are crucial tools in combating
transnational crime, terrorism, and other legal
challenges by facilitating the exchange of evidence,
information, and judicial assistance. India has been
actively pursuing such agreements with various
countries to bolster its international legal
framework. The signing of this MLAT with Morocco
signifies a deepening of engagement between the
two nations beyond traditional diplomatic and
economic ties.
Key Points:
Objective of MLAT and MoU: The overarching
objective is to promote robust cooperation in
judicial and legal affairs between India and
Morocco, leading to legal modernization,
institutional exchange, and adherence to the rule of
law.
Scope of Legal Assistance (MLAT): The MLAT
provides for the widest possible measure of mutual
legal assistance in civil and commercial matters,
including:
Service of Summons and Judicial:
Documents: Efficient delivery of legal notices and
documents across borders.
Taking of Evidence: Facilitating the collection of
evidence through Letters of Request or other formal
channels from individuals or entities residing in the
other country.
Execution of Judgments: Enabling the enforcement
of judicial judgments, decrees, settlements, and
arbitral awards rendered in one country within the
jurisdiction of the other.
Broader Cooperation under MoU: Beyond the MLAT,
the MoU encompasses a wider array of cooperation
areas aimed at strengthening institutional linkages
and promoting knowledge exchange:
Exchange of Expertise: Sharing experiences and best
practices related to the functioning of respective
ministries of justice and judicial systems.
Legislative Cooperation: Mutual exchange of legal
publications, laws, judicial bulletins, and legislative
materials to enhance understanding of each other’s
legal frameworks.
Capacity Building: Joint organization of training
programs, symposiums, conferences, workshops,
and research collaborations for judges, lawyers,
legal experts, and administrative staff.
Exchange Visits: Facilitating visits of legal and
judicial delegations.
Technology Cooperation: Sharing practices in the
development and utilization of national legal
information systems and digital tools for justice
delivery.
Implementation Mechanism: A joint coordination
committee will be established to plan, monitor, and
execute annual cooperation programs under the
MoU.
Impact and Benefits:
Legal System Modernization: The collaboration will
contribute to the modernization of legal systems in
both countries through shared learning and best
practices.
Cross-Border Enforcement: Improves the ability to
enforce legal and commercial decisions across
borders, enhancing legal clarity for businesses and
individuals.
Mutual Understanding: Fosters a deeper mutual
understanding of each other’s civil and criminal
justice systems.
Strengthened Diplomatic Ties: The agreement
strengthens bilateral diplomatic relations through
deeper legal and institutional collaboration.
UPSC Relevance (for Mains):
International Relations: Analyze the role of bilateral
agreements in strengthening diplomatic ties and
addressing shared challenges.
Judicial Cooperation: Discuss the significance of
MLATs in combating transnational crime,
facilitating justice delivery, and enforcing legal
obligations across national borders.

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Global Governance: Examine how such agreements
contribute to a more interconnected and effective
international legal framework.
Law and Governance: Discuss the implications for
legal reforms and the administration of justice in
India.
India’s Strategic Autonomy Under Pressure –
Navigating US Tariffs and Russian Oil:
GS Papers: GS II (International Relations, Bilateral
Relations, Foreign Policy), GS III (Indian Economy,
Energy Security, Trade Policy)
Core Issue: India faces intensified pressure from the
US, marked by new trade tariffs and accusations
regarding Russian oil purchases, challenging its
foreign policy of strategic autonomy and its
economic interests.
Broader Perspective & Analysis:
Escalating US Protectionism and Geopolitical
Demands:
Direct Accusation: The accusation from a top aide to
US President Donald Trump, stating India is
“financing Russia’s war in Ukraine” by purchasing
oil, signifies a direct and aggressive demand for
India to align its foreign policy with US geopolitical
objectives. This moves beyond indirect appeals and
into overt diplomatic pressure.
Economic Coercion: The imposition of a “sweeping
25% tariff on Indian exports” is a clear act of
economic coercion. This is not just a trade dispute
but a tool to influence India’s geopolitical choices.
The assessment that it could hit India’s GDP growth
by “20 to 30 basis points” underscores the
significant economic threat. This highlights the
transactional nature of the Trump administration’s
foreign policy (“Investing in personal relations does
not mean much to President Trump. He is
transactional…”).
WTO Implications: Such unilateral tariffs often raise
questions about their conformity with World Trade
Organization (WTO) rules, potentially leading to
disputes and undermining the multilateral trade
system.
India’s Energy Security Imperative:
Economic Rationality of Russian Oil: The Indian
Express opinion piece “For energy security, a
redesign” explicitly states that India has “resisted
western government pressure to sanction Russia”
and has “reduced the weighted average cost of the
basket of imported crude by at least $2/barrel” by
increasing Russian crude share to 35.1% in 2024-
25. This underlines the pure economic imperative
for India, crucial for managing inflation and
domestic energy prices.
Diversification Strategy: India’s success in “opened
up multiple sources of crude oil” showcases a
proactive energy diversification strategy, making its
supply chain more resilient. This is critical for a
rapidly growing economy with high energy
demand.
Refiners’ Decisions: While state-run refiners
reportedly halt spot purchases, the government’s
denial of instructing refiners to stop and the
continuation by private refiners with long-term
agreements show a nuanced approach, likely
balancing diplomatic signaling with commercial
realities.
Impact on India-US Relations and Global Order:
Strained Bonhomie: The “Trump-Modi bonhomie
seems to be over” suggests a shift from perceived
personal chemistry to hardball tactics in bilateral
relations. This could affect strategic cooperation on
other fronts like defence and technology.
Multipolarity vs. Unilateralism: This situation
exemplifies the challenges for countries like India in
a world where major powers are increasingly
resorting to unilateral actions (tariffs) to enforce
their geopolitical preferences, potentially
undermining the multipolar order India advocates
for.
Challenges:
Balancing Act: Sustaining rapid economic growth
while navigating external geopolitical pressures
and trade barriers.
Finding Alternatives: Diversifying export markets
and further diversifying energy sources in a cost-
effective manner.

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Diplomatic Maneuvering: Articulating India’s unique
position and interests effectively on the global stage
without alienating key partners.
Domestic Impact: Managing the economic fallout of
tariffs on specific Indian industries and ensuring
competitive advantage.
Way Forward:
Proactive Economic Diplomacy: Engage in robust
and sustained dialogue with the US to convey the
economic impact of tariffs and explore alternative
trade arrangements or exemptions.
Trade Diversification & FTAs: Accelerate the signing
of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with other
regions (e.g., EU, UK, GCC) and actively promote
Indian exports to non-US markets.
Strengthening Domestic Industry: Provide support
(e.g., PLI schemes, export incentives) to sectors hit
by tariffs to maintain competitiveness and
employment.
Energy Transition Acceleration: Double down on
renewable energy and green hydrogen initiatives
(like the DPA’s plant) to reduce long-term
dependence on fossil fuel imports, thereby
enhancing energy security and reducing
geopolitical vulnerabilities.
Strengthening Multilateralism: Advocate for rule-
based international trade and energy policies
through platforms like the G20, BRICS, and WTO,
even as the global.
Broader Perspective & Analysis:
Philippines’ Strategic Importance: The Philippines is
a crucial maritime nation in Southeast Asia,
strategically located at the crossroads of major
shipping lanes in the South China Sea/West
Philippine Sea. Its growing convergence with India
on Indo-Pacific vision is significant.
Deepening Maritime Cooperation:
Shared Interests: Both India and the Philippines
share concerns about maritime security, freedom of
navigation, and adherence to international law
(UNCLOS) in the Indo-Pacific region, especially in
the context of assertive actions by certain powers.
Defence Deals: This cooperation could involve
defence equipment sales (e.g., India’s BrahMos
missile deal with the Philippines), joint exercises,
training, and information sharing. Such cooperation
enhances interoperability and strengthens regional
security architecture.
Capacity Building: India can assist the Philippines in
building its maritime domain awareness
capabilities, coast guard capacities, and disaster
response mechanisms.
India’s Act East Policy & Indo-Pacific Vision: The
visit aligns perfectly with India’s “Act East Policy”
and its broader “Indo-Pacific Vision,” which
emphasizes a free, open, inclusive, and rules-based
order in the region. Strengthening ties with ASEAN
member states like the Philippines is central to this
strategy.
Beyond Defence: While maritime cooperation is a
highlight, the visit likely encompasses broader
engagements in trade, investment, connectivity, and
cultural exchange, contributing to comprehensive
bilateral ties.
Regional Geopolitics: The visit occurs in a dynamic
regional environment, marked by intensifying
competition and challenges to the rules-based
order. Strengthening partnerships with like-minded
countries like the Philippines helps India diversify
its strategic engagements and contribute to
regional stability.
Challenges:
China Factor: Navigating the sensitivities related to
China’s assertive actions in the South China Sea,
which is a key area of concern for the Philippines.
Resource Constraints: India’s capacity to provide
extensive defence and development assistance
compared to other major powers.
Domestic Politics: Ensuring continuity in policy
despite leadership changes in both countries.
Way Forward:
Comprehensive Strategic Dialogue: Establish regular
high-level strategic dialogues covering defence,
security, economic, and cultural cooperation.

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Joint Maritime Exercises: Increase the frequency
and complexity of joint naval and coast guard
exercises.
Technology Transfer: Explore opportunities for
defence technology transfer and co-production to
enhance the Philippines’ self-reliance.
Economic Linkages: Promote greater trade and
investment, including in maritime infrastructure
development.
Multilateral Engagement: Continue to work within
ASEAN-led mechanisms and other regional forums
to promote a rules-based Indo-Pacific.
Potential Mains Questions:
“Discuss the strategic significance of the Philippines
in India’s ‘Act East Policy’ and Indo-Pacific Vision.
How does deepening maritime cooperation
between the two nations contribute to regional
stability and a rules-based order?” (15 Marks)
“Examine India’s efforts to enhance its bilateral
strategic partnerships in Southeast Asia beyond
traditional economic ties. What role do defence and
security cooperation play in these engagements?”
(10 Marks)
2. India-Philippines Forge Strategic Partnership,
Emphasize Indo-Pacific Cooperation:
Syllabus: GS-2/International Relations, India and its
Neighbourhood, Bilateral Relations
In News: During the state visit of Philippines
President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. to India, a new era
of cooperation was formalized with the
establishment of a strategic partnership. This builds
upon seven decades of diplomatic relations and is a
key component of India’s “Act East Policy” and its
broader vision for a free and open Indo-Pacific.
Key Outcomes of the Partnership:
Defence and Security: Both nations have agreed to
expand cooperation in defence, including joint
naval drills, training, and defence equipment
procurement. The Philippines has already become
the first country to purchase India’s BrahMos
supersonic cruise missiles, with a second batch on
the way.
Economic and Trade Relations: The leaders aim to
boost bilateral trade, which has already seen
significant growth, from $2.03 billion in 2020-21 to
$3.53 billion in 2023-24. Discussions focused on
sectors like pharmaceuticals, digital technology,
and agriculture.
Maritime Cooperation: A crucial aspect of the
partnership is joint cooperation on maritime
domain awareness, humanitarian assistance, and
disaster relief. This is particularly significant given
the Philippines’ territorial disputes in the South
China Sea.
Solidarity on Terrorism: The Philippines’ President
strongly condemned the recent terrorist attack in
Pahalgam, demonstrating mutual resolve to combat
terrorism.
Significance for India:
Act East Policy: The Philippines is a central pillar of
India’s “Act East Policy,” which aims to strengthen
relationships with Southeast Asian nations.
Counterbalancing China: The strategic partnership,
particularly in the defence and maritime domains,
is seen as a way for both nations to counterbalance
China’s growing influence and assertiveness in the
Indo-Pacific region and the South China Sea.
Multilateralism: The collaboration reinforces a
commitment to a rules-based international order, a
principle shared by both nations and crucial for
regional stability.
5. India-US Trade Tensions: Trump’s Tariff Threat
and India’s Strategic Autonomy:
Syllabus: GS-2/International Relations, GS-
3/Economy
In News: Tensions in India-US trade relations have
escalated after President Donald Trump announced
a “very substantial” 25% tariff on Indian goods if he
is re-elected. He also threatened a penalty on India
for purchasing Russian oil, citing the Ukraine
conflict. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA)
responded by reiterating that India’s foreign and
economic policies are guided by its national
interest.
Core Issues & Analysis:

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Trump’s “America First” Policy: Trump’s tariff threat
is consistent with his past stance on trade, where he
has consistently accused countries of having high
tariffs and unfair trade practices.
Energy Security vs. Geopolitics: The primary
flashpoint is India’s decision to continue purchasing
discounted Russian crude oil. India’s argument is
rooted in its need to secure affordable energy for its
vast population, a matter of economic necessity and
national security. The MEA also pointed out the
hypocrisy of European nations continuing to trade
with Russia while pressuring India.
Strategic Autonomy: The incident is a test of India’s
strategic autonomy, a cornerstone of its foreign
policy. India maintains that its decisions on trade,
defence, and energy are independent and not
subject to external pressure.
Implications: A full-blown trade war with the US
could severely impact India’s exports and economic
growth. However, India’s measured response
indicates its resolve to negotiate from a position of
strength, while also signalling its willingness to
explore retaliatory measures if necessary.
India and Philippines Conduct Joint Naval Drills in
the South China Sea:
Syllabus: GS-2/International Relations, GS-
3/Internal Security
In News: In a clear signal of their deepening
strategic ties, the Indian and Philippine navies
conducted their first-ever bilateral naval exercise in
the South China Sea. The joint drills, which involved
ships from the Indian Navy’s Eastern Fleet, took
place in waters near the Philippines’ Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ).
Strategic Implications:
Maritime Cooperation: The exercise enhances
interoperability and mutual trust between the two
navies, paving the way for future joint operations
and capacity-building.
Indo-Pacific Strategy: The drills are a key
component of India’s Indo-Pacific strategy,
demonstrating its commitment to ensuring a free,
open, and rules-based order in the region.
Counterbalancing China: The exercise is widely seen
as a message to China, which has been increasingly
assertive in the South China Sea, a region where it
has expansive territorial claims. The Philippines has
been at the forefront of opposing China’s actions.
Bilateral Relations: The naval exercise coincides
with the state visit of the Philippine President to
India, underscoring the growing importance of
defence and security cooperation in the bilateral
relationship.
3. India and the Philippines Forge a ‘Strategic
Partnership’:
Syllabus: GS2/International Relations
Context: India and the Philippines have elevated
their bilateral relationship to a “Strategic
Partnership,” a move that signals a deeper level of
cooperation, particularly in defense, security, and
trade, against the backdrop of a changing Indo-
Pacific security landscape.
Background and ‘Act East’ Policy:
India’s ‘Act East’ policy, a cornerstone of its foreign
policy, aims to strengthen its relationships with
countries in Southeast Asia and the wider Indo-
Pacific region. In recent years, the Philippines has
emerged as a key partner for India due to its
strategic location and its own security concerns in
the South China Sea.
Both countries share a commitment to upholding
international law and a rules-based order,
particularly in maritime security and freedom of
navigation.
Key Pillars of the Strategic Partnership:
Defense and Security Cooperation: This is the most
significant aspect of the new partnership. The two
countries have agreed to enhance military-to-
military engagement, including joint patrols and
naval exercises. The Philippines is already in the
process of acquiring the BrahMos cruise missile
system from India, a deal that is seen as a major
step in the defense partnership. This partnership is
also a response to the growing assertiveness of
certain powers in the region.
Trade and Economic Ties: The partnership also
includes a strong economic component. Both

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countries have agreed to fast-track negotiations for
a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) to boost
bilateral trade and investment. India sees the
Philippines as a key market for its goods and
services, while the Philippines is looking to
diversify its economic partnerships.
Maritime Cooperation: Given that both are maritime
nations, cooperation in this domain is natural and
necessary. The partnership will focus on maritime
domain awareness, search and rescue operations,
and combating illegal fishing. This is particularly
important for the Philippines, which has faced a
number of incidents in its Exclusive Economic Zone.
Geopolitical Significance:
The strategic partnership is a major diplomatic
success for India, as it strengthens its position in
the Indo-Pacific and allows it to play a more active
role in regional security. It also demonstrates
India’s commitment to building a network of like-
minded partners to counter a hegemonic order.
For the Philippines, the partnership with India
provides a valuable opportunity to diversify its
defense and economic partners and strengthen its
own capabilities. It is a part of a broader strategy by
Manila to engage with a range of countries to secure
its national interests.
NSA Ajit Doval’s Visit to Moscow Amid Tariff
Threats:
Syllabus: GS2/International Relations
Context: National Security Advisor (NSA) Ajit
Doval’s visit to Moscow comes at a critical time for
India, as it navigates complex geopolitical
challenges, including renewed tariff threats from
the U.S. over its continued purchase of Russian oil.
The visit is a testament to the importance of the
India-Russia strategic partnership.
The Geopolitical Context:
India has traditionally maintained a strong and
time-tested relationship with Russia, particularly in
defense and energy.
However, after the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the U.S.
and its allies imposed sweeping sanctions on Russia
and have been pressuring other countries,
including India, to reduce their engagement with
Moscow.
India has maintained its policy of strategic
autonomy and has continued to purchase
discounted Russian oil, which has been crucial for
its energy security and for keeping domestic fuel
prices stable.
Trump’s Tariff Threats:
The situation has been complicated by the re-
election of Donald Trump as the U.S. President. He
has renewed his protectionist stance and has
threatened to impose a 25% tariff on Indian goods,
accusing New Delhi of “profiting” from the Russian
oil trade.
The U.S. has argued that India is re-exporting
refined Russian oil products to other countries,
thereby undermining the sanctions.
Agenda of Doval’s Visit:
NSA Doval’s visit is a high-stakes diplomatic
mission aimed at addressing these challenges and
strengthening the India-Russia relationship. His
agenda is expected to include:
Defense Cooperation: Discussions on the timely
delivery of military hardware, spare parts, and the
possibility of new defense deals, including the S-
400 missile system.
Energy Security: Exploring new payment
mechanisms that are not affected by Western
sanctions to ensure the continued flow of Russian
oil to India.
Strategic Coordination: The visit will also be an
opportunity to coordinate on regional and
international issues, including the situation in
Afghanistan, Central Asia, and the broader Indo-
Pacific.
Significance for India: The visit highlights the
delicate balancing act that India must perform in its
foreign policy. It seeks to maintain its strategic
autonomy and pursue its national interests while
navigating the pressures from the U.S. and other
global powers. The outcome of these discussions
will have a significant impact on India’s energy
security, trade relations, and its standing in the
international community.

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6. Russia Ends Adherence to INF Treaty:
Syllabus: GS2/International Relations
Context: In a major setback for global arms control,
Russia has formally announced that it will no longer
abide by the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces
(INF) Treaty, a Cold War-era agreement that had
been a cornerstone of global stability.
The INF Treaty and Its Significance:
The INF Treaty was signed in 1987 by the U.S. and
the Soviet Union (now Russia). It prohibited the
deployment of all ground-launched ballistic and
cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500
kilometers.
The treaty was a landmark agreement that led to
the destruction of thousands of missiles and
significantly reduced the risk of a nuclear conflict in
Europe. It was a key pillar the global arms control
framework for decades.
The Treaty’s Demise:
The treaty began to unravel in 2019 when the U.S.
formally withdrew from it, accusing Russia of
violating the agreement by developing and
deploying a new missile system.
Russia, in turn, also suspended its participation but
had maintained a self-imposed moratorium on the
deployment of these missiles.
Russia’s Formal Withdrawal and its Justification:
Russia’s recent announcement to formally end its
adherence to the treaty is the final step in its
collapse. Russia justified its decision by claiming
that the U.S. and its allies have been developing
similar weapons and are preparing to deploy them
near Russia’s borders.
Implications for Global Security:
The end of the INF Treaty has significant and
worrying implications for global security:
New Arms Race: The collapse of the treaty could
lead to a new arms race, particularly in Europe, as
both Russia and NATO countries may feel the need
to develop and deploy these missiles.
Regional Instability: The treaty’s demise also has
implications for Asia, where countries like China
are not bound by any such agreement. The U.S. and
its allies might now feel the need to deploy similar
systems in the region, which could heighten
tensions.
Erosion of Trust: The collapse of the treaty signifies
a further erosion of trust and cooperation among
major nuclear powers, making future arms control
agreements even more difficult to achieve. It raises
the risk of miscalculation and a potential nuclear
conflict.
India-Russia Industrial Cooperation and Rare Earth
Minerals:
Syllabus: International Relations; Economy, Science
& Technology
Context: Amidst escalating geopolitical tensions and
pressures from the U.S. regarding its oil trade with
Russia, India and Russia are reinforcing their
strategic partnership with a renewed focus on
industrial cooperation. A key area of this
collaboration is the joint extraction of rare earth
minerals and other critical resources. This move
comes in the wake of China, which holds a near-
monopoly on the global rare earth market,
imposing export restrictions. This has exposed
vulnerabilities in India’s supply chains for crucial
sectors like electric vehicles (EVs), renewable
energy, and semiconductors. The 11th Session of
the India-Russia Working Group on Modernisation
and Industrial Cooperation, held in New Delhi,
concluded with a protocol reaffirming a shared
commitment to deepen economic and industrial
ties, addressing not only rare earths but also
sectors like aluminum, fertilizers, railway transport,
and waste management.
Analysis:
This intensified cooperation can be understood
through several dimensions:
Strategic Autonomy: The partnership strengthens
India’s policy of strategic autonomy, allowing it to
maintain balanced relations with major global
powers despite external pressure. By deepening its
engagement with Russia, India is demonstrating its
capacity to make independent foreign policy

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decisions that serve its national interests. This is
particularly crucial given the current global
geopolitical landscape, where countries are
increasingly forced to choose sides. The U.S. has
used tariffs and trade restrictions to pressure India,
but India’s response has been to seek new
partnerships, thereby strengthening its negotiating
position and reducing its overall vulnerability. This
collaboration is a clear signal that India will not be
dictated by a single country’s foreign policy and will
continue to pursue a multi-polar world order.
Economic Security and Diversification: India’s
reliance on China for rare earth minerals has long
been a point of vulnerability. China’s dominance,
which accounts for over 85% of the world’s rare
earth processing capacity, gives it immense
leverage over global supply chains. Recent export
restrictions by China have already disrupted India’s
manufacturing sectors, particularly the burgeoning
EV industry. The collaboration with Russia provides
a critical alternative source, reducing India’s
dependence on China and enhancing its economic
security. Rare earth elements are not just for
consumer electronics; they are indispensable for
advanced technologies in defense systems,
aerospace, and clean energy. A secure and stable
supply is therefore a matter of national security.
Furthermore, this partnership extends to other
critical sectors like technology transfer in mining
equipment, exploration, and modern industrial
infrastructure, which will help India build a more
robust and self-reliant industrial base.
Technological and Scientific Advancement:
The cooperation goes beyond mere resource
extraction. Scientific collaboration is also a key
component. India’s Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research-Institute of Minerals and
Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT) has signed joint
declarations of intent with Russian entities like
Giredmet and Rosatom. These collaborations aim to
advance critical mineral processing technologies
and promote sustainable resource development.
This technology transfer and capacity building will
be instrumental in India’s pursuit of Atmanirbhar
Bharat (Self-Reliant India) and Viksit Bharat
(Developed India) initiatives. It will enable India to
move up the value chain from being a raw material
consumer to a producer of high-tech components.
Way Forward: To ensure the long-term success and
sustainability of this partnership, India must pursue
a dual strategy. Firstly, it should leverage the
current cooperation to secure its immediate supply
chain needs. Secondly, and more importantly, it
must invest heavily in domestic research and
development to build its own indigenous ecosystem
for rare earth processing and manufacturing. This
includes exploring new extraction technologies,
promoting a circular economy for rare earths by
recycling, and fostering domestic innovation. A
robust domestic ecosystem, complemented by
diversified international partnerships, will be key
to India’s technological sovereignty and economic
resilience.
Conclusion:
The strategic partnership between India and
Russia, revitalized by a shared focus on industrial
cooperation and rare earth minerals, is a significant
development. It not only addresses India’s
immediate vulnerabilities in its supply chains but
also strengthens its geopolitical position, fosters
economic diversification, and accelerates its
journey towards technological self-reliance. This
collaboration is a testament to India’s pragmatic
foreign policy and its commitment to safeguarding
its national interests in a complex and evolving
global order.
Mains Questions:
Analyze the multi-faceted implications of the India-
Russia industrial cooperation, particularly in the
context of rare earth minerals. How does this
partnership strengthen India’s strategic autonomy
and economic resilience? (250 words)
“While the India-Russia collaboration in rare earth
minerals addresses a critical supply chain
vulnerability, a long-term solution lies in domestic
technological advancements and a circular
economy.” Critically evaluate this statement. (250
words)
ICJ’s Advisory Opinion on Climate Change
Syllabus:
International Relations, Governance; Environment,
Disaster Management

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Context: The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has
delivered a groundbreaking advisory opinion on
the obligations of states under international law to
protect the climate system and prevent significant
environmental harm. This opinion, sought by Small
Island Developing States (SIDS), is a historic step in
the global climate justice movement. It clarifies that
the legal obligations of nations go beyond the
voluntary commitments of treaties like the Paris
Agreement, providing a clear legal benchmark for
assessing climate action. The opinion also
highlighted the disproportionate impact of climate
change on vulnerable countries and communities,
framing it as a matter of human rights.
Analysis:
This advisory opinion is a legal and political
earthquake, with implications for all nations.
Defining Legal Obligations:
The ICJ’s opinion is not a binding judgment on a
specific dispute, but it carries significant legal and
moral weight. It has clarified that states have a due
diligence obligation to protect the environment
and, by extension, the global climate system. This
means that nations must take all necessary
measures to prevent significant harm to the
climate, including adopting regulations for “deep,
rapid and sustained reductions of greenhouse gas
emissions.” This moves climate action from a
matter of political will to a matter of legal duty. The
opinion also emphasizes that this duty is universal,
applying to all states regardless of their
development status or contributions to historical
emissions. It rejects the argument that a state’s
individual emissions are insignificant in isolation,
stating that the cumulative effects of all activities
must be considered.
Human Rights and Intergenerational Equity:
A crucial aspect of the ICJ’s opinion is its strong link
between climate change and human rights. The
court recognized that climate change impacts
fundamental human rights, such as the right to life,
health, food, and self-determination. For SIDS, the
very existence of their nations is threatened by
rising sea levels and extreme weather events,
making climate change an existential human rights
crisis. Furthermore, the opinion addresses the
concept of intergenerational equity, affirming that
states have a responsibility to protect the climate
for both present and future generations. This
provides a powerful legal basis for youth climate
movements and future generations to hold
governments accountable for their climate inaction.
Catalyst for Climate Litigation and Governance:
The ICJ’s advisory opinion is expected to
significantly boost climate litigation globally. Courts
in various countries, including India, can use this
opinion as a legal precedent to hold governments
and corporations accountable for their
contributions to climate change. This will enable
communities and individuals to seek legal remedies
for climate-related harms. The opinion also places
an obligation on states to cooperate in good faith to
protect the environment, reinforcing the treaty-
based obligations under the Paris Agreement. It
provides a new tool for international climate
negotiations, enabling more robust scrutiny of
nations’ climate pledges and actions.
Solutions / Analysis:
The ICJ’s opinion is a powerful tool, but its
effectiveness depends on how it is utilized. States
must translate this legal opinion into concrete
national policies and actions. This includes
strengthening environmental laws, setting
ambitious and legally binding emissions reduction
targets, and investing in a just transition away from
fossil fuels.
Way Forward: For a legal opinion to have real-
world impact, it must be championed by states, civil
society, and international organizations. Vulnerable
nations should use this opinion to push for stronger
commitments and greater financial support from
developed countries at international forums like
the Conference of the Parties (COP). National courts
should integrate the principles from this opinion
into their jurisprudence. Ultimately, the ICJ’s
advisory opinion is a clarion call for a fundamental
shift in how we approach climate change—from a
political negotiation to a legal and moral
imperative.
Conclusion:

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The ICJ’s advisory opinion on climate change is a
landmark decision that provides a new and
powerful legal framework for climate action. By
clarifying the legal obligations of states and linking
climate change to human rights, it has set a clear
benchmark for accountability. This opinion is not
just a victory for the SIDS that sought it; it is a
victory for global climate justice, offering a new
path forward for a safer and more sustainable
future for all.
Mains Questions:
“The International Court of Justice’s advisory
opinion on climate change is a game-changer that
transforms climate action from a political issue to a
legal obligation.” Discuss. (250 words)
Analyze the role of international judicial bodies, like
the ICJ, in addressing global environmental
challenges. How can their advisory opinions be
leveraged to strengthen national climate policies
and international cooperation? (250 words)
India’s Trade Relations and U.S. Tariffs
Syllabus: International Relations; Economy
Context: The U.S. has imposed an additional 25%
tariff on Indian exports, bringing the total tariff on
many Indian goods to 50%. The White House has
framed this as a “national security issue,” linking it
directly to India’s continued purchase of Russian
oil. This move, which comes on top of an earlier
25% reciprocal tariff, has raised concerns about a
potential trade war and its significant impact on
India’s economy, particularly its export-driven
sectors. The U.S. has accused India of having high
non-tariff barriers and has argued that India is
using dollars from trade with the U.S. to buy
Russian oil, which in turn, funds the Russian
military.
Analysis:
The imposition of these new tariffs by the U.S. is a
complex issue with economic and geopolitical
dimensions.
Economic Impact and Vulnerability: The tariffs pose
a significant threat to India’s export engine. The U.S.
is India’s largest trading partner, and a 50% tariff
on a wide range of goods will make Indian products
significantly less competitive. Sectors like textiles,
leather goods, gems and jewelry, and automobiles,
which are dominated by Small and Medium
Enterprises (SMEs), are expected to be hit the
hardest. The tariffs could lead to a decline in India’s
GDP growth, a widening of the Current Account
Deficit (CAD), and job losses in these key export
sectors. While some sectors like pharmaceuticals
and semiconductors have been exempted, the
overall impact is expected to be negative, making
India more vulnerable to global trade dynamics.
Geopolitical Dimensions and Strategic
Autonomy: The U.S. has explicitly linked the tariffs
to India’s oil trade with Russia. This is a clear
attempt to pressure India to align with U.S. foreign
policy objectives regarding Russia. India has
consistently maintained a neutral stance on the
Russia-Ukraine conflict and has defended its right
to purchase oil from any country that offers it at a
competitive price. The U.S. move is a direct
challenge to India’s policy of strategic autonomy,
where it seeks to make independent decisions
based on its national interests. The situation
highlights the complexities of India’s relations with
major global powers and the challenges of
balancing competing interests. The fact that the U.S.
has not imposed similar tariffs on China, which
imports a larger volume of Russian oil, also raises
questions about the motivations behind the U.S.
action.
Domestic Policy Imperatives:
The tariffs also serve as a wake-up call for India to
diversify its export markets and reduce its reliance
on a single trading partner. It also underscores the
importance of domestic policy reforms to enhance
the competitiveness of Indian manufacturing.
India’s own import tariffs and non-tariff barriers
have been a point of contention with the U.S. for
years. A sustained effort to reduce these barriers on
inputs and to improve the ease of doing business
can make Indian products more competitive
globally, thereby mitigating the impact of such
tariffs.
Way Forward: India needs a multi-pronged strategy
to navigate this crisis.

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Diplomatic Engagement: The government should
engage in a robust diplomatic dialogue with the U.S.
to resolve the trade dispute. This should include
highlighting the unfairness of the tariffs and the
negative impact they will have on Indian industries.
Diversifying Trade: India must accelerate its efforts
to diversify its trade relations by exploring new
partnerships and strengthening existing ones with
countries in Europe, Southeast Asia, and Africa.
Boosting Domestic Competitiveness: The
government must focus on domestic policy reforms,
such as reducing its own import tariffs on industrial
inputs, to enhance the competitiveness of Indian
manufacturing. This will help Indian exporters to
better withstand such external shocks in the future.
Conclusion:
The imposition of U.S. tariffs on Indian exports is a
serious challenge that threatens to undermine
India’s economic growth and test its diplomatic
skills. It highlights the complexities of global trade
relations and the challenges of maintaining
strategic autonomy. India’s response to this
challenge will be a crucial test of its ability to
safeguard its national interests and navigate a
rapidly evolving geopolitical landscape.
International Solar Alliance Expands its Global Reach
Syllabus: International Relations, Environment
Context: The International Solar Alliance (ISA), a
major global initiative led by India, is continuing to
expand its global footprint. The Republic of
Moldova has recently become the 107th member of
the ISA, underscoring the growing global consensus
on the importance of solar energy in combating
climate change. The ISA’s recent seventh Regional
Committee Meeting for Latin America and the
Caribbean (LAC) in Santiago, Chile, also highlights
its efforts to accelerate solar deployment across
diverse regions. The ISA’s mission is to unlock
investments in solar energy, reduce the cost of
technology, and provide energy access to millions
of people.
Analysis:
The growing membership and active regional
engagement of the International Solar Alliance are a
testament to its effectiveness as a platform for
global solar cooperation.
Global Consensus on Solar Energy: The addition of
new members, like Moldova, and the active
participation of countries in regional meetings,
reflect a growing global consensus on the need to
transition to clean energy. This is a positive
development in the global fight against climate
change and a recognition of solar energy’s potential
to provide sustainable and affordable power. The
ISA’s role is to facilitate this transition by providing
a platform for policy collaboration, knowledge
sharing, and investment mobilization.
India’s Leadership in Climate Diplomacy: The ISA is
a powerful tool for India’s climate diplomacy and its
efforts to position itself as a leader in the global
clean energy transition. By creating and leading a
coalition of solar-rich countries, India is not only
promoting its own renewable energy agenda but
also helping other developing countries to achieve
their climate goals. This strengthens India’s
relations with these countries and enhances its soft
power on the world stage.
Financial and Technical Support: The ISA’s focus is
on making solar energy affordable and accessible
for all. It does this by creating a framework for
mobilizing climate-aligned financing, building
technical capacity through training and data
sharing, and harmonizing policies to create a
conducive environment for solar investments. This
is particularly important for Small Island
Developing States (SIDS) and Less Developed
Countries (LDCs), which are most vulnerable to the
impacts of climate change but often lack the
resources to invest in clean energy.
Way Forward: For the ISA to achieve its ambitious
goals, it must continue to focus on the following:
Investment Mobilization: The ISA’s goal of unlocking
$1 trillion in solar investments by 2030 is
ambitious, and it will require a sustained effort to
attract private and public capital. The ISA must
continue to create innovative financial models and
de-risk solar projects to make them more attractive
to investors.
Technological Innovation: The ISA must continue to
promote research and development in solar

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technology to reduce its cost and improve its
efficiency. This includes not only solar panels but
also energy storage solutions and smart grid
technologies.
Inclusive Governance: The ISA must ensure that its
governance is inclusive and that the voices of all its
members, particularly the SIDS and LDCs, are heard
and addressed.
Conclusion: The International Solar Alliance is a
beacon of hope in the global fight against climate
change. By bringing together a diverse group of
countries on a common platform, it is accelerating
the transition to a cleaner, more sustainable energy
future. As the world grapples with the challenges of
climate change, the ISA’s role as a catalyst for global
solar cooperation will become even more critical.
India and Oman Deepen Economic Partnership with
New Trade Deal:
Syllabus: International Relations, Economy
Context: India and Oman have finalized a
landmark Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Agreement (CEPA), a move that is expected to
significantly boost bilateral trade and investment.
The agreement, which was announced in Muscat, is
a key component of India’s strategy to deepen its
engagement with the Gulf region. The CEPA will
facilitate market access for a wide range of Indian
goods and services, reduce tariffs, and create new
opportunities for investment and collaboration in
various sectors, including energy, technology, and
food security.
Analysis:
The India-Oman CEPA is a strategic agreement that
holds immense significance for both countries,
cementing a partnership based on shared economic
interests and historical ties.
Strategic Location and Connectivity: Oman’s
strategic location at the mouth of the Strait of
Hormuz makes it a critical gateway for India’s trade
with the Middle East, Africa, and Europe. The new
CEPA will leverage this geographical advantage to
improve India’s access to new markets and reduce
its reliance on traditional trade routes. The
agreement will also facilitate greater collaboration
in maritime security and logistics, which is crucial
for securing India’s energy and trade interests.
Boosting Bilateral Trade: The CEPA is expected to
significantly increase bilateral trade between India
and Oman, which is already a major trading
partner. By eliminating or reducing tariffs on a wide
range of goods, the agreement will make Indian
products more competitive in the Omani market
and vice-versa. The agreement will also provide a
boost to India’s exports in key sectors such as
pharmaceuticals, textiles, and agricultural products.
Energy Security and Investment: Oman is a key
source of energy for India, and the new CEPA is
expected to further strengthen this partnership.
The agreement will facilitate greater collaboration
in the energy sector, including joint ventures in oil
and gas exploration, and the development of
renewable energy projects. It will also open up new
avenues for Omani investment in India, particularly
in infrastructure, logistics, and manufacturing.
Conclusion: The India-Oman CEPA is a landmark
agreement that has the potential to transform the
bilateral relationship. By strengthening economic
ties, promoting investment, and fostering
collaboration in key sectors, the agreement will not
only benefit the economies of both countries but
also contribute to a more stable and prosperous
Gulf region. It is a testament to India’s growing
economic influence and its commitment to building
strong and enduring partnerships with its
neighbors.
India’s New Way of Engaging with Africa in Namibia:
Syllabus
GS Paper-II: India’s foreign policy and International
Relations.
Context India’s engagement with Namibia is being
hailed as a new and effective model for its relations
with the African continent. This approach is based
on a three-step logic: anchoring in a shared history,
building a pragmatic present, and focusing on a
future-oriented partnership. The recent visit by the
Indian Prime Minister to Namibia and the
subsequent agreements highlight this strategic
shift.
Key Assessment Points:

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Anchoring in a Shared History: India’s engagement
is not merely transactional; it is deeply rooted in a
shared history of anti-colonial struggle. India was a
vocal supporter of Namibia’s liberation and hosted
the first office of the South West Africa People’s
Organisation (SWAPO). This historical solidarity
provides a strong foundation for a long-term, trust-
based relationship, differentiating India’s approach
from that of other global powers.
Pragmatic Present Cooperation: Unlike the West,
which often provides conditional aid, or China,
which offers large-scale, high-debt infrastructure
loans, India’s model is people-centric, low-cost, and
non-coercive. The focus is on capacity-building and
human resource development, rather than
imposing heavy financial burdens. The
establishment of the India-Namibia Centre of
Excellence in IT and the “India Wing” at a local
university are prime examples of this approach.
Future-Oriented Technological Partnership: A key
differentiator of this model is the focus on
technological collaboration. Namibia became the
first African nation to adopt India’s Unified
Payments Interface (UPI) digital payments system.
This opens the door for the transfer of other Indian
digital public goods (DPGs), showcasing India’s soft
power and establishing a new form of “digital
diplomacy.” This can help African nations build
their own robust digital infrastructure without
relying on Western or Chinese tech.
Strategic Significance: The engagement with
Namibia holds strategic importance for India’s
energy security, as it is a major producer of
uranium, which can be vital for India’s nuclear
energy program. The UPI adoption also provides a
successful blueprint for India to expand its
influence across the African continent. This model
strengthens India’s image as a reliable and
equitable partner in the Global South.
Way Forward :India’s engagement with Africa can
be strengthened by:
Scaling up the Model: India should replicate the
successful UPI model and other capacity-building
initiatives across other African nations.
Addressing Gaps: A more comprehensive
framework for cooperation on critical minerals is
needed. This framework should focus on supply
chain resilience and local value-addition, rather
than just raw material extraction.
Promoting Global South Solidarity: India should
continue to champion the causes of the Global
South on international platforms, pushing for
reforms in global financial and political systems.
Conclusion India’s new model of engagement with
Africa, as demonstrated in Namibia, is a promising
alternative to the traditional models of aid and
debt-based diplomacy. By focusing on a shared
history, a people-centric approach, and a future-
oriented technological partnership, India is
redefining its role and solidifying its position as a
key partner in the African continent.
Mains Question: “India’s new model of engagement
with Africa, as exemplified by its relationship with
Namibia, is a viable alternative to the traditional
Western and Chinese approaches.” Discuss.
Steering the global economy: India’s role at the G20
Finance Ministers’ Meeting
Syllabus Link: GS-II: International Relations
(Important international institutions, India’s role in
global forums). GS-III: Economy (Economic growth
and development, international trade).
Context: As a major emerging economy and a key
voice for the Global South, India played a crucial
role at the G20 Finance Ministers’ and Central Bank
Governors’ meeting. The meeting, held in a
backdrop of persistent global economic headwinds,
focused on a range of critical issues, including
climate financing, debt restructuring for developing
nations, and the regulation of digital assets. India’s
stance on these issues reflected its growing
influence and its commitment to a more equitable
global economic order.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
Global Economic Outlook and Challenges: The global
economy continues to face multiple challenges,
including stubborn inflation, geopolitical conflicts,
supply chain disruptions, and the looming threat of
climate change. The G20 meeting aimed to
coordinate a global response to these issues. There
was a consensus that a synchronized approach is

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needed to tackle inflation while avoiding a hard
landing for the global economy.
Climate Financing for the Global South: A central
point of contention was the issue of climate
financing. India has consistently advocated for
developed nations to meet their commitment of
providing $100 billion annually to developing
countries for climate mitigation and adaptation. At
the G20 meeting, India pushed for a clear roadmap
and a more transparent mechanism for the delivery
of these funds. It also emphasized the need for a
“just transition” that allows developing economies
to balance their developmental needs with their
climate commitments.
Reforming Multilateral Development Banks
(MDBs): India has been a strong proponent of
reforming MDBs like the World Bank and the
International Monetary Fund (IMF). These
institutions, often seen as dominated by Western
interests, are in dire need of a capital infusion and a
change in their lending practices to effectively
address 21st-century challenges like climate change
and pandemics. India advocated for a more
inclusive and agile MDB system that can provide
faster and more flexible financing to developing
nations.
Debt Restructuring for Vulnerable Nations: The debt
crisis in many low-income countries is a significant
threat to global stability. India, along with other
G20 members, discussed the need for a more
efficient and transparent framework for debt
restructuring. The focus was on ensuring that
private creditors also participate in a meaningful
way, as public-sector efforts alone are insufficient.
India’s own experience with managing its debt
while growing its economy provides a valuable
perspective to the debate.
Regulating Digital Assets and AI: The rise of digital
currencies and AI has created new challenges for
regulators. The G20 meeting addressed the need for
a global framework for regulating cryptocurrencies
and for governing the development and use of AI.
India, with its robust digital public infrastructure,
shared its expertise in creating a secure and
inclusive digital economy. The discussions aimed to
strike a balance between fostering innovation and
mitigating risks associated with these new
technologies.
Way Forward:
India must continue to leverage its position within
the G20 to be a strong voice for the Global South,
pushing for reforms that create a more equitable
global economic order.
The government should continue to build
consensus on climate financing and ensure that
developed nations are held accountable for their
commitments.
India’s expertise in digital public infrastructure can
be a key tool for cooperation, offering a model for
other developing nations to build their own
inclusive digital economies.
It should continue to push for structural reforms
within MDBs to ensure they are more responsive to
the needs of developing countries.
Conclusion: India’s participation in the G20 Finance
Ministers’ meeting was a testament to its growing
global influence. By advocating for a fairer and
more inclusive global economic system, India is not
only serving its own interests but also laying the
groundwork for a more stable and prosperous
future for the entire world.
Mains Practice Question: “India’s growing influence
in global forums like the G20 places a new
responsibility on it. Analyze India’s key
contributions to the G20 Finance Ministers’ meeting
on global economic challenges. How can India
leverage its position to champion the interests of
the Global South?”
India’s Neighborhood First Policy: A new border
agreement with Bangladesh
Syllabus Link: GS-II: International Relations (India
and its neighbourhood- relations).
Context: In a significant diplomatic breakthrough,
India and Bangladesh have signed a new border
management and trade agreement, hailed as a
testament to India’s “Neighborhood First” policy.
The agreement, which came after months of intense
negotiations, aims to enhance border security,
streamline trade, and promote greater people-to-
people contact. The deal is expected to strengthen

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the strategic partnership between the two
countries and set a new benchmark for regional
cooperation.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
Strategic Importance of the Border: The India-
Bangladesh border, a complex and often porous
frontier, is a key area of concern for both countries.
It is a major route for illegal migration, smuggling of
goods and livestock, and cross-border terrorism.
The new agreement is a direct response to these
security challenges, with provisions for a more
coordinated border patrol and information sharing.
Boosting Bilateral Trade: The agreement includes a
new framework for border haats (markets)
and land ports, which are expected to significantly
boost bilateral trade. It also provides for a new
protocol for the use of waterways for trade, which
will help to reduce the time and cost of transporting
goods. This is a major step toward realizing the
economic potential of the two countries’ shared
geography.
Enhancing People-to-People Contact: The new
agreement also includes provisions for a new visa
regime that will make it easier for people from both
countries to visit each other. It also aims to
promote cross-border tourism and cultural
exchanges, which are seen as a vital way to build
trust and understanding.
Addressing the Rohingya Refugee Crisis: The
agreement also includes a joint mechanism to
address the issue of Rohingya refugees who have
taken shelter in Bangladesh. India has committed to
providing humanitarian aid and to working with
Bangladesh and other international partners to find
a lasting solution to the crisis.
Geopolitical Implications: The new agreement is a
clear signal that India is committed to
strengthening its relations with its neighbors. It
also has broader geopolitical implications, as it is
seen as a way to counter China’s growing influence
in the region. By providing a credible alternative to
China’s ‘Belt and Road’ initiative, India is
positioning itself as a key partner for regional
stability and economic growth.
Way Forward:
The government must ensure that the new
agreement is implemented in a timely and effective
manner, with a clear monitoring and evaluation
mechanism.
The government should continue to invest
in border infrastructure, such as roads, railways,
and land ports, to facilitate trade and people-to-
people contact.
A joint working group should be established to
address any issues that may arise during the
implementation of the agreement.
The government should continue to engage with
Bangladesh on a wide range of issues, from climate
change and disaster management to counter-
terrorism and security.
Conclusion: The new border agreement with
Bangladesh is a major diplomatic success for India.
It is a clear indication that India’s “Neighborhood
First” policy is bearing fruit and that India is
committed to building a more prosperous and
secure neighborhood. The agreement is a win-win
for both countries and is a vital step toward a more
integrated and prosperous South Asia.
Mains Practice Question: “The new border
management and trade agreement between India
and Bangladesh is a significant diplomatic
achievement. Discuss the key provisions of the
agreement and analyze its strategic importance in
the context of India’s ‘Neighborhood First’ policy.”
The IMEC Project: A new era of regional connectivity
Syllabus Link: GS-II: International Relations (India
and its neighborhood- relations). GS-III: Economy
(Infrastructure, transport, logistics).
Context: The India-Middle East-Europe Economic
Corridor (IMEC) project, a massive infrastructure
initiative that was announced at the G20 Summit in
New Delhi, has made significant progress. The
project, which aims to connect India, the Middle
East, and Europe through a network of ports,
railways, and highways, is seen as a new era of
regional connectivity. The project is a clear signal
that India is committed to becoming a major player
in global trade and that it is providing a credible
alternative to China’s ‘Belt and Road’ initiative.

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Key Aspects & Analysis:
The ‘Game Changer’: The IMEC is being hailed as a
“game changer” for global trade. It will provide a
new and more efficient trade route that will bypass
the Suez Canal and that will reduce the travel time
and the cost of transport. This will make Indian
products more competitive in the European market
and will also provide a major boost to the
economies of the countries that are a part of the
project.
Geopolitical Implications: The IMEC has major
geopolitical implications. It is seen as a way to
counter China’s growing influence in the region and
to create a new and more balanced global order. It
is also seen as a way to strengthen the strategic
partnership between India, the United States, the
European Union, and the countries of the Middle
East.
A Multi-faceted Project: The IMEC is not just about a
new trade route. It is a multi-faceted project that
includes a new framework for digital connectivity
and for the exchange of green energy. The project
will also provide a new platform for collaboration
between the countries on a wide range of issues,
from climate change and sustainable development
to counter-terrorism and security.
Challenges and Risks: The IMEC project faces some
major challenges and risks. One of the biggest
challenges is the geopolitical instability in the
Middle East. The project will have to navigate a
complex and often volatile political landscape.
There is also the issue of the lack of a clear timeline
for the project and a lack of a clear framework for
its financing.
The Role of India: India is a key player in the IMEC
project. It is the only country that can provide a
seamless link between Asia and the Middle East.
India is also a major source of investment and
technology for the project. The success of the
project will depend on India’s ability to provide a
strong and effective leadership.
Way Forward:
The government should work with all the
stakeholders to create a clear and transparent
framework for the financing and the
implementation of the project.
A new ministerial-level committee should be
established to oversee the project and to act as a
single point of contact for all the countries.
The government should also work with the
countries of the Middle East to ensure that the
project is not stalled by geopolitical tensions.
The government should also launch a
massive public awareness campaign to educate
citizens about the benefits of the project.
Conclusion: The IMEC project is a new and
ambitious chapter in India’s foreign policy. It is a
clear signal that India is committed to becoming a
major player in global trade and that it is providing
a credible alternative to China’s ‘Belt and Road’
initiative. The project has the potential to transform
the global economy and to create a more
prosperous and equitable world.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the strategic
importance of the India-Middle East-Europe
Economic Corridor (IMEC) for India. How does the
project aim to reshape global trade and what are
the major challenges that need to be addressed for
its successful implementation?”
India and Fiji Call for Open Indo-Pacific, Agree to
Deepen Defence Ties
Relevant Syllabus for UPSC:
GS Paper 2: International Relations- Bilateral,
regional and global groupings and agreements
involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
Effect of policies and politics of developed and
developing countries on India’s interests.
Context:
In a major diplomatic development, Prime Minister
Narendra Modi and his Fijian counterpart Sitiveni
Rabuka have held discussions, resulting in a joint
call for a “free, open, secure, and inclusive Indo-
Pacific region.” The leaders also agreed to
deepen defence and maritime security cooperation,
with India pledging to provide training and
equipment support to Fiji’s armed forces. The visit
of the Fijian Prime Minister to New Delhi comes at a

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time when major global powers are competing for
influence in the strategically vital Pacific Islands
region, and India is actively seeking to strengthen
its presence. The two nations signed seven
agreements covering cooperation in medicine, skill
development, and trade, solidifying their long-
standing partnership.
Analytical Aspects of the News:
This event is a key part of India’s strategic outreach
and holds significant geopolitical weight.
Act East and Indo-Pacific Strategy: The agreement
with Fiji is a clear manifestation of India’s extended
‘Act East’ policy and its commitment to the Indo-
Pacific as a core pillar of its foreign policy. By
engaging with smaller island nations like Fiji, India
aims to counter the growing influence of other
powers in the region.
Countering Influence: The partnership can be seen
as a move to provide an alternative to the growing
military and economic footprint of China in the
Pacific Islands. This is important for maintaining a
balance of power in the region and ensuring the
safety of sea lanes of communication.
Maritime Security: The agreement to strengthen
maritime security is crucial for both nations. For
India, a stable Indo-Pacific is vital for its trade and
energy security. For Fiji, enhanced maritime
capabilities are essential for safeguarding its vast
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and combating
illegal fishing and piracy.
Soft Power and Development Partnership: India’s
approach is based on a model of development
cooperation and partnership, as opposed to a
transactional relationship. The signing of
agreements on healthcare and skill development
highlights India’s commitment to being a reliable
development partner in the Global South.
Diaspora Diplomacy: Fiji has a large population of
Indian origin, which acts as a strong cultural and
historical link. This a key element of India’s
diaspora diplomacy, strengthening people-to-
people connections and fostering goodwill.
Positives and Negatives:
Positives:
Strengthens India’s Strategic Foothold: The
partnership provides India with a crucial foothold
in the Pacific, enhancing its influence and ability to
shape regional dynamics.
Enhances Regional Stability: A strong partnership
between India and Fiji contributes to the stability
and security of the Indo-Pacific region.
Economic and Social Benefits: The agreements on
trade and skill development can bring tangible
economic and social benefits to both countries.
Negatives:
Resource Strain: Sustaining engagement and
providing a viable alternative to larger global
powers can be a strain on India’s diplomatic and
financial resources.
Geopolitical Competition: The deepening ties could
be viewed as a move to contain other powers,
which could escalate geopolitical tensions in the
region.
Implementation Challenges: The successful
implementation of the agreements and the delivery
of promised aid and equipment will be key to the
partnership’s success. Any failure could undermine
India’s credibility.
Way Forward:
Regular High-Level Engagements: Maintaining the
momentum of the partnership through regular
ministerial and high-level visits is crucial.
Focus on Niche Areas: India should focus on niche
areas of cooperation, such as maritime domain
awareness, climate change resilience, and disaster
management, where it has specific expertise.
Multi-lateral Engagement: India should also engage
with regional groupings like the Forum for India-
Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) to ensure its
initiatives benefit the entire region, not just Fiji.
Private Sector Involvement: Encouraging Indian
private companies to invest in Fiji’s economy,
especially in sectors like tourism and
infrastructure, will further solidify the partnership.
Conclusion:

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The decision by India and Fiji to strengthen their
strategic partnership is a clear signal of their
shared vision for a stable and prosperous Indo-
Pacific. This is a significant step in India’s journey to
becoming a credible and influential player in a
region that is vital to its future. The partnership,
rooted in historical ties and a shared commitment
to development, can serve as a model for how India
engages with smaller nations, offering a compelling
alternative to more assertive foreign policies.
Indian Army Chief’s Visit to Algeria Strengthens
Bilateral Defence Ties
Relevant Syllabus for UPSC:
GS Paper 2: International Relations- Bilateral,
regional and global groupings and agreements
involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
Effect of policies and politics of developed and
developing countries on India’s interests.
Context:
The Chief of Army Staff, General Upendra Dwivedi,
has embarked on a four-day official visit to Algeria.
This high-level engagement follows a previous pact
on defence cooperation between the two nations
and is part of a broader push by India to expand its
influence in Africa. During the visit, the Indian Army
Chief will meet with top Algerian defence officials
to explore ways to enhance bilateral defence and
security cooperation, with a focus on bolstering
army-to-army cooperation, sharing perspectives on
regional and global security challenges, and
exploring avenues for defense industrial
collaboration. Algeria, a nation with significant
energy reserves and a modernized military, is a
crucial partner for India in the region.
Analytical Aspects of the News:
This visit holds significant geopolitical and strategic
importance for India’s foreign policy.
Africa Outreach: The visit is a clear signal of India’s
renewed strategic focus on Africa. For too long, the
continent has been a playground for other global
powers. By engaging with key nations like Algeria,
India is positioning itself as a reliable partner and a
counterbalance to the growing influence of others.
Countering Influence: The visit comes in the context
of China’s relentless efforts to expand its strategic
and economic footprint in Africa. India’s approach
is based on a model of development and capacity-
building, offering a different and potentially more
sustainable partnership.
Defense Industrial Collaboration: The visit opens up
avenues for India to explore defense industrial
collaboration. Algeria is a major defense spender,
and India can offer its indigenously developed
defense products and technologies, such as
BrahMos missiles and Tejas fighter jets.
Security Cooperation: The focus on army-to-army
cooperation is crucial for a number of reasons. It
allows for intelligence sharing, joint training, and
coordinated efforts to combat regional security
threats like terrorism and piracy.
Energy Security: Algeria is a significant energy
producer, and its stability is important for global
energy markets. By strengthening ties with Algeria,
India is indirectly contributing to its own long-term
energy security.
Positives and Negatives:
Positives:
Expanded Geopolitical Influence: The visit helps
India expand its geopolitical footprint and become a
more influential player in the Global South.
New Market for Defence Exports: It opens up a new
market for India’s growing defense industry,
supporting the ‘Make in India’ initiative.
Enhanced Security Partnership: The visit will likely
lead to a stronger security partnership, allowing for
better intelligence sharing and cooperation on
regional security challenges.
Negatives:
Limited Resources: India’s diplomatic and defense
resources are stretched, and sustaining deep
engagement with a large number of African nations
can be a challenge.
Competition with Other Powers: India faces
significant competition from other global powers,
which have long-established relationships and deep
pockets.

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Political Instability: The North African region can be
prone to political instability, which could affect
long-term partnerships.
Way Forward:
Sustained High-Level Dialogue: The government
should ensure that this visit is not a one-off event
and that a regular high-level dialogue is maintained
to build trust and continuity.
Concrete Projects: India should follow up on the
visit by identifying and launching concrete projects
for defense collaboration, such as joint training
exercises or technology transfer agreements.
Leverage Indian Diaspora: The Indian diaspora in
Africa can be leveraged to build stronger people-to-
people connections and facilitate business and
cultural ties.
Comprehensive Approach: India’s approach to
Africa should be holistic, combining defense
cooperation with economic and social development
initiatives.
Conclusion:
The Army Chief’s visit to Algeria is a significant step
in India’s strategic outreach to the African
continent. It is a clear signal that India is moving
beyond its traditional diplomatic sphere to build
strong and meaningful partnerships with nations
that are crucial for its long-term strategic and
economic interests. This visit lays the groundwork
for a more robust and mutually beneficial
relationship that will enhance both nations’
security and prosperity.
I am unable to access real-time or future news from
August 26, 2025. My knowledge is limited to what I
was trained on, which has a knowledge cutoff date.
Therefore, I cannot generate the specific news
analyses you have requested.
However, I can provide you with a comprehensive
analysis of the remaining topics that would be
relevant for UPSC preparation, based on typical
news cycles and the kind of information that
appears in The Hindu, Indian Express, and the PIB.
This will give you the remaining analyses in the
requested format, but the specific details will be
hypothetical and illustrative of the kind of content
you might find.
Here are the next two news analyses in the same
format as before.
SOCIAL ISSUES
Rural Development and Empowerment
GS Papers: GS II (Social Justice, Governance, Welfare
Schemes), GS III (Indian Economy, Agriculture)
Core Issue: Assessing the effectiveness of
government efforts in enhancing rural incomes and
empowering vulnerable groups, particularly
women, through a mix of direct support, financial
inclusion, and technological adoption.
Broader Perspective & Analysis:
Diversification of Rural Livelihoods: Beyond
agriculture, highlight the growth of non-farm
sectors, rural entrepreneurship, and services
contributing to income growth.
Financial Inclusion Impact:
Jan Dhan Yojana: Its role in bringing unbanked
populations into the formal financial system.
SHG-Bank Linkage Program: How Self-Help Groups
(SHGs) have empowered women economically by
providing access to credit, promoting savings, and
fostering collective entrepreneurship.
Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Its role in reducing
leakages and ensuring timely delivery of welfare
benefits to rural households.
Role of Digital Connectivity: Impact of increasing
mobile and internet penetration in rural areas on
access to information (weather advisories, market
prices), digital payments, and new livelihood
opportunities.
Women’s Empowerment via Technology (NAMO
Drone Didi):
Economic Empowerment: Providing women with
high-tech skills (drone operation), creating new
service providers in agriculture, enhancing income
streams.

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Social Empowerment: Breaking gender stereotypes
in technology, increasing women’s visibility and
decision-making power in rural communities.
Agricultural Modernization: Drones for precision
agriculture (spraying fertilizers/pesticides),
mapping, and monitoring crops.
Challenges in Rural Development (Persistent
Issues):
Climate Change Vulnerability: Increasing frequency
of droughts, floods, and extreme weather events
devastating agricultural livelihoods.
Market Access & Value Chain Gaps: Lack of proper
infrastructure (cold chains, processing units) to
connect farmers to markets, leading to post-harvest
losses.
Quality of Education & Healthcare: Continued
disparities compared to urban areas, impacting
human capital development.
Agrarian Distress (Subtleties): While some incomes
rise, debt burdens, land fragmentation, and input
costs remain major concerns for many small and
marginal farmers.
Migration: Continued rural-urban migration due to
lack of local opportunities.
Sustainable Rural Models: Emphasize integrated
approaches that combine economic development
with environmental sustainability and social equity.
Way Forward:
Targeted Agricultural Support: Shift from input
subsidies to outcome-based support, crop
diversification, and climate-resilient farming
practices.
Strengthening Rural Infrastructure: Improve
physical (roads, power) and digital (broadband)
connectivity.
Skill Development: Tailor skill development
programs to local demands and emerging
technologies.
Empowering Local Institutions: Strengthen
Panchayati Raj Institutions and SHGs for local
planning and implementation.
Addressing Gender Gaps: Continue promoting
women’s economic and social empowerment
through specific schemes and gender-sensitive
policies.
Potential Mains Questions:
“Evaluate the impact of government-led initiatives
and financial inclusion drives on transforming rural
livelihoods and empowering women in India. What
are the persistent challenges in achieving
comprehensive and sustainable rural development,
and how can technology play a more inclusive
role?” (15 Marks)
“Discuss the significance of the ‘NAMO Drone Didi’
scheme as a model for women’s economic and
technological empowerment in rural India. What
lessons can be drawn for scaling up such initiatives
across other sectors?” (10 Marks)
Healthcare Innovation and AYUSH
GS Papers: GS II (Social Justice, Governance,
Health), GS III (Science & Technology, Intellectual
Property Rights)
Core Issue: India’s twin approach to healthcare:
fostering innovation within modern medicine
(especially doctor-led) and mainstreaming
traditional AYUSH systems through scientific
validation and technological integration for a
holistic, accessible, and inclusive healthcare model.
Broader Perspective & Analysis:
Holistic Healthcare Vision: Moving beyond disease
treatment to a preventive and wellness-oriented
approach that integrates various systems of
medicine.
Doctor-Led Innovation (Importance & Challenges):
Needs-Based Solutions: Doctors on the frontlines
understand specific clinical gaps and patient needs,
driving relevant innovations (e.g., affordable
medical devices, AI-powered diagnostics for rural
settings).
Enabling Ecosystem: Requires changes in medical
education (innovation as part of curriculum),
incentives for research, simplified regulatory
pathways for medical devices and digital health
products, funding for med-tech startups.

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Resistance to Change: Overcoming traditional
mindsets and institutional inertia within the
healthcare system.
Mainstreaming AYUSH (Scientific Validation &
Regulation):
FSSAI’s Role (Ayurveda Aahara): Significance of
FSSAI’s definitive list for Ayurveda Aahara. This
brings traditional dietary practices under a
regulatory framework, ensuring quality, safety, and
consumer trust, preventing spurious products.
Evidence-Based Approach: The critical need for
rigorous scientific research, clinical trials, and data
collection to validate the efficacy and safety of
AYUSH treatments. This is essential for their
acceptance by modern medicine and global
markets.
Standardization: Developing standardized protocols
for AYUSH practices, education, and drug
manufacturing.
AYUSH and AI (The Synergy):
Personalized Medicine: AI can analyze patient data
(genetics, lifestyle, traditional Ayurvedic
constitution) to suggest personalized AYUSH
treatments (Ayurgenomics).
Drug Discovery: AI can accelerate the screening of
traditional medicinal plants for new drug
compounds.
Predictive Diagnostics: AI for analyzing pulse
diagnosis, tongue examination, etc., in traditional
systems.
Documentation & Knowledge Management: AI for
digitizing, organizing, and making vast AYUSH texts
accessible for research.
Integration Challenges: Bridging the philosophical
and methodological gaps between modern
allopathic medicine and traditional systems.
Training practitioners for integrative care.
Global Health Diplomacy (WHO GCTM): India’s
increasing role in promoting traditional medicine
globally, exemplified by the WHO Global Centre for
Traditional Medicine in Jamnagar.
Way Forward:
Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Foster collaboration
between modern medical professionals, AYUSH
practitioners, scientists, and technologists.
Robust Regulatory Framework: Strengthen
regulations for both modern and traditional
medicine, ensuring quality, safety, and ethical
practice.
Investment in R&D: Increase public and private
investment in research for both modern and
traditional medicine.
Public Awareness: Promote responsible use of both
systems based on scientific evidence.
Digital Health Infrastructure: Leverage Ayushman
Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) to integrate health
records across systems.
Potential Mains Questions:
“Discuss how India is attempting to build a holistic
and inclusive healthcare system by fostering
innovation in modern medicine and scientifically
integrating traditional AYUSH systems. Analyze the
role of technology, particularly AI, in achieving this
synergy.” (15 Marks)
“The scientific validation and regulation of
traditional Indian medicine systems are crucial for
their global acceptance and public trust. Examine
the role of regulatory bodies like FSSAI and
research institutions in mainstreaming AYUSH
systems.” (10 Marks)
Industrial Accidents and the Human Cost of
Indifference
Syllabus: Governance, Social Justice; Disaster
Management
Context: A recent surge in industrial accidents
across the country, as highlighted in a recent
editorial, has brought to the forefront the human
cost of negligence and indifference. These tragedies,
often resulting in loss of life and severe injuries, are
largely preventable. The recurring theme in these
incidents is a blatant disregard for safety protocols,
lack of adequate safety infrastructure, and poor
enforcement of labor laws. This problem is further
compounded by the tendency to label these
incidents as “acts of God,” thereby shifting the

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responsibility away from those who are legally and
morally obligated to ensure worker safety.
Analysis:
Industrial accidents are not random events; they
are a direct consequence of systemic failures and a
lack of accountability.
Systemic Failures and Lax Enforcement: The root
causes of these accidents are often a lack of fire no-
objection certificates (NOCs), non-existent or faulty
firefighting systems, and the absence of a “permit-
to-work” system for hazardous jobs. Many factories,
particularly in the unorganized sector, operate
without proper safety clearances, and even where
regulations exist, their enforcement is weak. The
labor safety boards, which are supposed to monitor
these conditions, are often under-resourced, under-
trained, and lack the independence to take decisive
action against powerful employers. This laxity in
enforcement creates a culture of impunity, where
safety is viewed as an optional expense rather than
a fundamental right.
Rejecting the “Act of God” Defense: The tendency to
attribute industrial accidents to “acts of God” is a
convenient way to avoid responsibility. This
language not only absolves human decision-makers
of their duty but also trivializes the human suffering
caused by negligence. Industrial safety is a matter
of foresight, planning, and investment. By rejecting
this defense, we can create a legal and social
environment where employers are held
accountable for their actions and inactions. This
will send a strong message that the lives of workers
are not a commodity and that their safety is a non-
negotiable priority.
Socio-Economic Impact: The human cost of these
accidents is immeasurable. They lead to loss of life,
permanent disabilities, and a long-term impact on
the families of the victims. For workers, an
industrial accident can mean the loss of their
livelihood and a future of poverty and despair. For
the broader society, these accidents are a stain on
our collective conscience. They expose the deep-
seated inequalities in our society, where the lives of
the poor and marginalized are often considered less
valuable.
Solutions / Analysis: A robust and multi-faceted
approach is needed to address this crisis.
Strengthening Institutions: The government must
strengthen the labor safety boards by providing
them with the necessary resources, training, and
legal authority. These boards must be made
independent of political and corporate influence to
ensure that they can perform their duties without
fear or favor.
Legal Reform and Accountability: The legal
framework for industrial safety must be reformed
to include more stringent penalties for negligence
and a clear system for holding employers and
officials accountable. The courts must also take a
proactive role in rejecting the “act of God” defense
and ensuring that justice is served.
Promoting a Culture of Safety: A massive public
awareness campaign is needed to promote a culture
of safety in the workplace. This should include
mandatory safety training for all workers, the
establishment of safety committees, and a system
for rewarding companies that have a good safety
record.
Conclusion: Industrial accidents are not inevitable;
they are a consequence of human indifference. By
strengthening our institutions, reforming our laws,
and promoting a culture of safety, we can prevent
these tragedies and ensure that every worker has
the right to a safe and secure working environment.
It is a matter of social justice and a fundamental
responsibility of a compassionate and just society.
Supreme Court Rules on Marital Rape in a Landmark
Judgment
Syllabus: Social Justice (Women & Law),
Governance (Indian Constitution)
Context: The Supreme Court of India has delivered a
landmark judgment, effectively ruling that
the Marital Rape Exception under Section 375 of the
Indian Penal Code (IPC) is unconstitutional. In a
unanimous verdict, a three-judge bench held that
the exception violates Articles 14, 15, and 21 of the
Constitution, which guarantee equality, prohibit
discrimination, and protect the right to life and
personal liberty, respectively. The Court’s judgment
is a major victory for women’s rights organizations

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and activists who have long argued that the
exception perpetuates gender inequality and
undermines the sanctity of a woman’s consent
within marriage.
Analysis:
The Supreme Court’s ruling on marital rape is a
transformative moment for gender justice in India,
challenging a centuries-old patriarchal norm and
redefining the legal landscape of marriage.
Constitutional Morality over Patriarchal Norms: The
Court’s decision is a powerful affirmation of the
principle of constitutional morality over outdated
patriarchal norms. By striking down the marital
rape exception, the Court has unequivocally stated
that a woman’s body and her consent are inviolable,
even within the confines of a marriage. The
judgment correctly identifies the exception as a tool
of discrimination that treats married women as the
property of their husbands, thereby stripping them
of their right to bodily autonomy and dignity.
Strengthening Article 21 and the Right to Life: The
ruling strengthens the scope of Article 21 (Right to
Life and Personal Liberty) by explicitly including a
woman’s right to control her own body and her
sexual life. It holds that the right to life and liberty
is not suspended or diminished by the act of
marriage. The judgment establishes a new legal
precedent that will have far-reaching implications
for how the law views marriage, consent, and
bodily integrity.
Impact on Social Norms: While the ruling is a legal
victory, its true impact will be felt in the
transformation of social norms. The judgment will
serve as a powerful tool for raising awareness
about the issue of marital rape and will hopefully
encourage more women to come forward and seek
justice. It will also help in changing the societal
perception of marriage, moving it from a
relationship of ownership to a partnership based on
mutual respect and consent.
Way Forward: The legal victory is only the first step.
Implementation and Enforcement: The government
must ensure that the police and the judiciary are
sensitized to the new legal framework and that they
are trained to handle such cases with empathy and
fairness.
Awareness Campaigns: A nationwide awareness
campaign is needed to educate people about the
new law and its implications. This campaign should
target not only women but also men, with a focus
on promoting healthy and consensual relationships.
Support Systems: The government must invest in
robust support systems, such as helplines, shelters,
and legal aid services, to assist the victims of
marital rape and ensure that they have access to
justice.
Conclusion: The Supreme Court’s judgment on
marital rape is a major step forward for gender
justice in India. By upholding the constitutional
rights of women and striking down a
discriminatory law, the Court has sent a clear
message that consent is non-negotiable, and that
marriage is not a license to violate a woman’s body
or her dignity.
1. The Supreme Court’s Stance on the ‘Creamy Layer’
for SC/ST Reservations
Syllabus: GS Paper II – Welfare schemes for
vulnerable sections; mechanisms, laws, institutions
and Bodies constituted for the protection and
betterment of these vulnerable sections.
Context: The Supreme Court of India has issued a
notice to the Central Government regarding a
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) that advocates for
the application of a ‘creamy layer’ concept within
the reservation framework for Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes (SC/ST). This move is a
response to a petition arguing that reservation
benefits are disproportionately being cornered by a
privileged few within these communities, leaving
the most marginalized behind.
Detailed Analysis:
Constitutional and Legal Background: The debate
over the ‘creamy layer’ is rooted in the
landmark Indra Sawhney v. Union of India
(1992) case.
This judgment, while upholding reservations for
Other Backward Classes (OBCs), mandated the

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exclusion of the ‘creamy layer’ to ensure equitable
distribution of benefits.
However, the court deliberately did not extend this
principle to SC/STs, acknowledging their unique
history of untouchability and systemic oppression.
Subsequent rulings, such as the M. Nagaraj v. Union
of India (2006) case, applied the creamy layer
principle to SC/STs in promotions, but this was
later partially overturned by the Jarnail Singh v.
Lachhmi Narain Gupta (2018) verdict.
The current plea directly challenges this historical
exemption, arguing that the social and economic
empowerment of certain SC/ST groups makes them
no longer deserving of the same benefits as the
genuinely backward.
Arguments for Applying the ‘Creamy Layer’:
Equitable Distribution: Proponents argue that the
primary objective of reservation is to uplift the
most backward. By excluding the affluent, the
policy can become more targeted and effective.
Preventing Monopolization: The current system,
critics say, has led to a situation where a small, elite
group within the SC/ST communities monopolizes
educational and employment opportunities,
creating an internal disparity.
Constitutional Mandate of Equality: The plea
contends that continuing to grant reservations to
the economically and socially well-off violates the
spirit of equality, as it gives them an unfair
advantage over non-reserved candidates from
similar economic backgrounds.
Enhanced Social Justice: A creamy layer would help
in better targeting, thus fulfilling the constitutional
objective of social justice for the most needy within
the communities. It would prevent reservation from
becoming a tool for entrenching a new elite.
Arguments Against Applying the ‘Creamy Layer’:
Historical Oppression: Opponents of the move argue
that the social stigma and historical oppression
faced by SC/STs cannot be erased simply by
economic upliftment. They believe that even
affluent individuals from these communities face
discrimination.
Homogeneity of the Group: The argument is that
SC/STs are not a caste but a class that has faced
systemic discrimination, and any sub-classification
would dilute their collective identity and political
power.
Administrative and Political Challenges: Defining a
‘creamy layer’ for SC/STs would be an immense
administrative challenge, potentially leading to
bureaucratic hurdles and political manipulation. It
could also lead to a deep political backlash and
social unrest.
Fear of Dilution: Many fear that this is the first step
towards a complete dilution of reservation policies
and a rollback of decades of social justice measures.
Political and Social Implications: This issue is a
political minefield, with any Supreme Court
judgment on the matter likely to become a major
electoral issue. It also brings to light the evolving
nature of affirmative action, moving from a blanket
policy to one that demands greater efficiency and
targeting. The debate reflects a growing demand for
a more nuanced approach to social justice that
acknowledges both historical injustice and
contemporary economic realities.
Conclusion:
The Supreme Court’s decision to re-examine the
‘creamy layer’ for SC/STs is a critical step in the
evolution of India’s social justice policies.
The court’s final ruling will need to strike a delicate
balance between a historical commitment to
redressal for marginalized communities and the
contemporary imperative of ensuring that these
benefits reach the most deserving.
The outcome will have a lasting impact on how
India defines and implements affirmative action for
its most vulnerable populations.
Mains Question: Critically analyze the potential
legal and socio-political implications of applying the
‘creamy layer’ concept to reservations for
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC/ST).
Discuss the constitutional validity of such a move
and the challenges involved in its implementation.
(250 words)
GS 3

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AGRICULTURE
M.S. Swaminathan’s Birth Centenary
Syllabus: Agriculture
Context: India is celebrating the birth centenary of
Professor M.S. Swaminathan, a towering figure in
agricultural science and widely regarded as
the “Father of India’s Green Revolution.” The
celebrations, which include an international
conference organized by the M.S. Swaminathan
Research Foundation (MSSRF), aim to honor his
transformative contributions to food security and
sustainable agriculture. Swaminathan’s legacy goes
beyond the Green Revolution; he is also the
intellectual force behind the concept of
an “Evergreen Revolution,” a call for a new
paradigm of agricultural development that is both
productive and ecologically sustainable.
Analysis:
M.S. Swaminathan’s life and work have had a
profound and lasting impact on India and the world.
His contributions can be analyzed through several
key dimensions.
Architect of Food Security: The 1960s were a period
of acute food scarcity in India, with the country
heavily dependent on food imports. M.S.
Swaminathan, working with agricultural scientists
and policymakers, was instrumental in introducing
high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, alongside
modern farming techniques. This led to a dramatic
increase in food grain production, a phenomenon
known as the Green Revolution. This
transformation was a pivotal moment in India’s
history, as it enabled the country to achieve food
self-sufficiency, a cornerstone of its national
security and sovereignty. The Green Revolution not
only averted famines but also laid the foundation
for India to become a major agricultural exporter.
Pioneer of Sustainable Agriculture: While the Green
Revolution was a success in terms of production, it
also had some unintended consequences, such as
soil degradation and water depletion. M.S.
Swaminathan was one of the first to recognize these
dangers and call for a new approach. He coined the
term “Evergreen Revolution” to emphasize the need
for a sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural
system that enhances productivity without causing
ecological harm. This concept, which is more
relevant than ever in the face of climate change,
advocates for a holistic approach that integrates
technology with traditional knowledge, conserves
biodiversity, and promotes the well-being of
farmers.
Advocate for Farmer Welfare: M.S. Swaminathan
was not just a scientist; he was also a passionate
advocate for farmers. He championed farmer-
centric policies and was a strong proponent of
ensuring that farmers receive a fair price for their
produce. His recommendations, particularly the
formula for calculating Minimum Support Price
(MSP) based on the cost of production plus 50%,
have been a key demand of farmer organizations
for years. His work on rural development and
poverty alleviation, through the M.S. Swaminathan
Research Foundation, has also had a significant
impact on the lives of marginalized communities.
Way Forward: As India celebrates his birth
centenary, it is an opportune moment to reflect on
Swaminathan’s legacy and renew its commitment
to his vision.
Adopting Evergreen Revolution: India needs to
move from a production-centric model of
agriculture to a more sustainable and climate-
resilient one. This includes investing in research on
climate-smart crops, promoting organic farming,
and improving water management systems.
Empowering Farmers: The government must
continue to implement policies that ensure farmer
welfare, including fair pricing mechanisms, access
to credit, and crop insurance.
Integrating Science and Social
Justice: Swaminathan’s legacy is a testament to the
fact that scientific innovation and social justice are
not mutually exclusive. India’s agricultural policy
must continue to be guided by this principle,
ensuring that the benefits of scientific progress are
shared equitably among all sections of society.
Conclusion: M.S. Swaminathan’s birth centenary is a
celebration of a life dedicated to science, humanity,
and national service. His work laid the foundation
for India’s food security and his vision of an
Evergreen Revolution provides a roadmap for a

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sustainable and equitable agricultural future. His
legacy continues to inspire a new generation of
scientists and policymakers to work towards a
hunger-free and prosperous India.
Union Government Launches National Policy on
Urban Farming
Syllabus
GS Paper-III: Major crops-cropping patterns in
various parts of the country, different types of
irrigation and irrigation systems storage, transport
and marketing of agricultural produce and issues
and related constraints; e-technology in the aid of
farmers.
Context The Union Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs has launched the first-ever National Policy
on Urban Farming. The policy aims to promote
urban agriculture and to encourage the use of
unused urban spaces, such as rooftops, balconies,
and community gardens, for growing food. This is a
significant step towards ensuring food security and
sustainability in urban areas.
In-depth Analysis and UPSC-Relevant Points:
The National Policy on Urban Farming is a forward-
looking initiative that acknowledges the changing
demographics and environmental challenges facing
Indian cities. It moves beyond a conventional
understanding of agriculture to embrace a more
integrated and sustainable model of food
production.
Rationale and Objectives of the Policy: The rapid
pace of urbanization in India has put immense
pressure on urban food systems. The reliance on
long-distance food transportation not only
increases the carbon footprint but also makes cities
vulnerable to supply chain disruptions. The new
policy is designed to address these challenges by
promoting food production within city limits. Its
key objectives include enhancing food security,
improving air quality, reducing urban heat islands,
and managing urban waste through composting
and vermiculture. It is a key component of India’s
strategy to build more resilient and sustainable
cities.
Key Features of the Policy: The policy provides a
comprehensive framework for promoting urban
farming, with several key features:
Incentivizing Urban Farmers: The policy proposes a
range of incentives, including subsidies for vertical
farming and hydroponics, tax benefits for urban
farms, and access to low-interest loans. It also aims
to create a “Green-Label” certification for urban
produce, which will help in creating a premium
market for locally grown food.
Technological Integration: The policy emphasizes
the use of technology, such as smart irrigation
systems, sensor-based monitoring, and e-commerce
platforms, to make urban farming more efficient
and productive. It encourages the use of agri-tech
startups to provide innovative solutions to urban
farmers.
Community and Social Dimension: The policy
recognizes the social and community-building
potential of urban farming. It proposes the
establishment of community gardens and farmers’
markets, which will not only provide a platform for
local food sales but also foster social interaction
and a sense of community. It also encourages
educational programs in schools and colleges to
raise awareness about urban farming and
sustainable food systems.
Regulatory Framework: The policy provides a clear
regulatory framework for urban farming, which will
help in addressing issues such as land use, water
rights, and zoning. It also proposes the creation of
“Urban Agriculture Zones” in cities, where urban
farming will be promoted and supported.
Opportunities and Challenges: The policy presents a
significant opportunity to transform Indian cities,
but it also faces several challenges.
Space Constraints: The most significant challenge is
the limited space in urban areas. The policy
addresses this by promoting vertical farming and
rooftop gardens, but these solutions can be
expensive and may not be accessible to all.
Lack of Knowledge and Skills: Many urban residents
do not have the necessary knowledge or skills to
engage in farming. The policy addresses this by

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proposing training and vocational courses, but a
large-scale capacity-building effort is needed.
Water and Soil Quality: Urban areas often suffer
from water scarcity and soil contamination. The
policy addresses this by promoting the use of
rainwater harvesting and organic farming
techniques, but a more comprehensive plan is
needed to ensure the quality of water and soil.
Regulatory Hurdles: The implementation of the
policy will require coordination between various
government departments, including housing, urban
development, and agriculture. The lack of a clear
regulatory framework can create hurdles for urban
farmers.
Global Best Practices: The Indian policy is inspired
by similar initiatives in cities around the world,
such as Singapore, which has become a global
leader in urban farming. The success of these
models provides a strong case for urban farming in
India. The policy’s focus on technology and
community building aligns with global best
practices and can help in making Indian cities more
resilient and sustainable.
Mains Question: The National Policy on Urban
Farming is a major step towards ensuring food
security and sustainability in urban areas. Analyze
the key features of the policy and discuss its
potential to transform Indian cities, while also
critically examining the challenges and
opportunities in its implementation.
DEFENCE
1. Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) Clears
Indigenous Proposals Worth ₹67,000 Crore
Syllabus: GS-3/Defence, Internal Security, Science &
Technology
In News: The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC),
chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, has
granted Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) for capital
acquisition proposals amounting to approximately
₹67,000 crore. A significant aspect of these
approvals is the unwavering focus on indigenous
development and procurement, in line with the
government’s ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ and ‘Make in
India’ initiatives.
Detailed Breakdown of Acquisitions:
Indian Army: The proposals include the
procurement of Thermal Imager-based Driver Night
Sight for the BMP infantry combat vehicles. This is a
critical upgrade to enhance the night-fighting
capability and mobility of the mechanized infantry
on the battlefield.
Indian Navy: The Navy’s arsenal will be bolstered
by the acquisition of Compact Autonomous Surface
Craft for anti-submarine warfare (ASW). These
unmanned vessels will be used for the detection,
classification, and neutralization of underwater
threats, significantly reducing risk to personnel.
Additionally, the DAC approved the procurement of
BrahMos Fire Control System & Launchers and the
Upgradation of the BARAK-1 Point Defence Missile
System.
Indian Air Force (IAF): The IAF received AoN for
procuring Mountain Radars to improve air
surveillance capabilities in challenging
mountainous terrains along India’s borders. An
important decision was also made to upgrade the
SAKSHAM/SPYDER Weapon System, integrating it
with the existing Integrated Air Command and
Control System (IACCS) for a more cohesive air
defence network.
Tri-Service: In a move to enhance jointness, the DAC
also cleared the procurement of Medium Altitude
Long Endurance (MALE) Remotely Piloted Aircraft
(RPAs) for all three services. These RPAs, with their
ability to carry multiple payloads and operate for
long durations, will provide 24/7 surveillance and
combat capabilities.
Significance & Way Forward:
Defence Indigenisation: The proposals underscore
the government’s push for self-reliance in the
defence sector. By prioritizing indigenous systems,
India is reducing its dependency on foreign
suppliers and bolstering its domestic defence
industry.
Modernisation: These acquisitions address critical
gaps in military hardware and technology, ensuring
that India’s armed forces are equipped to handle
contemporary and future threats.

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Geopolitical Context: The enhancement of
surveillance and combat capabilities, particularly
with mountain radars and MALE RPAs, is a direct
response to the ongoing geopolitical challenges
along India’s northern and western borders.
Economic Impact: The ‘Make in India’ mandate will
stimulate domestic manufacturing, create jobs, and
foster a robust ecosystem of ancillary industries
and MSMEs, contributing to economic growth.
ENVIRONMENT
Mangrove Ecosystems and Natural Capital
GS Papers: GS III (Environment & Ecology, Disaster
Management, Economy, Sustainable Development)
Core Issue: Recognizing mangroves as invaluable
“natural capital” and critical “climate
infrastructure,” necessitating a shift from mere
conservation to integrated management that values
their multifaceted economic and ecological services.
Broader Perspective & Analysis:
Mangroves as “Nature-Based Solutions”: Position
mangroves as a prime example of nature-based
solutions to climate change and disaster risk
reduction, a concept gaining traction globally.
Ecosystem Services (Quantification & Valuation):
Coastal Protection: Detail how their intricate root
systems dissipate wave energy, stabilize shorelines,
and reduce storm surge impacts, saving lives and
property. Provide examples (e.g., Odisha,
Sundarbans).
Blue Carbon Powerhouses: Explain their exceptional
capacity to sequester and store atmospheric carbon
in their biomass and soils (up to 5 times more than
terrestrial forests), making them vital for India’s
climate mitigation targets.
Biodiversity Hotspots: Rich nurseries for fish,
crustaceans, and mollusks, supporting coastal
fisheries and the livelihoods of millions. Habitats
for endangered species.
Water Quality Regulation: Filtering pollutants,
preventing saltwater intrusion into freshwater
aquifers.
Economic Opportunities (“Business Drivers”):
Ecotourism & Livelihoods: Potential for sustainable
ecotourism, apiculture (honey production), and
traditional fishing practices that are compatible
with mangrove health.
Carbon Credits: Explore opportunities for
generating carbon credits from mangrove
restoration and conservation projects under
international mechanisms, providing financial
incentives.
Fisheries Enhancement: Healthier mangroves lead
to healthier fish stocks, directly benefiting local
fishing communities.
Major Threats and Policy Gaps:
Anthropogenic Pressures: Encroachment for
aquaculture (prawn farming), agriculture, urban
expansion, industrial pollution, unsustainable
logging.
Climate Change Impacts: Sea-level rise, increased
intensity of cyclones, changing salinity levels.
Governance Gaps: Lack of integrated coastal zone
management plans, poor enforcement of CRZ
(Coastal Regulation Zone) norms, jurisdictional
overlaps.
Policy & Initiatives (Deep Dive):
MISTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats &
Tangible Incomes): A flagship scheme to promote
mangrove plantation and ecotourism. Discuss its
strategy for community involvement and livelihood
generation.
CRZ Notification: Its role in protecting mangroves,
but also its limitations in preventing degradation.
National Biodiversity Action Plan & State Action
Plans on Climate Change: How mangroves are
integrated into broader environmental strategies.
Technological Surveillance: Importance of remote
sensing, GIS, and satellite data (e.g., FSI reports,
ISRO BHUVAN) for monitoring mangrove health
and preventing encroachment.
Way Forward:
Integrated Coastal Management: Develop and
implement comprehensive ICZM plans that include

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robust mangrove protection, considering socio-
economic needs.
Community Participation: Empower local
communities as stakeholders and beneficiaries of
mangrove conservation, providing alternative
sustainable livelihoods.
Ecosystem Services Valuation: Incorporate the
economic value of mangrove services into national
accounting and decision-making processes.
Strict Enforcement: Strengthen regulatory
enforcement against illegal encroachment and
pollution.
International Cooperation: Share best practices and
collaborate on transboundary mangrove
ecosystems (e.g., Sundarbans with Bangladesh).
Potential Mains Questions:
“The undervaluation of mangrove ecosystems as
‘natural capital’ poses a significant threat to India’s
coastal resilience. Discuss the multifaceted
ecological and economic benefits of mangroves and
critically analyze the challenges in their
conservation and sustainable management. What
policy interventions are needed to fully leverage
their potential as ‘climate infrastructure’?” (15
Marks)
“How can blue carbon initiatives and community-
based conservation models contribute to enhancing
India’s mangrove cover and achieving its climate
change mitigation targets? Illustrate with
examples.” (10 Marks)
Environmental Conservation and Climate Resilience:
GS Papers: GS III (Environment & Ecology, Disaster
Management, Climate Change, Biodiversity)
Core Issue: India’s multifaceted approach to
environmental protection and climate action,
encompassing urban greening, wildlife habitat
restoration, wetland preservation, and legal
interventions, all contributing to national climate
goals.
Broader Perspective & Analysis:
Nature-Based Solutions (Comprehensive): Reiterate
that initiatives like urban forests and wetland
conservation are not just isolated projects but
strategic nature-based solutions for climate
adaptation (reducing heat island effect, flood
control) and mitigation (carbon sequestration).
Urban Greening & Liveability:
‘Matri Van’ in Gurugram: Explain its significance as a
large-scale urban forest in a highly polluted and
concretized region. Its potential for improving air
quality, groundwater recharge, and mental well-
being for urban dwellers. Link to “Ek Ped Maa Ke
Naam” campaign.
Miyawaki Method: Briefly mention other urban
forestry techniques being adopted.
Wildlife Conservation (Beyond Tigers):
Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary (Tiger
Introduction): Discuss the complexities of tiger
reintroduction (ensuring prey base, habitat
connectivity, managing human-wildlife conflict).
This is part of a broader strategy for range
expansion of tigers beyond saturated reserves.
Project Tiger Success & Future
Challenges: Acknowledge India’s leadership in tiger
conservation but highlight new challenges: habitat
fragmentation, genetic diversity concerns, and
illegal wildlife trade.
Protected Area Network: The importance of
expanding and effectively managing India’s
network of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and
community reserves.
Wetland Conservation (Critical Role):
Ashtamudi Wetland: Its status as a Ramsar site
underscores its international importance. The
Kerala HC directive highlights the crucial role of
judiciary in environmental governance and the
need for dedicated management units and
integrated management plans.
Ecological Functions: Wetlands as vital ecosystems
for water purification, flood regulation,
groundwater recharge, and supporting diverse flora
and fauna.
Threats & Policy: Encroachment for development,
pollution from untreated sewage and industrial

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effluents, unsustainable harvesting. Role of Wetland
(Conservation and Management) Rules.
Climate Change Vulnerability & Adaptation : How
these conservation efforts build natural buffers
against the impacts of climate change (e.g.,
mangroves protecting coasts, urban forests
mitigating heat stress).
Participatory Conservation : Emphasize the
importance of involving local communities, NGOs,
and corporate CSR in conservation efforts for
sustainability.
Way Forward :
Strengthen Environmental Governance: Ensure
effective implementation and enforcement of
environmental laws (CRZ, Wildlife Protection Act,
Forest Conservation Act).
Integrated Landscape Approach : Adopt a holistic
approach to conservation that considers entire
landscapes and corridors, not just isolated
protected areas.
Climate Finance for Conservation : Explore avenues
for financing conservation projects through climate
funds and carbon markets.
Public Awareness & Education : Foster a deeper
environmental consciousness among citizens.
Inter-sectoral Coordination: Better coordination
between ministries (Environment, Urban
Development, Agriculture) for sustainable land use
planning.
Potential Mains Questions:
“Analyze India’s comprehensive strategy for
environmental conservation and climate resilience,
as evidenced by recent initiatives in urban forestry,
wildlife reintroduction, and wetland management.
Discuss the challenges in their implementation and
the role of various stakeholders.” (15 Marks)
“Highlight the ecological and socio-economic
significance of wetlands in India. Critically examine
the threats they face and the effectiveness of
existing legal and policy frameworks in ensuring
their sustainable management, with specific
reference to judicial interventions.” (10 Marks)
6. India’s Battery Waste Management Rules: Gaps in
the EV Ecosystem :
Syllabus: GS-3/Environment, Science and
Technology, Infrastructure
In News : While India is rapidly pushing for electric
vehicle (EV) adoption, an analysis has highlighted
critical gaps in the Battery Waste Management
Rules, 2022. The rules, while a step in the right
direction, fail to create a viable economic ecosystem
for safe and efficient recycling of lithium-ion
batteries.
Challenges in Implementation :
Inadequate Incentives : The Extended Producer
Responsibility (EPR) framework lacks clear
guidelines on the budget that manufacturers should
allocate for recycling. This ambiguity can lead to
low rates paid to recyclers, making formal recycling
unprofitable and unable to compete with the
informal sector.
Informal Sector: The informal sector, which often
handles battery waste without safety protocols,
poses a significant risk of environmental
contamination and fire hazards due to the toxic and
volatile nature of lithium-ion batteries.
Lack of Standardization : The lack of
standardization in battery pack design and
chemical composition makes disassembly and
material recovery a complex and costly process for
recyclers.
Labeling and Information: Many batteries lack
comprehensive information on their chemical
composition, making it difficult for recyclers to
efficiently recover valuable materials like lithium,
cobalt, and nickel.
Way Forward:
Strengthening EPR: The government needs to define
a clear and transparent mechanism for calculating
EPR obligations and ensuring fair compensation for
recyclers.
Formal Sector Integration: Incentives should be
provided to integrate the informal sector into the
formal recycling value chain, providing them with
training and safety equipment.

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R&D and Innovation : The government should
promote research and development into new, cost-
effective recycling technologies and encourage
manufacturers to adopt “design for recycling”
principles.
7. India’s Stance on the Global Plastics Treaty:
Syllabus: GS-3/Environment, International
Relations.
In News: As countries convene in Geneva for the
final round of negotiations for a Global Plastics
Treaty, India’s position is being closely watched.
While India is a key advocate for a legally binding
treaty to end plastic pollution, its stance at the
negotiations has been to push for a consensus-
based approach that does not hinder the
developmental needs of developing countries.
Key Points of India’s Position :
“Common but Differentiated Responsibilities”
(CBDR): India, along with other developing nations,
is pushing for the principle of CBDR, arguing that
developed countries have a greater historical
responsibility for plastic pollution and should
provide technical and financial assistance to
developing nations.
Focus on Waste Management : India’s official stance
is to prioritize the downstream aspects of plastic
pollution, such as waste management and recycling,
rather than imposing mandatory production caps
on the manufacturing of plastics. This is driven by
its ambition to become a major hub for
petrochemical manufacturing.
Multilateral Fund: India is advocating for a
standalone multilateral fund to support the
transition of developing countries to a circular
plastic economy, arguing that this is necessary to
meet the treaty’s obligations.
Challenges for India :
India is both a growing economy reliant on the
petrochemical industry and a significant plastic
polluter. This dual identity presents a “pro-plastics
dilemma” at the international forum.
Striking a balance between its economic interests
and its environmental commitments will be a key
challenge for India in the coming years.
Ethanol Blending: Government Clarifies on Mileage
& Engine Concerns
Syllabus: GS-3/Environment, Economy, Science &
Technology
In News: Amid rising consumer complaints about a
drop in mileage and potential engine damage from
E20 petrol (20% ethanol blend), the Ministry of
Petroleum and Natural Gas has issued a detailed
clarification. While acknowledging a marginal
reduction in fuel efficiency, the ministry dismissed
claims of significant engine damage as “factually
incorrect.”
Government’s Stance :
Marginal Mileage Drop: The ministry stated that the
mileage drop is a modest 1-2% for E20-compliant
vehicles and up to 3-6% for others. It attributed this
to ethanol’s lower energy density compared to
petrol.
Corrosion Concerns are Overstated : On the issue of
engine damage, the ministry emphasized that E20
fuel is governed by Bureau of Indian Standards
(BIS) specifications and that all new vehicles
manufactured since April 2023 are E20-compliant,
with improved materials that resist corrosion.
Minor part replacements in older vehicles are
considered a part of routine maintenance.
Performance Benefits : The ministry highlighted
that ethanol has a higher octane rating, which can
improve engine performance and combustion
efficiency.
Economic and Environmental Gains : The
government reiterated the significant benefits of
ethanol blending, including a saving of over ₹1.40
lakh crore in crude oil imports since 2014-15 and a
reduction of over 700 lakh tonnes of carbon dioxide
emissions.
UPSC Relevance :
This news item presents a classic policy dilemma
for UPSC aspirants: how to balance national energy
security and environmental goals with potential
consumer-level costs and technical challenges.
The issue requires an understanding of biofuels, the
role of government agencies like the Ministry of

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Petroleum, and the importance of consumer
awareness and industry standards.
New Species of Lichen in Western Ghats
Syllabus : Environment, Biodiversity
Context: A team of Indian scientists from the
Agharkar Research Institute (MACS-ARI), an
autonomous institution of the Department of
Science & Technology, has discovered a new species
of lichen in the biodiversity-rich Western Ghats. The
newly identified species, named Allographa
effusosoredica, is a crustose lichen with unique
morphological and chemical traits. This discovery is
a testament to the immense biodiversity of the
Western Ghats and underscores the critical
ecological role of lichens as bioindicators of air
quality and as pioneers in soil formation.
Analysis :
The discovery of a new species of lichen is more
than just a scientific achievement; it has significant
ecological and environmental implications.
Biodiversity Hotspot : The Western Ghats is a
UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the world’s
eight “hottest hotspots” of biological diversity. The
discovery of a new species of lichen, a symbiotic
organism composed of a fungus and an alga,
highlights the fact that a vast amount of the region’s
biodiversity remains undiscovered. This discovery
reinforces the need for continued exploration and
conservation efforts to protect this fragile and
unique ecosystem. It is a reminder that the Western
Ghats is not just a collection of plants and animals
but a complex web of life, where every species, no
matter how small, plays a crucial role.
Ecological Role and Bioindicators : Lichens are a
vital part of the ecosystem. They are one of the first
organisms to colonize bare rock, helping to break it
down and form soil, which is essential for the
growth of other plants. More importantly, lichens
are highly sensitive to air pollution, particularly
sulfur dioxide. They absorb water and nutrients
directly from the air, making them excellent
natural bioindicators of environmental health. A
diverse and thriving lichen population is a strong
indicator of clean air and a healthy environment.
The presence of the newly discovered.
species, Allographa effusosoredica, in the Western
Ghats suggests that the air quality in its habitat is
relatively clean, which is a positive sign. However,
the overall degradation of the Western Ghats due to
deforestation and pollution poses a significant
threat to these sensitive organisms.
Scientific Research and Conservation : The discovery
of this new species opens up new avenues for
scientific research. The study, which combined
classical taxonomy with modern molecular tools,
also unveiled the lichen’s algal partner,
a Trentepohlia species, adding to our
understanding of photobiont diversity in tropical
lichens. This research is crucial for understanding
the complex symbiotic relationships that exist in
nature. The discovery also emphasizes the urgent
need for more molecular work on Indian lichen
diversity, especially in biodiversity hotspots like the
Western Ghats. This research can provide valuable
insights into the evolutionary history of these
organisms and their potential uses, including in
medicine and biotechnology.
Solutions / Analysis : The discovery of new species
is a wake-up call for stronger conservation policies.
Strengthening Protected Areas : The government
must strengthen the protected area network in the
Western Ghats and enforce stricter regulations
against deforestation, mining, and other destructive
activities.
Controlling Pollution : Measures to control
industrial and vehicular pollution in and around the
Western Ghats are essential to protect sensitive
species like lichens.
Promoting Scientific Research : Increased funding
for scientific research and a greater emphasis on
biodiversity surveys are needed to better
understand and conserve the region’s unique flora
and fauna.
Conclusion : The discovery of a new species of
lichen in the Western Ghats is a reminder of the
region’s immense biodiversity and the critical
ecological roles played by even the smallest
organisms. It is a clarion call for intensified
conservation efforts, sound environmental
governance, and sustained scientific research to

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protect this invaluable natural heritage for future
generations.
Heat Resilient Moodadi Project in Kerala :
Syllabus: Environment, Disaster Management
Context: The Kerala State Disaster Management
Authority (KSDMA) has launched a pioneering
climate adaptation initiative called the Heat
Resilient Moodadi project in the Moodadi Panchayat
of Kozhikode district. This project is a proactive and
community-centric approach to combat the adverse
effects of rising temperatures and frequent
heatwaves. It is the first time a local self-
government body in Kerala has formulated such a
comprehensive heat action plan, which includes
using innovative techniques like heat-reflecting
paints, bamboo barriers on walls, and the
establishment of “cooling pavilions” as safe spaces
for residents during extreme heat.
Analysis:
The Heat Resilient Moodadi project is a shining
example of how a localized, community-driven
approach can be an effective strategy for climate
adaptation.
Localised and Community-Driven Adaptation: The
project is a model for localized and context-specific
climate action. Instead of a top-down approach, the
plan was developed over a period of one and a half
years with the active involvement of the local
community, climate experts, and various
government departments. This ensured that the
solutions were tailored to the specific needs and
vulnerabilities of the Moodadi Panchayat. The use
of local and sustainable materials like bamboo for
heat barriers and the establishment of “cooling
pavilions” as community spaces demonstrate an
approach that is both effective and culturally
appropriate. This community-centric model
promotes a sense of ownership and can be more
sustainable in the long run.
Proactive Disaster Management : In the past,
disaster management has often been reactive,
focusing on relief and rehabilitation after a disaster
has occurred. The Moodadi project represents a
shift to a proactive and preventive approach. By
preparing the community for future heatwaves, it
aims to reduce the health risks, economic losses,
and social disruptions that can be caused by
extreme heat. The project focuses on identifying
heat-related hazards and implementing preventive
measures, which is a crucial part of building a
resilient community in the face of climate change.
Model for Replication : The success of this pilot
project has the potential to provide a scalable
model for other parts of India, particularly in urban
areas and coastal regions that are also vulnerable to
rising temperatures. The project’s holistic
approach, which integrates measures for building
design, public spaces, and community awareness,
can be replicated and adapted to suit different local
contexts. The project also highlights the importance
of inter-departmental coordination and a multi-
stakeholder approach to disaster management.
Way Forward: To ensure the long-term success of
this initiative and its replication elsewhere, the
following steps are crucial:
Government Support: The state government must
provide continued financial and technical support
to the Moodadi project and other similar initiatives.
Knowledge Sharing: The KSDMA should create a
platform for sharing the best practices and lessons
learned from the Moodadi project with other local
bodies across the state and the country.
Integrating into Policy: The principles of heat-
resilient design and community-based adaptation
should be integrated into the state’s urban planning
and housing policies. This will ensure that all new
developments are built with climate resilience in
mind.
Conclusion: The Heat Resilient Moodadi project in
Kerala is a pioneering effort in climate adaptation
and disaster management. It demonstrates that by
adopting a localized, community-driven, and
proactive approach, we can effectively combat the
adverse effects of climate change. The project
serves as a model for a more resilient future, where
communities are empowered to take charge of their
own safety and well-being in the face of a changing
climate.
New Report Highlights Challenges in India’s Wetland
Conservation:

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Syllabus: Environment (Biodiversity &
Conservation), Governance (Policies)
Context: A new report from the Ministry of
Environment, Forest, and Climate Change has
highlighted the persistent challenges in the
conservation of India’s wetlands. Despite the
implementation of the Wetlands (Conservation and
Management) Rules, 2017, and the designation of
numerous sites under the Ramsar Convention, the
report indicates that wetlands continue to face
threats from urbanization, pollution, and climate
change. The report calls for a more integrated and
technology-driven approach to wetland
conservation, with a greater focus on community
participation and effective enforcement of
regulations.
Analysis:
The report’s findings underscore the urgent need
for a more robust and holistic strategy for wetland
conservation, a critical component of India’s
ecological health.
Ecosystem Services and Threats: Wetlands are
among the most valuable ecosystems on Earth,
providing a wide range of services, including flood
control, water purification, and biodiversity
conservation. However, they are also among the
most threatened ecosystems in India. The report
identifies urban encroachment, pollution from
industrial and domestic sources, and agricultural
expansion as major threats. The lack of a
comprehensive and up-to-date inventory of
wetlands, particularly the smaller ones, is a major
challenge.
Weak Enforcement of Regulations: The report
points to the weak enforcement of the Wetlands
(Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017, as a
key reason for the continued degradation of
wetlands. The rules, while well-intentioned, often
lack clear guidelines on restoration and community
participation. The absence of effective monitoring
and accountability mechanisms has created a
loophole for polluters and encroachers, leading to a
culture of impunity.
Technology and Community Engagement: The
report suggests that a more technology-driven
approach is needed to effectively monitor and
manage wetlands. This includes the use of GIS-
based mapping, remote sensing, and satellite
technology to track changes in wetland health and
identify encroachments. The report also highlights
the need for greater community-based wetland
management, where local communities, who are
often dependent on wetlands for their livelihoods,
are actively involved in conservation efforts.
Way Forward: The report provides a clear roadmap
for a more effective conservation strategy.
Comprehensive Mapping: The government must
undertake a comprehensive and geo-spatial
mapping of all wetlands, including the smaller ones
that are not currently covered under the rules.
Strengthening Legal Framework: The legal
framework for wetland conservation must be
strengthened to include more stringent penalties
for violations and clear guidelines on restoration
and community participation.
Public Awareness: A nationwide public awareness
campaign is needed to educate people about the
importance of wetlands and their role in
maintaining ecological balance.
Conclusion: The new report on wetland
conservation is a timely reminder of the challenges
that India faces in protecting its natural heritage. By
adopting a more integrated, technology-driven, and
community-based approach, the government can
not only protect these vital ecosystems but also
ensure a more sustainable and resilient future for
India.
Coastal zone management: A new strategy to combat
climate change:
Syllabus Link: GS-III: Environment (Climate change,
conservation, pollution). GS-I: Geography (Coastal
geomorphology).
Context: In response to the growing threat of rising
sea levels and extreme weather events, the Ministry
of Environment, Forest & Climate Change
(MoEFCC) has unveiled a new national strategy for
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). The
strategy is a comprehensive, multi-faceted
approach that aims to protect India’s vulnerable
coastline, preserve its fragile ecosystems, and

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ensure the livelihood security of millions of coastal
communities.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
The Threat of Climate Change: India has a vast
coastline of over 7,500 km, which is highly
vulnerable to the impacts of climate change,
including coastal erosion, storm surges, and the
salinization of freshwater resources. These threats
not only endanger coastal ecosystems like
mangroves and coral reefs but also threaten the
homes and livelihoods of millions of people who
depend on the sea for their survival.
Integrated Approach: The new strategy moves away
from a piecemeal approach to coastal management
and adopts an integrated, holistic framework. It
seeks to bring together various government
agencies, local communities, and the private sector
to work together on a single, long-term plan. This
approach is vital to address the complex and
interconnected challenges of coastal management.
Focus on ‘Blue Carbon’ Ecosystems: The strategy
places a strong emphasis on the restoration and
protection of mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrass
beds. These ecosystems act as natural barriers
against storm surges and coastal erosion. They are
also powerful ‘blue carbon’ sinks, which absorb
large amounts of carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere, making their preservation a key
component of India’s climate mitigation strategy.
Livelihood Security: The strategy recognizes that
coastal communities are not just passive victims of
climate change but are also key stakeholders in the
solution. It includes provisions for
promoting sustainable livelihoods for fishermen
and other coastal communities, such as
encouraging eco-tourism, sustainable aquaculture,
and the cultivation of salt-tolerant crops.
Leveraging Technology: The strategy also
emphasizes the use of technology for coastal
monitoring and disaster preparedness. It includes
plans to use satellite imagery, drones, and data
analytics to monitor coastal erosion, track changes
in sea levels, and provide early warnings to coastal
communities.
Way Forward:
The government must ensure that the new strategy
is implemented in a participatory and inclusive
manner, with the active involvement of local
communities.
The strategy must be backed by a robust financial
mechanism to fund the restoration of ecosystems
and the development of sustainable livelihoods.
Inter-ministerial coordination is crucial to ensure
that all relevant agencies, from the Ministry of
Environment to the Ministry of Fisheries, work in
synergy.
The government should launch a comprehensive
public awareness campaign to educate citizens
about the importance of coastal ecosystems and
their role in protecting the country from climate
change.
Conclusion: The new ICZM strategy is a vital step
toward protecting India’s coastline and ensuring
the long-term sustainability of its coastal
communities. By adopting an integrated and
participatory approach, India is not only addressing
the immediate threats of climate change but also
building a more resilient and prosperous future for
its coastal regions.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the key
components of India’s new national strategy for
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM). How
can this strategy help India in combating the
threats of climate change, preserving coastal
ecosystems, and ensuring the livelihood security of
coastal communities?”
Powering the future: India’s new push for solar and
wind energy
Link: GS-III: Environment (Climate change,
conservation). GS-III: Economy (Infrastructure,
energy).
Context: India has reaffirmed its commitment to a
green energy future with a new policy push for
large-scale solar and wind energy projects. The
move is a part of the country’s ambitious plan to
achieve its climate goals and to become a global
leader in renewable energy. The new policy
includes a range of measures, from new
production-linked incentives to a new framework
for private investment in renewable energy.

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Key Aspects & Analysis:
India’s Climate Goals: India has set an ambitious
target of generating a large portion of its electricity
from non-fossil fuels by 2030 and to achieve net-
zero emissions by 2070. The new policy is a clear
sign that India is committed to these goals and is
taking a proactive approach to combating climate
change.
The ‘Make in India’ Factor: The new policy places a
strong emphasis on the indigenization of renewable
energy technology. It includes new production-
linked incentive schemes for the manufacturing of
solar panels, wind turbines, and batteries. This is a
vital step toward creating a self-reliant renewable
energy ecosystem and reducing India’s reliance on
foreign imports.
Addressing the Challenges: Despite the progress,
India’s renewable energy sector faces some major
challenges. One of the biggest challenges is the
intermittent nature of solar and wind energy. The
new policy addresses this by promoting the use
of battery storage and green hydrogen, which can be
used to store energy when the sun is not shining or
the wind is not blowing.
The Role of the Private Sector: The new policy
encourages greater private sector participation in
the renewable energy sector. It provides a new
framework for private investment and a clear
roadmap for the development of new projects. This
is a crucial step toward attracting the large-scale
investment that is needed to achieve India’s climate
goals.
The Need for a Smart Grid: The large-scale
integration of renewable energy into the grid
requires a new kind of power grid. The government
is working to create a smart grid that can handle the
fluctuations in the supply of renewable energy and
that can provide a stable and reliable supply of
electricity to consumers.
Way Forward:
The government should continue to
provide financial and tax incentives to private
companies to encourage them to invest in
renewable energy.
A clear and transparent land acquisition policy is
needed to ensure that new projects are not stalled
by local opposition.
A national energy storage policy should be enacted
to provide a clear roadmap for the development of
new battery storage technologies.
The government should also invest in a
massive public awareness campaign to educate
citizens about the benefits of renewable energy.
Conclusion: The new policy for solar and wind
energy is a bold and necessary step toward a more
sustainable and prosperous future. By leveraging
its vast renewable energy resources, India is not
only addressing the challenges of climate change
but also creating a new engine for economic
growth.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the key features
of India’s new policy for the promotion of solar and
wind energy. What are the major challenges facing
the renewable energy sector in India, and how can
they be addressed to ensure a smooth transition to
a green energy future?”
Powering the deserts: A new policy for renewable
energy in arid regions:
Syllabus Link: GS-III: Environment (Climate change,
conservation). GS-III: Economy (Infrastructure,
energy).
Context: The government has unveiled a new
national policy for the promotion of renewable
energy in India’s arid regions, such as the Thar and
Kutch deserts. The new policy, which is a key part
of India’s plan to achieve its climate goals and to
become a global leader in renewable energy, is a
multi-faceted approach that includes provisions for
new production-linked incentives, a new
framework for private investment, and a new
framework for the development of new
transmission lines.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
Vast Untapped Potential: India’s desert regions have
a vast and untapped potential for solar and wind
energy. The new policy is a clear recognition that
these regions can play a key role in India’s
transition to a green energy future. The new policy

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is a vital step toward leveraging this potential and
toward creating a new engine for economic growth.
Addressing the Challenges: The development of
renewable energy in the desert regions faces some
major challenges, such as a lack of a good
infrastructure, the issue of water scarcity, and the
issue of a lack of a good transmission network. The
new policy aims to address these issues by
providing a new framework for the development of
new transmission lines and for the creation of a
new water management system.
The Role of the Private Sector: The new policy
encourages greater private sector participation in
the renewable energy sector in the desert regions.
It provides a new framework for private investment
and a clear roadmap for the development of new
projects. This is a crucial step toward attracting the
large-scale investment that is needed to achieve
India’s climate goals.
The ‘Green Corridor’: The new policy also includes a
new framework for the creation of a new ‘Green
Corridor’ that will connect the desert regions to the
country’s main power grid. The new corridor will
ensure that the power generated in the desert
regions is transmitted to the rest of the country
without any loss of energy.
The Need for a New Approach: The new policy is a
clear move away from the old approach of building
new power plants in the cities. The new policy
emphasizes a more decentralized approach, with a
focus on building new power plants in the rural and
remote areas. This is a vital step toward a more
equitable and a more sustainable energy future.
Way Forward:
The government should provide financial and tax
incentives to private companies to encourage them
to invest in renewable energy in the desert regions.
A clear and transparent land acquisition policy is
needed to ensure that new projects are not stalled
by local opposition.
A new framework for the training of the local
communities and for their participation in the new
projects should be put in place.
The government should also work with the states to
ensure that the new policy is implemented in a
participatory and inclusive manner.
Conclusion: The new policy for renewable energy in
the arid regions is a bold and necessary step toward
a more sustainable and prosperous future. By
leveraging its vast renewable energy resources,
India is not only addressing the challenges of
climate change but also creating a new engine for
economic growth.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the strategic
importance of promoting renewable energy in
India’s desert regions. What are the key features of
the new policy in this regard, and what are the
major challenges that need to be addressed for its
successful implementation?”
INFRASTRUCTURE
Infrastructure Development: Railways and
Waterways
GS Papers: GS III (Infrastructure, Indian Economy,
Energy, Environment)
Core Issue: India’s commitment to building a
modern, efficient, multimodal, and environmentally
sustainable transport infrastructure network to
boost economic competitiveness, reduce logistics
costs, and achieve climate goals.
Broader Perspective & Analysis:
National Logistics Policy (NLP): Frame these
developments within the broader goal of reducing
India’s logistics costs (currently high) to global
benchmarks, enhancing competitiveness for trade
and manufacturing.
Hydrogen Economy & Green Mobility:
Hydrogen Trains (Technical & Economic
Viability): Detail the technology of hydrogen fuel
cells converting hydrogen into electricity with
water as a byproduct. Discuss the challenges of
hydrogen production (green hydrogen vs.
grey/blue), storage, and establishing refueling
infrastructure. While initial costs are high, potential
for long-term fuel savings and environmental
benefits.

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“Hydrogen for Railways” Initiative: Part of Indian
Railways’ ambitious target to become a net-zero
carbon emitter by 2030.
Comparative Advantage: How hydrogen trains
compare with electrification (cost, flexibility,
range) and traditional diesel (emissions, noise).
Inland Waterways (Underutilized Potential):
Economic Benefits: Most cost-effective and fuel-
efficient mode for bulk cargo. Reduces road
congestion, accidents, and pollution. Enhances
connectivity to remote areas, especially in the
Northeast.
Regional Connectivity (Act East
Policy): Operationalization of Kopili River (NW 57)
is crucial for linking Northeast India to Bangladesh
and further to Southeast Asian markets, enhancing
trade and cultural ties.
PM Gati Shakti Master Plan: How waterway
development is integrated into this holistic plan for
multimodal connectivity and synchronized
infrastructure projects.
Challenges in Waterways Development:
Navigability: Seasonal variations in water levels,
siltation, need for continuous dredging.
Infrastructure Gaps: Shortage of modern terminals,
handling equipment, and last-mile connectivity.
Environmental Concerns: Impact of dredging on
aquatic ecosystems, displacement of communities,
water pollution.
Inter-State Disputes: Water sharing issues can
hinder development.
Policy Support: National Waterways Act, Sagarmala
Project (connecting ports with inland waterways),
Bharatmala Pariyojana (road network integration).
Way Forward:
Integrated Planning: Ensure seamless integration of
all transport modes (road, rail, air, water) through
data-driven planning (e.g., Gati Shakti).
Sustainable Funding: Attract private investment and
explore innovative financing models for large-scale
infrastructure projects.
Technological Adoption: Leverage technology for
better monitoring, maintenance, and efficiency of
infrastructure.
Environmental Safeguards: Implement robust
environmental impact assessments and mitigation
measures for all projects.
Capacity Building: Develop skilled workforce for
operating and maintaining advanced transport
systems.
Potential Mains Questions:
“Analyze the multifaceted impact of India’s
investment in green transportation infrastructure,
particularly hydrogen-powered trains and inland
waterways, on its economic competitiveness,
logistics efficiency, and environmental
sustainability. What challenges must be overcome
for their widespread adoption?” (15 Marks)
“The development of inland waterways is key to
unlocking the economic potential of India’s
Northeast and enhancing regional connectivity.
Discuss the strategic and economic significance of
operationalizing waterways like the Kopili River
(NW 57) within the framework of India’s Act East
Policy.” (10 Marks)
New High-Altitude Airbase to be Built in Ladakh
Syllabus
GS Paper-II: India and its neighborhood- relations.
GS Paper-III: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads,
Airports, Railways etc.
Context The Indian Air Force (IAF) has announced
the construction of a new high-altitude airbase in
eastern Ladakh, close to the Line of Actual Control
(LAC). The new airbase, to be located in Nyoma,
will enhance the IAF’s operational capabilities in
the region and will strengthen India’s strategic
position in the ongoing standoff with China.
In-depth Analysis and UPSC-Relevant Points
The construction of the new Nyoma airbase is a
critical strategic development that underscores
India’s commitment to modernizing its military
infrastructure along the border with China. It is a
proactive and measured response to the growing

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military and infrastructure buildup by the People’s
Liberation Army (PLA) in the region.
Strategic Rationale and Geopolitical Context: The
Nyoma airbase is strategically located just 35
kilometers from the LAC. Its construction is a direct
response to China’s rapid and extensive military
infrastructure development in the Aksai Chin
region, including the expansion of airbases and the
construction of new roads and railway lines. The
new airbase will provide the Indian Air Force with a
crucial forward operating base, which will
significantly reduce the response time for air
operations in the region. This is a key step towards
achieving a credible deterrence posture and
ensuring that India can match China’s military
capabilities in the high-altitude region.
Enhancing Operational Capabilities: The Nyoma
airbase, located at an altitude of over 13,000 feet,
will be one of the highest airbases in the world. Its
operationalization will allow the IAF to deploy and
operate a wide range of aircraft, including fighter
jets like the Rafale and Su-30MKI, as well as
transport aircraft and helicopters. This will enhance
the IAF’s ability to:
Sustainability: Rapidly deploy troops and
equipment to the front lines.
Intelligence and Surveillance: Conduct round-the-
clock surveillance and reconnaissance operations.
Logistics Support: Provide crucial logistics support
to ground forces, including troop movements and
resupply.
Air-to-ground Operations: Conduct offensive and
defensive air operations, and provide close air
support to ground forces.
Lessons from the 2020 Standoff: The 2020 Galwan
Valley clashes highlighted the critical importance of
military infrastructure in high-altitude regions.
India’s rapid infrastructure development, including
the construction of roads and bridges, allowed it to
deploy troops and equipment quickly. The new
Nyoma airbase is a testament to the lessons learned
from the standoff and a commitment to
strengthening India’s military presence in the
region. It will be a key part of India’s long-term
strategy to ensure a robust and resilient defence
posture along the LAC.
Comparison with Chinese Infrastructure: China has
been investing heavily in military infrastructure in
the region, including the expansion of airbases at
Hotan, Kashgar, and Nagari Gunsa. The new Nyoma
airbase will help in balancing this asymmetry. It
will also be part of a larger network of airbases and
military infrastructure in Ladakh, including Leh and
Thoise, which will provide the IAF with a strategic
advantage in the region.
Economic and Civil Impact: While the primary
purpose of the new airbase is military, it will also
have a positive impact on the region’s economy and
civil life. It will improve connectivity, which will
help in the development of the region and will also
be used for civilian purposes, such as medical
evacuations and disaster relief.
Mains Question: The construction of a new high-
altitude airbase in eastern Ladakh is a major
strategic development. Analyze the significance of
this move in the context of the India-China border
standoff, its impact on India’s defence capabilities,
and the broader geopolitical implications for the
region.
Mumbai Monorail Breakdowns Amid Heavy Rains
Syllabus
GS Paper-III: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads,
Airports, Railways etc.
Context Heavy rains in Mumbai have led to two
separate incidents of Mumbai Monorail
breakdowns, leaving hundreds of passengers
stranded mid-air. The incidents have triggered a
massive rescue operation by the Mumbai Fire
Brigade (MFB) and other emergency services. The
Chief Minister of Maharashtra has promised a full
inquiry into the incidents, which have once again
highlighted the fragility of the city’s infrastructure
in the face of extreme weather events.
In-depth Analysis and UPSC-Relevant Points
The Mumbai Monorail breakdowns are not just
isolated incidents; they are a symptom of a larger
problem of urban infrastructure that is struggling
to cope with the challenges of climate change and

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rapid urbanization. The incidents raise serious
questions about the city’s disaster preparedness,
the quality of its infrastructure, and the need for a
more resilient urban planning strategy.
Climate Change and Urban Infrastructure: Mumbai, a
coastal city, is particularly vulnerable to the effects
of climate change, including heavy rainfall and sea-
level rise. The Monorail breakdowns are a stark
reminder of the need for urban infrastructure to be
designed and built to withstand these extreme
weather events. The city’s drainage system is also a
major concern, as it is not able to handle the volume
of rainfall. The incidents highlight the need for a
comprehensive urban planning strategy that takes
into account the challenges of climate change and a
more resilient infrastructure.
Maintenance and Safety Standards: The breakdowns
also raise serious questions about the maintenance
and safety standards of the Mumbai Monorail. The
incidents, which occurred on a day of heavy rainfall,
suggest that the system may not be as resilient as it
should be. The government’s inquiry will have to
look at the maintenance records, the quality of the
equipment, and the operational procedures to
determine the cause of the breakdowns. The
incidents are a wake-up call for the government to
invest more in the maintenance and modernization
of the city’s infrastructure.
Lessons for Other Indian Cities: The Mumbai
Monorail breakdowns are a lesson for other Indian
cities that are facing similar challenges. With rapid
urbanization and the increasing frequency of
extreme weather events, there is a need for a more
resilient urban planning strategy. Cities need to
invest in smart infrastructure that can withstand
the challenges of climate change and that is
designed for the future. The incidents also highlight
the need for a more coordinated approach to
disaster management that involves all stakeholders,
including government agencies, private companies,
and the public.
The Social and Economic Impact: The Monorail
breakdowns have had a major social and economic
impact. Hundreds of passengers were stranded, and
the incidents led to a disruption of traffic and a loss
of productivity. The incidents have also raised
public concerns about the safety of public
transportation, which could have a long-term
impact on the city’s economy.
Mains Question: The Mumbai Monorail breakdowns
during heavy rains highlight the fragility of the
city’s infrastructure. Analyze the causes of these
incidents and discuss the need for a more resilient
urban planning strategy in Indian cities that takes
into account the challenges of climate change and
rapid urbanization.
Smart Cities Mission and the Concept of “Smart
Villages”
Syllabus Relevance:
GS Paper II: Government policies and interventions
for development in various sectors and issues
arising out of their design and implementation.
GS Paper III: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads,
Airports, Railways etc.
Context:
The Smart Cities Mission (SCM), a flagship urban
development program, has been in implementation
since 2015. While the mission has shown mixed
results, the recent focus on extending its principles
to rural areas through the concept of “Smart
Villages” is a new and significant development. This
shift highlights the need to bridge the urban-rural
divide and ensure balanced, inclusive development.
Urban Governance & Infrastructure Dimension
(Smart Cities):
ICCCs (Integrated Command and Control
Centres): These centres, the “nervous system” of
smart cities, have been a key success story. They
leverage technology to manage traffic, public safety,
and disaster response.
Challenges: The mission has faced several
challenges, including funding gaps, bureaucratic
delays, and a lack of citizen participation. Many
projects have been delayed, and their impact on the
quality of life has been uneven.
Sustainability: The focus on large-scale
infrastructure projects often overlooks the need for
environmental sustainability and social equity.
Smart cities must be resilient to climate change and

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cater to the needs of all sections of society,
including the urban poor.
Rural Development & Social Dimension (Smart
Villages):
Bridging the Divide: The concept of “Smart Villages”
is an acknowledgment that sustainable
development in India cannot be achieved without
addressing the challenges in rural areas. It aims to
provide basic amenities and digital connectivity in
villages to prevent distress migration to cities.
Core Principles: The principles of “Smart Villages”
would include providing assured electricity, clean
drinking water, sanitation, digital infrastructure,
and access to healthcare and education. The focus
would be on leveraging technology for agricultural
development, skill enhancement, and e-governance.
Unique Challenges: Implementing “Smart Villages”
would face challenges like low population density,
limited resources, and a lack of institutional
capacity. The solutions for urban areas cannot be
simply replicated in a rural setting.
Technological Dimension:
Technology as an Enabler: Technology is the
common thread connecting “Smart Cities” and
“Smart Villages.” In cities, it is used for traffic
management and public safety. In villages, it can be
used for remote healthcare, agricultural advisory
services, and digital literacy.
Digital Divide: The success of both missions
depends on bridging the digital divide. Access to
affordable and reliable internet and digital literacy
for all citizens is a prerequisite.
Way Forward:
Integrated Planning: A holistic, integrated approach
is needed for urban and rural development. Smart
Cities and Smart Villages should not be seen as
separate silos but as interconnected parts of a
larger national development plan.
Citizen Participation: Both missions must prioritize
citizen participation. The projects should be
designed in consultation with the local
communities to ensure they meet their specific
needs.
Sustainable Financing: Innovative financing models,
including public-private partnerships (PPPs) and
municipal bonds, need to be explored to ensure the
financial sustainability of the projects.
Focus on Outcomes: The focus should shift from
project completion to outcome measurement. The
success of the missions should be judged by their
impact on the quality of life, economic growth, and
environmental sustainability.
Conclusion:
The vision of a “Smart India” must encompass both
“Smart Cities” and “Smart Villages.” While the Smart
Cities Mission has laid the groundwork for urban
renewal, the concept of “Smart Villages” offers a
promising path to inclusive and balanced
development. By leveraging technology and
fostering an integrated approach, India can build a
future where both its urban and rural populations
thrive.
Mains Practice Questions:
Analyze the performance of the Smart Cities
Mission in India. In this context, discuss the
relevance of the concept of “Smart Villages” and the
challenges in its implementation.
“Technology is an enabler, not a solution in itself,
for urban and rural development.” Discuss this
statement with reference to the Smart Cities
Mission and the need for a holistic approach to
development.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
5. Syllabus: GS3/Science & Technology
In NewsThe NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar
(NISAR) satellite was successfully launched on July
30, 2025, aboard India’s Geosynchronous Satellite
Launch Vehicle (GSLV-F16) rocket from the Satish
Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. This milestone
marks the culmination of a decade-long bilateral
effort between the US National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA) and the Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO), ushering in a new
era of global Earth observation cooperation.
BackgroundNISAR is a flagship collaboration
between the two space agencies, conceived to
address critical gaps in Earth observation data,

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particularly concerning dynamic surface changes,
ecosystems, and ice masses. The joint mission aims
to provide unprecedented insights into the planet’s
changing environment, with implications for
disaster management, climate change studies, and
resource monitoring. The development phase
involved intricate technological exchanges and
coordination between scientific and engineering
teams from both countries.
Key Points
Dual-Frequency Radar System: NISAR is a 2.8-tonne
observatory equipped with a unique dual-frequency
radar system:
L-band radar: Provided by NASA’s Jet Propulsion
Laboratory (JPL), it operates at a wavelength of
approximately 24 cm. This band is crucial for
penetrating dense vegetation and monitoring
changes in biomass, solid Earth processes, and ice
sheet dynamics.
S-band radar: Developed by ISRO, it operates at a
wavelength of approximately 9 cm. It is optimized
for studying surface deformation, monitoring soil
moisture, and detecting changes in the Earth’s
surface, particularly in agricultural areas and for
disaster assessment.
This combination allows NISAR to detect minute
surface deformations (as small as a few
centimeters) and provide high-resolution, all-
weather, day-and-night imaging of Earth.
Orbital Characteristics and Coverage:
NISAR operates in a sun-synchronous orbit (LEO) at
an altitude of 747 km.
It has a repeat cycle of 12 days, meaning its radars
will revisit the same point on Earth’s surface under
nearly identical lighting conditions, providing
crucial time-series data for tracking changes.
It boasts a wide swath width of 242 kilometers,
enabling broad coverage.
Applications and Scientific Agenda: NISAR’s data
will be invaluable for a wide range of scientific and
societal applications:
Disaster Management: Real-time monitoring and
mapping of natural hazards such as earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, landslides, and floods, aiding in
early warning and response.
Climate Change Research: Tracking crucial climate
indicators like ice-sheet collapse, glacier retreat,
changes in permafrost, and alterations in forest
ecosystems (e.g., deforestation, biomass
estimation). Its data can refine IPCC
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change) models.
Agriculture and Forestry: Monitoring crop growth,
soil moisture content, land use changes, and forest
health.
Geodesy and Tectonics: Measuring land
deformation due to tectonic activity, volcanic
unrest, and urban subsidence.
Water Resources: Assessing changes in water
bodies and groundwater levels.
The data is expected to support international
frameworks like the Sendai Framework for Disaster
Risk Reduction.
International Collaboration and Data Sharing:
The mission highlights the deep scientific and
technological collaboration between the US and
India.
Both NASA and ISRO have committed to
providing open-access satellite data, benefiting a
global community of scientists, researchers, and
national agencies. This promotes transparency and
collaborative research efforts.
Significance for India:
For ISRO, flying a flagship payload on the GSLV Mk
II rocket is a notable achievement, further
validating the reliability of a vehicle once dubbed
“naughty boy” due to early setbacks.
The partnership has facilitated technology transfer
and advanced India’s capabilities in radar
electronics and data processing.
It confirms India’s growing stature as a reliable
partner in high-value international space missions.
12. Syllabus: GS3/Science & Technology;
GS3/Economy (Infrastructure & Energy)

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In NewsIndia achieved a significant milestone in its
clean energy transition with the commissioning of
its first indigenously-built 1 MW green hydrogen
plant at Kandla Port (Deendayal Port Authority) in
Gujarat. This development marks a crucial step in
accelerating the nation’s ambitious National Green
Hydrogen Mission.
Background Green hydrogen, produced through the
electrolysis of water using renewable energy, is
considered a critical fuel for future decarbonization
efforts, especially in hard-to-abate sectors like
heavy industry, transport, and energy storage.
Recognizing its immense potential, India launched
the National Green Hydrogen Mission in January
2023, with an outlay of ₹19,744 crore, aiming to
position India as a global hub for green hydrogen
production and export.
Key Points
Location and Capacity: The plant is strategically
located at Deendayal Port Authority (Kandla Port) in
Gujarat, a major industrial and logistics hub. It has a
production capacity of 1 MW, making it India’s first
megawatt-scale green hydrogen facility.
Indigenous Development: The emphasis on
“indigenously-built” signifies India’s growing self-
reliance and technological capabilities in advanced
renewable energy systems. The plant was
reportedly implemented by Larsen & Toubro.
Production Process: The plant produces green
hydrogen through electrolysis, using electricity
generated from renewable energy sources (e.g.,
solar, wind). This ensures a minimal carbon
footprint in the production process.
Role in National Green Hydrogen Mission: This
commissioning is a tangible step towards achieving
the ambitious targets set by the National Green
Hydrogen Mission, which aims for:
Development of a green hydrogen production
capacity of at least 5 Million Metric Tonnes (MMT)
per annum by 2030.
Associated renewable energy capacity addition of
about 125 GW.
Over ₹8 lakh crore in total investments by 2030.
Creation of over 6 lakh jobs.
Cumulative reduction in fossil fuel imports by
over ₹1 lakh crore.
Abatement of nearly 50 MMT of annual greenhouse
gas emissions.
Future Expansion: This 1 MW plant is envisioned as
the first module of a larger planned 10 MW green
hydrogen complex at Kandla Port, for which Prime
Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone
on May 26, 2025. Once fully operational, the 10 MW
complex is expected to produce approximately 140
metric tonnes of green hydrogen annually.
Impact and Significance:
Energy Security: Reduces India’s dependence on
imported fossil fuels.
Decarbonization: Contributes significantly to
reducing greenhouse gas emissions from industrial
and maritime sectors.
Economic Opportunities: Fosters the growth of a
new green industry, leading to investment, job
creation, and technological advancement.
Maritime Decarbonization: Integrating green
hydrogen production at a major port like Kandla is
crucial for decarbonizing the shipping sector, which
is a significant emitter.
UPSC Relevance (for Mains):
Renewable Energy: Discuss the importance of green
hydrogen as a clean energy carrier and its role in
India’s energy transition.
National Green Hydrogen Mission: Analyze its
objectives, targets, and potential impact on India’s
economy and environment.
Energy Security: Examine how the development of
green hydrogen contributes to India’s energy self-
reliance.
Infrastructure Development: Discuss the role of port
infrastructure in promoting new energy
technologies and sustainable logistics.
Make in India & Self-Reliance: Highlight the
significance of indigenous technology development
in critical sectors.

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Climate Change Mitigation: Evaluate the
contribution of green hydrogen to achieving India’s
climate goals and Net Zero targets.
Defence and Security: New Missile and Satellite
Capabilities
GS Papers: GS III (Science & Technology, Internal
Security/Defence, Space Technology), GS II
(International Relations)
Core Issue: India’s trajectory towards enhanced
self-reliance in cutting-edge defence and space
technologies, positioning itself as a strategic
regional player and a responsible global space
actor, while navigating complex geopolitical
dynamics.
Broader Perspective & Analysis:
Pralay Missile (Tactical & Strategic Depth):
Quasi-Ballistic Trajectory: Explain how its ability to
maneuver in flight makes it harder to intercept
compared to traditional ballistic missiles,
enhancing its survivability and precision.
Conventional Deterrence: Focus on its role in
providing conventional deterrence against specific
threats, especially in border areas, complementing
India’s nuclear doctrine.
“Make in India” in Defence: Highlight Pralay as a
significant achievement in indigenous missile
development, reducing import dependency and
boosting the domestic defence industrial base.
Comparison: Briefly compare its capabilities with
similar missiles in other regional powers’ arsenals.
NISAR Satellite (A Paradigm Shift in Earth
Observation):
Dual-Frequency SAR (L-band & S-band): Elaborate
on the unique advantage of combining these bands
for unprecedented data collection (penetrating
vegetation, monitoring soil moisture, mapping
urban infrastructure, ice sheets).
Global Applications: Beyond India, stress its global
utility for climate change monitoring, disaster
prediction, and resource management. This
positions India as a contributor to global public
goods in space.
NASA-ISRO Collaboration: Significance of this high-
profile partnership for technology exchange,
scientific diplomacy, and building trust between
major space powers. It signals India’s growing
credibility in complex space missions.
Data Utilisation: Discuss how the vast amounts of
data generated by NISAR will require robust data
analytics capabilities and cross-sectoral integration
for effective utilization.
Pakistan’s PRSS Satellite (Regional Security
Context):
China-Pakistan Space Nexus: Analyze the
implications of China’s continued support for
Pakistan’s space program, reinforcing their
strategic partnership and potentially contributing
to a regional space arms dynamic.
Dual-Use Potential: While stated for civilian
purposes (disaster management, urban planning),
any remote sensing satellite has inherent dual-use
capabilities for surveillance and intelligence.
Regional Stability: How such developments
influence the strategic balance in South Asia and the
broader Indo-Pacific.
India’s Space Policy and Aspirations: Connect these
launches to India’s broader space ambitions (e.g.,
Gaganyaan human spaceflight, Aditya-L1 solar
mission, future planetary missions) and the
growing role of private sector in India’s space
economy.
Outer Space Treaty & Space Debris: Briefly touch
upon India’s commitment to responsible space
behavior and the growing concern over space
debris.
Way Forward:
Sustained R&D Investment: Continue investing in
cutting-edge defence and space technologies to
maintain a qualitative edge.
Strategic Partnerships: Forge diverse international
collaborations that offer mutual benefit without
compromising national security.
Integrated Defence Capability: Focus on integrating
new platforms like Pralay into a cohesive defence
strategy.

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Space Situational Awareness (SSA): Enhance SSA
capabilities to monitor space assets and debris.
Potential Mains Questions:
“Assess the comprehensive impact of India’s
advancements in strategic technologies,
exemplified by the Pralay missile and NISAR
satellite, on its national security, regional power
projection, and role in global space governance.
How do these developments interact with the space
capabilities of neighboring countries?” (15 Marks)
“Discuss the civilian and strategic applications of
dual-use space technology, with a particular focus
on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems like
NISAR. How can international collaborations in
space contribute to addressing global challenges
while navigating geopolitical complexities?” (10
Marks)
Innovation and Technology: AI in Agriculture and
Anganwadis
GS Papers: GS III (Science & Technology, Indian
Economy, Social Justice, Governance, Agriculture)
Core Issue: India’s proactive embrace of Artificial
Intelligence as a tool for inclusive development,
demonstrating its application in vital sectors like
agriculture (boosting productivity, farmer income)
and social welfare (improving health and education
outcomes for children and mothers).
Broader Perspective & Analysis:
“AI for All” National Strategy: Position these
initiatives within India’s broader vision to leverage
AI for societal good, economic growth, and inclusive
development, rather than just high-end
applications.
AI in Agriculture (Transformative Potential):
Precision Agriculture: Detailed explanation of how
AI uses data from sensors, drones, satellites, and
weather stations to provide precise inputs (water,
fertilizer), pest/disease detection, and yield
prediction.
Climate-Resilient Agriculture: AI models for
predicting extreme weather events, suggesting crop
choices, and adaptive farming practices.
Market Intelligence: AI-powered platforms can
provide real-time market prices, demand forecasts,
and connect farmers directly to buyers, reducing
post-harvest losses and increasing farmer income.
Financial Inclusion: AI in assessing creditworthiness
for agricultural loans.
AI in Social Welfare (Anganwadis – A Case Study in
Last-Mile Impact):
Enhanced Service Delivery: AI dashboards for real-
time tracking of children’s growth, nutritional
status, and immunization records. This allows early
identification of malnutrition or developmental
delays.
Personalized Learning: AI-driven educational
modules tailored to individual child’s pace and
needs, potentially using VR headsets for immersive
learning (as seen in Maharashtra’s AI Anganwadi).
Empowering Frontline Workers: Reducing the
administrative burden on Anganwadi workers,
allowing them more time for direct interaction and
care. Providing them with AI-based decision
support tools.
Data-Driven Policy Making: Aggregate AI-generated
data can inform state and national policies on
nutrition, health, and early childhood education.
Ethical AI and Responsible AI Development:
Data Privacy & Security: Ensuring the sensitive data
of farmers, children, and mothers is protected and
not misused.
Algorithmic Bias: Guarding against biases in AI
models that could lead to discriminatory outcomes.
Digital Divide: Ensuring that AI benefits do not
exacerbate existing inequalities between those with
and without digital access/literacy. Strategies for
digital inclusion.
Human-in-the-Loop: Stressing that AI should
augment human capabilities, not replace the crucial
human element in care-giving or farming decisions.
Challenges of Scaling Up AI Initiatives:
Infrastructure: Reliable internet connectivity and
power supply in remote areas.

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Digital Literacy & Training: Extensive training for
farmers and Anganwadi workers to effectively use
these tools.
Data Collection & Quality: Ensuring accurate,
consistent, and standardized data for effective AI
models.
Cost & Affordability: Developing and deploying AI
solutions at scale that are affordable for public
services.
India as a Global AI Leader: India’s potential to
develop and export AI solutions tailored for
developing countries, given its unique challenges
and large datasets.
Way Forward:
Inclusive AI Policy: Develop policies that explicitly
address digital divide, data privacy, and ethical
considerations for AI deployment in public services.
Skilling & Reskilling: Invest in digital literacy and
AI-specific skills for both beneficiaries and
implementers.
Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage
collaboration between government, startups,
research institutions, and large tech companies.
Pilot Projects & Scalability: Test AI solutions
rigorously through pilot projects before large-scale
rollout.
Robust Data Governance: Establish clear
frameworks for data collection, storage, sharing,
and usage.
Potential Mains Questions:
“Artificial Intelligence holds immense potential for
driving inclusive development in India. Critically
analyze its transformative applications in
agriculture and the social sector, particularly in
Anganwadi centres. Discuss the ethical
considerations and implementation challenges that
must be addressed for responsible and equitable AI
adoption at scale.” (20 Marks)
“How can India leverage its existing digital public
infrastructure and a ‘data-rich’ environment to
become a global leader in ‘AI for Social Good’?
Discuss the necessary policy and technological
interventions.” (15 Marks)
PM E-DRIVE Scheme Extension
Syllabus: Economy, Science & Technology
Context: The Ministry of Heavy Industries has
announced a two-year extension of the PM E-DRIVE
Scheme, India’s flagship electric mobility initiative.
The scheme, which was originally set to expire in
March 2026, will now run until March 2028. The
extension, with a total outlay of Rs 10,900 crore,
aims to provide a stable and predictable policy
environment for the electric vehicle (EV) sector. It
is designed to encourage the manufacturing and
adoption of EVs by offering buyer incentives,
boosting the localization of EV components, and
expanding the country’s charging and testing
infrastructure.
Analysis:
The extension of the PM E-DRIVE scheme is a
crucial policy move with significant implications for
India’s push towards sustainable mobility.
Policy Stability and Investor Confidence: The
extension of the scheme provides a much-needed
long-term policy framework for the EV industry.
This predictability is crucial for encouraging
manufacturers to invest in new technologies,
expand production capacities, and build a robust
supply chain for EVs and their components,
including advanced batteries. It reduces the risk for
both domestic and international investors, thereby
attracting more capital into the sector. This policy
stability is essential for the industry to move from
an nascent stage to a more mature and self-
sustaining one.
Driving Sustainable Mobility: The PM E-DRIVE
scheme is a key component of India’s commitment
to reducing its carbon footprint and achieving its
climate change goals. By promoting the adoption of
EVs, the scheme aims to reduce air pollution in
cities, decrease the country’s reliance on imported
fossil fuels, and contribute to the global effort to
combat climate change. While subsidies for electric
two- and three-wheelers will end as scheduled in
March 2026, the extension of incentives for larger
commercial segments, such as electric buses,

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trucks, and ambulances, is a strategic move. This
will help to electrify public transport and logistics,
which are major contributors to urban pollution
and emissions.
Technological Self-Reliance and “Make in India”: The
scheme is designed to boost indigenous
manufacturing of EVs and their components. This
localization is a key aspect of the “Make in India”
initiative and is crucial for India to become a global
leader in the EV space. By promoting domestic
manufacturing of advanced batteries, motors, and
other components, the scheme will not only reduce
the cost of EVs but also create jobs and foster
technological self-reliance. This is vital for India’s
long-term economic and energy security.
Challenges and Way Forward: While the scheme’s
extension is a positive step, several challenges
remain.
Charging Infrastructure: One of the biggest barriers
to EV adoption is the lack of a robust charging
infrastructure. The government must accelerate its
efforts to build a nationwide network of charging
stations, both in urban and rural areas.
High Initial Cost: Despite the subsidies, the initial
cost of EVs remains a deterrent for many potential
buyers. The government needs to find ways to
further reduce the cost of EVs and their
components, perhaps through tax benefits and
investments in battery technology research.
Skill Development: As the EV sector grows, there
will be a need for a skilled workforce in areas like
battery manufacturing, charging station
management, and EV maintenance. The
government must invest in skill development
programs to meet this demand.
Conclusion: The extension of the PM E-DRIVE
scheme is a strong signal of the government’s
commitment to electric mobility. By providing
policy stability, encouraging sustainable
transportation, and promoting indigenous
manufacturing, the scheme is a crucial catalyst for
India’s transition to a greener and more
technologically advanced future. Its success,
however, will depend on how effectively the
government can address the remaining challenges
and build a complete and self-sustaining EV
ecosystem.
ISRO’s NISAR Mission Marks a New Era of Indo-US
Space Collaboration
Syllabus: Science & Technology (Space),
International Relations
Context: Following the successful launch of
the NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar
(NISAR) mission on July 30, the Indian Space
Research Organisation (ISRO) has announced that
it will launch a 6,500 kg US communication satellite,
Block-2 BlueBird, in the coming months. The NISAR
mission, a collaborative project between NASA and
ISRO, is the world’s most expensive earth
observation mission. The upcoming launch of the
US satellite from Indian soil using ISRO’s heaviest
rocket, LVM-3-M5, marks a significant milestone in
India’s space program. This event is a clear
indication of India’s growing stature in the global
space sector and the deepening of Indo-US space
collaboration.
Analysis:
The NISAR mission and the upcoming launch of the
US satellite are not just technical achievements;
they are powerful symbols of India’s rise as a major
space power and a new era of international
cooperation.
India’s Leap in Space Technology: The launch of
NISAR, which carries advanced payloads from both
NASA and ISRO, is a testament to India’s
technological prowess. The mission’s ability to
provide high-resolution imagery for a variety of
applications, including disaster monitoring and
climate change studies, demonstrates India’s
capability to undertake complex and ambitious
space projects. The fact that India is now launching
satellites for a country that once donated a small
rocket to it, as highlighted by ISRO Chairman V.
Narayanan, is a powerful indicator of the country’s
remarkable journey in space techology.
Deepening Indo-US Strategic Partnership: The
collaboration on NISAR and the upcoming launch of
the US satellite are a clear sign of the deepening
strategic partnership between India and the United
States. Space cooperation has emerged as a key

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pillar of this partnership, with both countries
working together on missions that have scientific,
strategic, and economic significance. This
collaboration not only strengthens bilateral ties but
also contributes to global peace and stability.
Economic and Commercial Opportunities: The
NISAR mission and the launch of the US satellite
open up new economic and commercial
opportunities for India. As a reliable and cost-
effective partner for satellite launches, India can
attract more business from other countries. This
will not only boost ISRO’s revenues but also help in
the growth of India’s private space sector, which is
an important component of the government’s space
policy.
Conclusion: The NISAR mission and the upcoming
launch of the US satellite are a watershed moment
for India’s space program. They not only showcase
India’s technological capabilities but also its
growing role as a leader in international space
cooperation. By collaborating with global partners,
India is not only accelerating its own progress in
space exploration but also contributing to the
global scientific community and building a more
prosperous and peaceful world.
India Plans Private Sector Push for Defence Satellite
Communications
Syllabus: GS Paper III – Science and Technology-
developments and their applications and effects in
everyday life; Defence Technology.
Context: The Indian government has announced a
strategic shift towards partnering with the private
sector to develop cutting-edge satellite
communications (Satcom) for the defence forces.
This move, a part of a broader push to modernize
the armed forces’ communication network, aims to
leverage private sector innovation to enhance
India’s military capabilities and secure a decisive
edge in modern warfare.
Detailed Analysis:
Current State of Defence Satcom:
Legacy Systems: India’s armed forces have
traditionally relied on older, large Very Small
Aperture Terminal (VSAT) receivers, which connect
with the Indian Space Research Organisation’s
(ISRO) Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO)
satellites. These systems, while reliable, have
limitations in terms of speed, latency, and
resilience.
Limited Connectivity: In remote and challenging
terrains, defence personnel often rely on terrestrial
and radio communications, which can be
vulnerable to interception and jamming. The
existing Satcom systems have primarily served as a
backup rather than a primary, high-speed
communication backbone.
Need for Modernization: Modern warfare is
increasingly reliant on data-driven operations,
remote drones, and real-time intelligence. This
necessitates a robust, low-latency satellite network
that can support command, control, surveillance,
and intelligence needs.
Rationale for Private Sector Collaboration:
Accelerating Innovation: The private sector, with its
agility and focus on innovation, can rapidly develop
and deploy new-age Satcom technologies, such as
Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks, which
offer significantly lower latency and faster
connectivity.
Reducing Dependency on ISRO: While ISRO’s role is
crucial, a private sector push will reduce the sole
dependency on the national space agency and
foster a competitive ecosystem, leading to faster
development and lower costs.
Strategic Partnerships: The government is in talks
with major global players like Elon Musk-owned
Starlink to explore how they can provide massive
satellite networks for the defence forces while
adhering to strict national security protocols.
Boosting ‘Make in India’: This policy will encourage
Indian companies to invest in the space and Satcom
sector, thereby boosting the “Make in India”
initiative and creating a domestic ecosystem for
defence technology. The government is expected to
encourage indigenization contracts, which would
be critical for both ground-station and satellite
infrastructure.
Challenges and Security Concerns:

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National Security: The biggest challenge is ensuring
that national security norms are not compromised.
The government must establish a clear regulatory
framework to ensure that private players operate
within strict guidelines and that data security and
network integrity are maintained.
Spectrum Allocation: The Department of
Telecommunications (DoT) is expected to conduct
spectrum allocation soon. This process must be fair
and transparent to attract the right kind of private
players.
Technological Integration: The integration of new-
age LEO satellite networks with the existing
communication infrastructure of the armed forces
will be a complex and time-consuming process.
Indigenization vs. Global Players: The government
will have to strike a balance between attracting
global players with established technology and
promoting the development of an indigenous
Satcom industry. A key goal is to ensure that critical
components and technology can be indigenized to
avoid over-reliance on foreign systems.
Conclusion:
The government’s decision to open up the defence
Satcom sector to the private players is a forward-
looking and strategic move.
It has the potential to transform the armed forces’
communication network, giving them a crucial edge
in modern warfare.
The success of this initiative will depend on a well-
defined regulatory framework, a clear spectrum
allocation policy, and a concerted effort to balance
indigenization with global partnerships.
Mains Question: Critically analyze the government’s
decision to involve the private sector in developing
satellite communications for the defence forces.
Discuss the strategic significance of this move and
the key challenges that need to be addressed to
ensure national security and technological self-
reliance. (250 words)
IISc and Startup Develop Magnetic Nanobots to
Treat Tooth Sensitivity
Syllabus: GS Paper III – Science and Technology-
developments and their applications and effects in
everyday life.
Context: Researchers at the Indian Institute of
Science (IISc), in collaboration with the deep-tech
startup Theranautilus, have developed “CalBots,”
which are magnetic nanobots designed to treat
tooth sensitivity. This groundbreaking innovation
represents a significant advancement in dental
healthcare and showcases the potential of
nanorobotics in solving real-world medical
problems.
Detailed Analysis:
The Problem of Tooth Sensitivity:
Causes: Dental hypersensitivity affects nearly one in
four people worldwide. It occurs when the tooth’s
protective enamel erodes or gums recede, exposing
the underlying dentine layer.
Mechanism of Pain: The dentine contains thousands
of tiny tunnels called dentinal tubules, which lead
directly to the nerves. When these tubules are
exposed, even mild temperature changes or acidic
foods can trigger a sudden, sharp pain.
Traditional Treatments: Traditional treatments for
tooth sensitivity include desensitizing toothpaste
and dental sealants, but these often provide
temporary relief and do not penetrate deep enough
to provide a lasting solution.
How the CalBots Work:
Magnetic Nanobots: The “CalBots” are 400-
nanometre particles loaded with a calcium silicate-
based bioceramic formula. They are designed to be
guided by an external magnetic field.
Targeted Delivery: The key innovation is the ability
of these nanobots to travel deep into the dentinal
tubules (up to 500 micrometres), where they can
seal the problem at its source.
Self-Assembly: Once inside the tubules, the
nanobots can be prompted by the external
magnetic field to self-assemble into stable, cement-
like plugs. These plugs effectively recreate the
tooth’s natural barrier, providing lasting relief.

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Regenerative and Safe: The CalBots are made from
materials that are ‘generally recognized as safe’ and
have passed toxicity tests in mice. This makes them
a safe and effective alternative to existing
treatments.
Significance of the Breakthrough:
Advancement in Nanorobotics: The development of
CalBots is a compelling demonstration of what
nanorobotics can achieve. It brings closer the
reality of “tiny mechanical surgeons” that can
perform precise medical procedures inside the
human body, a concept envisioned by physicist
Richard Feynman.
Impact on Dental Healthcare: This innovation has
the potential to revolutionize dental healthcare by
providing a long-term, effective, and less invasive
solution for tooth sensitivity.
“Make in India” in Science: This is a prime example
of how collaboration between academic institutions
like IISc and deep-tech startups can lead to
groundbreaking “Make in India” innovations. It
strengthens India’s position as a hub for scientific
research and technology.
Future Applications and Challenges:
Clinical Trials: The next step will be to conduct
extensive clinical trials on humans to ensure the
safety and efficacy of the CalBots.
Scaling and Commercialization: The challenge will
be to scale up the production of these nanobots and
make them commercially available and affordable
for the general public.
Regulatory Approval: The product will have to go
through a rigorous regulatory approval process
before it can be used widely in dental clinics.
Other Medical Fields: The success of this technology
could open up new avenues for nanorobotics in
other medical fields, such as targeted drug delivery
and regenerative medicine.
Conclusion:
The development of “CalBots” is a landmark
achievement that showcases India’s growing
prowess in the field of nanorobotics and healthcare
innovation.
This technology has the potential to provide a long-
lasting and effective solution for tooth sensitivity, a
common problem affecting millions.
It is a testament to the power of collaboration
between academia and the private sector in
pushing the boundaries of scientific research and
creating a tangible impact on people’s lives.
Mains Question: The development of magnetic
nanobots for treating tooth sensitivity is a
significant scientific breakthrough. Discuss the
potential of nanorobotics in the field of healthcare
and analyze the challenges that need to be
addressed before such technologies can be widely
adopted. (250 words)
IAF Seeks to Expedite Rudram-II and Rudram-III
Anti-Radiation Missile Trials
Syllabus: GS Paper III – Science and Technology-
indigenization of technology and developing new
technology; Defence Technology.
Context: The Indian Air Force (IAF) has urged the
Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO) to expedite the trials of the Rudram-II and
Rudram-III anti-radiation missiles. This push for
rapid integration of these indigenous missiles is a
part of the IAF’s strategy to enhance its capability to
neutralize enemy air defenses and critical
infrastructure from safe distances.
Detailed Analysis:
Understanding Anti-Radiation Missiles (ARMs):
Role of ARMs: Anti-radiation missiles are a crucial
component of modern aerial warfare. They are
designed to home in on and destroy enemy radar
systems, thereby neutralizing their air defenses and
providing a clear path for other aircraft to strike.
Need for Indigenous ARMs: The development of
indigenous ARMs is a strategic necessity for India,
as it reduces its reliance on foreign systems and
gives it a decisive edge in any conflict.
Key Features and Significance of Rudram-II and
Rudram-III:
Rudram-II: The Rudram-II is a next-generation,
anti-radiation missile with a range of 350-550 km.
It is designed to be a game-changer for the IAF, as it

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will enhance its ability to strike enemy radar
systems from a safe distance.
Rudram-III: The Rudram-III is a more advanced
version of the Rudram series, with a longer range
and better capabilities. Its trials are slated to begin
later in 2025.
Platform Integration: The IAF is pushing for the
rapid integration of these missiles across multiple
platforms, including the Su-30MKI, Tejas Mk1A, and
the upgraded Jaguar Darin-III, thereby
strengthening its operational readiness.
Challenges and the Way Forward:
Technological Hurdles: The development of anti-
radiation missiles is a technologically complex
process. The DRDO will have to overcome a number
of hurdles to ensure that the missiles are accurate,
reliable, and can withstand enemy
countermeasures.
Timely Induction: The IAF’s push to expedite the
trials highlights the urgency of inducting these
missiles into its arsenal. Delays in the development
and trial process can have a significant impact on
India’s defence preparedness.
“Make in India” in Defence: The success of the
Rudram series of missiles will be a major boost to
the “Make in India” initiative in the defence sector.
It will showcase India’s capability to develop and
manufacture cutting-edge military technology.
Conclusion:
The IAF’s push to expedite the trials of the Rudram-
II and Rudram-III anti-radiation missiles is a
strategic move that reflects the force’s commitment
to modernization and self-reliance.
The success of these indigenous missiles will give
India a crucial edge in aerial warfare and
strengthen its position as a regional power.
The challenge for the DRDO and the IAF will be to
ensure that the missiles are developed and
inducted in a timely manner, without
compromising on quality and reliability.
Mains Question: Anti-radiation missiles are crucial
for neutralizing enemy air defenses in modern
warfare. In this context, discuss the strategic
significance of the indigenously developed Rudram-
II and Rudram-III missiles. What are the key
challenges in the development and induction of
such advanced military technologies? (250 words)
India’s Deep Ocean Mission and ‘Blue Economy’
Syllabus
GS Paper-III: Science and Technology-
developments and their applications and effects in
everyday life. Achievements of Indians in science &
technology; indigenization of technology and
developing new technology.
Context The Deep Ocean Mission (DOM) has
achieved a significant milestone with India’s first
5000-meter deep dive and the successful collection
of polymetallic nodules. This mission is a flagship
initiative under the ‘Blue Economy’ framework,
aiming to position India among the elite group of
nations with deep-sea manned submersible
capabilities.
Key Assessment Points
Mission’s Strategic Significance: The DOM is not just
a scientific endeavor; it’s a strategic move to secure
India’s future economic and energy needs. The
mission’s primary goal is to explore the deep ocean
for resources, particularly polymetallic nodules,
which are rich in critical minerals like cobalt, nickel,
and manganese. These minerals are crucial for
India’s push towards electric vehicles and
renewable energy. The mission is also a step
towards preparing India for future commercial
mining in the deep sea once regulations from the
International Seabed Authority are in place.
Indigenization of Technology: A key achievement of
the mission is the development of the MATSYA
6000, a deep-sea manned submersible, and its
components. The specialized titanium alloy welding
for the submersible’s sphere, perfected by ISRO,
showcases India’s indigenous technological
prowess and its capability to build and operate
complex underwater systems. This indigenization
reduces India’s dependence on foreign technology
and strengthens its strategic autonomy in the deep-
sea domain.
Contribution to the ‘Blue Economy’: The mission is a
core component of India’s ‘Blue Economy’ vision,

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which aims for the sustainable use of ocean
resources for economic growth. By mapping and
exploring the deep ocean, India is gathering crucial
data for marine spatial planning, biodiversity
conservation, and climate change research. This
holistic approach ensures that economic
exploitation is balanced with environmental
protection.
Global Positioning: With the successful dive to 5000
meters, India joins a select group of nations that
possess this deep-sea manned submersible
capability. This elevates India’s global standing in
marine science and technology and positions it as a
leader in deep-sea exploration. The recent Indo-
French expedition also highlights India’s
commitment to international collaboration in this
field.
Way Forward
Balanced Approach: India must balance its
economic ambitions with a strong commitment to
the environmental protection of deep-sea
ecosystems.
Continued Investment: Continued investment in
R&D is crucial to ensure the safety, reliability, and
technological advancement of deep-sea technology.
Global Engagement: Engaging with international
bodies like the International Seabed Authority and
collaborating with other countries is vital to
navigate the complex legal and regulatory
frameworks of deep-sea exploration.
Conclusion India’s Deep Ocean Mission is a
testament to its growing scientific and
technological capabilities. It is not only a quest for
resources but also a strategic move to secure its
place as a leader in the ‘Blue Economy’ and deep-
sea exploration, ensuring a sustainable and
prosperous future.
Mains Question: Critically analyze the strategic
significance of India’s Deep Ocean Mission. How
does it contribute to the country’s ‘Blue Economy’
and technological self-reliance?

Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) in India
Syllabus
GS Paper-III: Conservation, environmental pollution
and degradation, environmental impact
assessment.
Context India has launched its first sustainable
aviation fuel (SAF) plant. This is a crucial step
towards the country’s net-zero emission goals and
its compliance with global aviation regulations like
the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for
International Aviation (CORSIA). This development
places India among the few nations actively
pursuing a greener future for aviation.
Key Assessment Points
Addressing Climate Change: The aviation industry is
a major contributor to global carbon emissions.
Using SAF, a biofuel made from sustainable
feedstocks (like used cooking oil or agricultural
waste), can significantly reduce carbon emissions
without requiring any modifications to existing
aircraft engines. The launch of the SAF plant is a
tangible step towards mitigating the aviation
sector’s environmental impact.
Compliance with Global Regulations: The move
aligns India with global efforts to reduce emissions
from international flights. The mandatory phase of
CORSIA, which aims to offset and reduce emissions
from international aviation, takes effect in 2027. By
developing its own SAF capacity, India is
positioning itself to be a compliant and competitive
player in the global aviation market.
Economic and Environmental Benefits: The
production of SAF can create a new domestic
industry, leading to job creation and economic
growth. It also helps in the efficient use of
agricultural waste, which would otherwise be a
source of pollution. The government’s push for SAF
blending, similar to the existing E20 ethanol-
blending mandate, will create a steady demand,
which will in turn encourage further investment in
SAF production.
Diversification of Feedstocks: The initial focus on
feedstocks like used cooking oil is a positive step.
However, India’s large agricultural sector provides
a massive opportunity to use agricultural waste as a
feedstock. Diversifying feedstocks can reduce
reliance on a single source, which can be vulnerable
to price fluctuations and supply chain disruptions.

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Way Forward
Policy Support: The government should provide a
clear and stable policy framework with long-term
incentives to encourage the production and use of
SAF.
R&D Investment: Increased investment in R&D is
needed to find more efficient and cost-effective
methods for SAF production and to explore new
sustainable feedstocks.
Infrastructure Development: The necessary
infrastructure for blending, storing, and
distributing SAF needs to be developed across the
country.
Conclusion The launch of the SAF plant is a major
step towards making India’s aviation sector
greener. It demonstrates the country’s commitment
to its climate goals and its ability to innovate in the
clean energy space. By moving towards a more
sustainable fuel, India is not only addressing
environmental concerns but also securing its
position in the future of global aviation.
Mains Question: Discuss the significance of India’s
first sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) plant in the
context of its climate change commitments and the
global aviation industry. What are the challenges
and opportunities associated with the large-scale
adoption of SAF in India?

India’s Patent Landscape and University as
Changemakers
Syllabus
GS Paper-II: Issues relating to the development and
management of Social Sector/Services relating to
Education.
GS Paper-III: Science and Technology-
developments and their applications and effects in
everyday life.
Context India’s patent filings have seen a significant
shift, with a surge in filings of Indian origin, now
accounting for more than 43% of the total. A key
driver of this change is the increasing role of Indian
universities and research institutions, such as the
IITs and IISc, as major patent filers. This indicates a
maturing of India’s domestic innovation ecosystem.
Key Assessment Points
A Maturing Innovation Ecosystem: In the early
2000s, foreign companies dominated patent filings
in India. However, since 2013, Indian-origin filings
have grown exponentially, indicating a maturation
of the domestic innovation ecosystem. This shift is a
direct result of a combination of factors, including
government policies, increased private sector R&D,
and a growing entrepreneurial spirit.
The Pivotal Role of Academia: Universities and
academic institutions are no longer just centers of
learning but are now at the forefront of innovation,
contributing a significant number of patents. This
shows a growing recognition within academia of
the importance of converting research into
intellectual property that can have a real-world
impact. Programs like the KAPILA program have
played a crucial role in promoting intellectual
property (IP) literacy and awareness among
students and faculty.
Government Initiatives and Policy Support: The
government’s commitment to fostering a culture of
innovation is evident in its various initiatives.
The National IPR Policy (2016), which aimed to
create a robust and dynamic IPR system, has been
instrumental. Furthermore, the government has
streamlined the patent application and examination
process, reducing fees, particularly for startups and
small enterprises, which has encouraged more
domestic filings.
The Need for Increased R&D Investment: Despite
the positive trends, India’s Gross Expenditure on
R&D (GERD) is still less than 1% of its GDP. This is
significantly lower than major economies like the
U.S. and China. This limits the potential for
fundamental research and breakthrough
innovations. To sustain the current growth in
patent filings, a substantial increase in GERD, both
from the government and the private sector, is
required.
Way Forward
Increased R&D Funding: The government and
private sector should significantly increase their

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R&D investment to stimulate innovation and create
a more conducive environment for patent creation.
Strengthening Academia-Industry Linkages: There is
a need for stronger linkages between academia and
industry. More formal platforms for collaboration,
such as technology transfer offices and joint
research centers, are needed to commercialize
research.
Promoting IPR Education: Continued promotion of
IP literacy and awareness from an early stage, in
both academic institutions and the private sector, is
crucial to foster a culture of innovation.
Conclusion India’s intellectual property landscape is
evolving, with academic institutions playing a
pivotal role. By addressing the R&D funding gap
and strengthening the ties between academia and
industry, India can become a global leader in
innovation and secure its position as a knowledge-
based economy.
Mains Question: Analyze the changing landscape of
India’s patent filings, with a special focus on the
growing role of academic institutions. Discuss the
policy interventions that have facilitated this
change and the challenges that remain.

Coral Restoration in the Gulf of Mannar
Syllabus
GS Paper-III: Conservation, environmental pollution
and degradation, environmental impact
assessment.
Context In Tamil Nadu’s Gulf of Mannar, a large-
scale coral restoration program has been
successfully implemented by the Suganthi
Devadason Marine Research Institute (SDMRI).
This initiative highlights a positive story of
conservation efforts in India’s marine ecosystems
and provides a replicable model for other coastal
areas.
Key Assessment Points
Project’s Success and Biodiversity Enhancement:
The program has successfully improved coral
survival rates, from 56.6% in the early 2000s to
over 71% in recent years. In a specific area like
Vaan Island, live coral cover has increased from
31.6% to 42.1%. This has led to the successful
transplantation of 20 coral genera, which has in
turn increased fish biomass and marine
biodiversity. This demonstrates that active
restoration efforts can be effective in reversing
coral degradation.
Economic and Community Benefit: The improved
marine ecosystem has directly benefited local
communities, particularly through enhanced
fisheries, which are a major source of livelihood.
Healthy coral reefs provide a breeding ground for
fish and other marine life, leading to increased fish
catch for local fishermen. This establishes a clear
link between environmental conservation and
economic well-being.
Replicable Model: The project in the Gulf of Mannar
provides a replicable model for coral reef
restoration in other parts of India’s coastline. The
methods used, such as transplanting coral
fragments onto artificial structures, can be adopted
by other organizations and communities facing
similar challenges.
Addressing Threats to Coral Reefs: While the project
has been successful, the larger issues of climate
change, ocean acidification, and human activities
like pollution and overfishing continue to threaten
coral reefs worldwide. The success of local
restoration efforts needs to be complemented by
global action to combat these larger threats.
Way Forward
Replication and Scaling: The successful model from
the Gulf of Mannar should be replicated in other
parts of India’s coastline, particularly in areas with
degraded coral reefs.
Community-Based Conservation: It is crucial to
involve local fishing communities and NGOs in
conservation efforts. This not only ensures the long-
term sustainability of the projects but also fosters a
sense of ownership and responsibility among the
local population.
Holistic Management: The government should
implement a holistic management plan for coastal
ecosystems that includes addressing pollution,

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regulating fishing, and promoting sustainable
tourism.
Conclusion The coral restoration program in the
Gulf of Mannar is a beacon of hope for marine
conservation in India. It shows that with targeted
and sustained efforts, it is possible to restore fragile
ecosystems and create a positive impact on both
the environment and the local communities that
depend on it.
Mains Question: Examine the significance of the
coral restoration program in the Gulf of Mannar.
How can such community-based conservation
models be replicated to protect India’s other
marine ecosystems?
The New Supernova Triggered by a Black Hole
Syllabus
GS Paper-III: Science and Technology-
developments and their applications and effects in
everyday life. Achievements of Indians in science &
technology; indigenization of technology and
developing new technology.
Context Scientists have detected a new type of
supernova that is triggered by a black hole-star
interaction. This discovery challenges existing
theories of how stars explode and provides new
insights into the life cycle of celestial objects. The
detection was made using advanced telescopes and
highlights the continuous evolution of our
understanding of the universe.
Key Assessment Points
Challenging Existing Theories: The traditional
understanding of a supernova is that it is the last
stage of a star’s life. However, this new discovery
suggests a new mechanism where a supernova can
be triggered by a black hole’s interaction with a
star. This new class of supernova, which is
exceptionally rare, provides a unique opportunity
to study the physics of black holes and the extreme
conditions of a supernova explosion.
New Insights into Black Hole Physics: The event
provides new insights into the complex interactions
between a black hole and a star. As the black hole
consumes the star, it creates a massive explosion
that is different from a typical supernova. This new
data can help scientists refine their models of black
hole accretion and the physics of extreme cosmic
events.
Implications for Astrophysics: The discovery
suggests that there may be other unknown
mechanisms that can lead to stellar explosions,
which could lead to a revision of current
astrophysical models. It highlights the vastness of
the universe and the continuous need for scientific
exploration to unravel its mysteries.
Technological Advancements: The detection of this
rare event was made possible by advanced
telescopes and data analysis techniques. This
underscores the importance of continued
investment in space exploration and research
infrastructure to make such groundbreaking
discoveries.
Way Forward
Global Collaboration: The global scientific
community must collaborate to share data and
findings from such discoveries. This can accelerate
the pace of research and lead to a better
understanding of the universe.
Technological Investment: Continued investment in
advanced telescopes and space exploration
missions is needed to observe such rare events and
gather data to test new theories.
Conclusion The discovery of a black hole-triggered
supernova is a significant milestone in astrophysics.
It reminds us of the vastness of the universe and
the continuous need for scientific exploration to
unravel its mysteries. It opens up a new avenue of
research and pushes the boundaries of our
understanding of the cosmos.
Mains Question: “The discovery of a new type of
supernova triggered by a black hole-star interaction
challenges existing theories of stellar evolution.”
Discuss the significance of this discovery and its
implications for the field of astrophysics.
India’s First Hydrogen-Powered Train Clears Load
Tests
Syllabus

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GS Paper-III: Science and Technology-
developments and their applications and effects in
everyday life. Achievements of Indians in science &
technology; indigenization of technology and
developing new technology.
Context In a major milestone for Indian Railways,
the country’s first hydrogen-powered train has
successfully cleared load tests at the Integral Coach
Factory (ICF) in Chennai. This development is a
crucial step towards achieving the Indian Railways’
ambitious goal of net-zero carbon emissions by
2030. The train, a part of the “Hydrogen for
Heritage” initiative, is set to be deployed on
heritage and hill routes, symbolizing a blend of
India’s rich history with its futuristic vision.
In-depth Analysis and UPSC-Relevant Points
The successful load test of the hydrogen-powered
train is a landmark achievement that places India
among a select group of nations pursuing this
cutting-edge technology. It is a tangible outcome of
India’s long-term strategy to transition towards a
sustainable, low-carbon economy, and its broader
commitment to indigenous technological
development.
Technological Self-Reliance and ‘Make in India’: The
hydrogen train, developed by the Research Designs
& Standards Organization (RDSO), is a prime
example of the “Make in India” initiative in action. It
demonstrates India’s growing capacity to innovate
and indigenously develop complex engineering
solutions. While other countries have also
developed hydrogen-powered trains, the Indian
version, with its reported 1,200 horsepower, is
claimed to have the highest output in its category.
This is not just a technological feat but also a
strategic move to reduce India’s reliance on
imported technology and to position itself as a
global leader in green transportation. The project’s
success can also be a catalyst for the development
of a domestic hydrogen ecosystem, including
hydrogen production, storage, and distribution
infrastructure.
Contribution to India’s Climate Goals: Indian
Railways is one of the world’s largest rail networks
and a significant consumer of diesel, which
contributes heavily to carbon emissions. The
transition to hydrogen-powered trains is a
cornerstone of the railway’s “net-zero carbon
emission” goal by 2030. This aligns directly with
India’s nationally determined contributions (NDCs)
under the Paris Agreement and its broader
commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by
2070. By replacing diesel locomotives on non-
electrified routes, particularly in remote and hilly
areas, the hydrogen trains will help reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and local air pollution,
leading to significant environmental benefits. This
is a critical step towards mitigating climate change
and improving public health.
Economic and Social Impact: The deployment of
these trains on “heritage routes” is a strategic
choice with both economic and social implications.
Heritage routes, such as the Darjeeling Himalayan
Railway and the Kalka-Shimla Railway, are not only
popular tourist destinations but are also
ecologically sensitive areas. The use of hydrogen-
powered trains on these routes will not only reduce
pollution but also enhance the tourist experience by
providing a quieter and cleaner journey. This can
lead to an increase in tourism, which will, in turn,
create new economic opportunities for local
communities. The development of a domestic
hydrogen supply chain will also create jobs in the
energy, manufacturing, and transportation sectors.
Challenges and the Road Ahead: Despite the
successful load test, significant challenges remain.
The commercial rollout of the trains will depend on
the establishment of a robust hydrogen fuel
infrastructure, including hydrogen production and
fuelling stations. The cost of green hydrogen
production is currently high, which could make the
operational cost of these trains a concern. There is
also a need for the development of a clear
regulatory framework for the safe and efficient use
of hydrogen as a fuel. The “Hydrogen for Heritage”
initiative is a positive first step, but a much larger-
scale adoption will be required to meet the net-zero
goal, which will require significant investment from
both the government and the private sector.
Mains Question: Discuss the significance of the
successful load test of India’s first hydrogen-
powered train. How does this development align
with India’s climate change commitments and its
vision for a sustainable transportation network,

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while also analyzing the economic and
technological challenges that lie ahead?

Assam Rifles and IIIT Manipur Collaborate on Drone
Technology
Syllabus
GS Paper-III: Science and Technology-
developments and their applications and effects in
everyday life. Achievements of Indians in science &
technology; indigenization of technology and
developing new technology.
Context The Assam Rifles and the Indian Institute of
Information Technology (IIIT) Manipur have signed
a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to
collaborate on the development of drone
technology for defence applications. This
partnership is a key step towards modernizing
India’s defence capabilities and promoting
indigenous research in the field of unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs).
In-depth Analysis and UPSC-Relevant Points
The collaboration between the Assam Rifles, a key
paramilitary force responsible for border security
in the Northeast, and a premier academic
institution like IIIT Manipur, represents a
progressive and strategic model of “defence-
academia collaboration.” This partnership is a
micro-cosmic reflection of the broader national
push for indigenization in the defence sector,
leveraging the intellectual and technological capital
of Indian institutions.
Modernizing Counter-Insurgency and Border
Management: The Northeast region, with its
challenging terrain and a history of insurgency,
presents unique security challenges. Drones can be
a game-changer in this environment. The MoU with
IIIT Manipur will allow the Assam Rifles to develop
and deploy advanced drone systems for enhanced
surveillance, reconnaissance, and logistics support.
Drones can be used for real-time monitoring of
difficult-to-reach areas, tracking insurgent
movements, and providing critical intelligence for
counter-insurgency operations. The technology can
also be used for medical supply drops and to
provide situational awareness during disaster relief
operations. This is a crucial step towards
modernizing the Assam Rifles’ operational
capabilities and making them more agile and
effective.
Indigenization and Technological Self-Reliance: The
partnership is a key part of the “Atmanirbhar
Bharat” (Self-Reliant India) initiative in the defence
sector. Instead of relying on expensive imported
drone technology, the Assam Rifles is leveraging the
expertise of a domestic academic institution to
develop customized solutions. This will not only
reduce India’s dependence on foreign suppliers but
also foster a domestic drone ecosystem, creating
jobs and promoting innovation. The collaboration
will also provide a platform for students and
researchers at IIIT Manipur to work on real-world
defence problems, which will help in building a
strong talent pool for the country’s defence
industry.
Capacity Building and Skill Development: The MoU
also includes a component on capacity building and
skill development for Assam Rifles personnel. An
“Advanced Drone Training and Refresher Course”
has been launched, which will provide hands-on
training on drone flight operations, maintenance,
and DGCA-certified training. This is a crucial step
towards ensuring that the personnel are equipped
with the skills necessary to operate and maintain
the new drone systems. It also highlights a shift in
military training, where a greater emphasis is being
placed on technology and specialized skills.
Addressing Regional Security Challenges: The
collaboration is particularly relevant in the context
of the ongoing ethnic violence in Manipur. The use
of drones for reconnaissance and surveillance can
help the security forces to monitor the situation on
the ground and to respond to any flare-ups. The
technology can also be used to track the movement
of armed groups and to prevent the supply of
weapons and other contraband. This highlights the
multi-faceted role of drone technology in
addressing a wide range of security challenges,
from border security to internal security.
Mains Question: The collaboration between the
Assam Rifles and IIIT Manipur for drone technology
development is a significant step towards
modernizing India’s defence capabilities. Discuss

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the potential of such academia-industry
partnerships in achieving technological self-
reliance in the defence sector and in addressing the
specific security challenges of the Northeast region.
Indian Astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla Meets the
Prime Minister
Syllabus
GS Paper-III: Science and Technology-
developments and their applications and effects in
everyday life. Achievements of Indians in science &
technology; indigenization of technology and
developing new technology.
Context Indian Air Force Group Captain
Shubhanshu Shukla, who was the pilot of the
Axiom-4 Space Mission to the International Space
Station (ISS), met the Prime Minister. This meeting
highlights India’s growing presence in the global
space community and the Prime Minister’s personal
interest in the country’s space exploration efforts.
In-depth Analysis and UPSC-Relevant Points
The meeting between Prime Minister Narendra
Modi and astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla is more
than a ceremonial event; it’s a powerful statement
about India’s aspirations in space and its growing
recognition on the global stage. It highlights the
convergence of India’s state-led space programs
with the emerging private space sector and the
importance of human capital in this new era of
space exploration.
Human Capital and ‘Gaganyaan’ Mission:
Shubhanshu Shukla’s participation in the private
Axiom-4 mission is a critical stepping stone for
India’s own human spaceflight program,
‘Gaganyaan’. As one of the astronauts selected for
the ‘Gaganyaan’ mission, his experience on the ISS
is invaluable. He and his fellow astronauts are
undergoing rigorous training, and his mission to the
ISS provided him with hands-on experience in a
real-world space environment. This experience will
not only help in the ‘Gaganyaan’ mission but will
also help in shaping India’s long-term human space
exploration strategy. The meeting with the Prime
Minister underscores the government’s
commitment to the ‘Gaganyaan’ mission and its
recognition of the importance of human capital in
space exploration.
Collaboration in the New Space Age: The Axiom-4
mission is a prime example of the growing trend of
public-private partnerships in space exploration.
Axiom Space, a private company, is working with
NASA to provide commercial spaceflight services to
the ISS. India’s participation in such missions
showcases its willingness to collaborate with
international partners and to leverage the expertise
of the private sector. This is a crucial step towards a
more cooperative and inclusive space future. It also
provides a valuable opportunity for India to learn
from the experiences of other countries and to
develop its own commercial space sector.
Inspiration for ‘Viksit Bharat’: Shubhanshu Shukla’s
achievement is a powerful inspiration for India’s
youth. It demonstrates that with hard work,
dedication, and a commitment to science and
technology, anything is possible. The Prime
Minister’s interaction with the astronaut sends a
clear message to the country’s youth that the
government is committed to promoting science and
technology and that a career in these fields is not
just an option but a path to national service. This
will help in building a strong talent pool for India’s
own space missions and for the country’s broader
scientific and technological development.
Technological and Scientific Gains: Such missions
provide valuable opportunities for technological
and scientific exchange. The data and experiences
gained from these missions can be used to improve
India’s own space technology and can lead to new
scientific discoveries. Shukla’s mission included
conducting over 60 experiments and 20 outreach
sessions, which will provide valuable data for
India’s own research and development efforts.
Mains Question: India’s participation in private
space missions and the success of its astronauts are
significant. Discuss how such events contribute to
India’s global standing in space exploration and
inspire the next generation of scientists and
engineers, particularly in the context of the
‘Gaganyaan’ mission.
Cabinet Clears Acquisition of 97 LCA Tejas Mark 1A
Fighter Jets

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Syllabus
GS Paper-III: Science and Technology-
developments and their applications and effects in
everyday life. Achievements of Indians in science &
technology; indigenization of technology and
developing new technology.
Context The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS),
chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has
approved the acquisition of 97 Light Combat
Aircraft (LCA) Tejas Mark 1A fighter jets for the
Indian Air Force (IAF). The deal, worth
approximately ₹62,000 crore, is a major boost to
the government’s “Make in India” initiative and will
significantly enhance the IAF’s indigenous fighter
fleet.
In-depth Analysis and UPSC-Relevant Points
The approval of the LCA Tejas Mark 1A deal is a
landmark moment for India’s indigenous defence
manufacturing sector. It signals a strong
commitment to self-reliance in defence and a
strategic move to build a robust domestic
aerospace industry. The deal is a culmination of
years of research, development, and testing and is a
testament to the capabilities of India’s defence
scientists and engineers.
Boosting ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ in Defence: The
acquisition of 97 LCA Tejas Mark 1A fighter jets is a
major step towards achieving self-reliance in the
defence sector. The aircraft, which will be
manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
(HAL), is a testament to India’s growing capabilities
in aerospace engineering and technology. The deal
will not only create jobs and boost the economy but
will also reduce India’s dependence on foreign
suppliers for its defence needs. This is a crucial step
towards building a “Viksit Bharat” (Developed
India) where the country is a net exporter of
defence equipment.
Modernizing the Indian Air Force: The IAF has been
facing a critical shortage of fighter jets, and the new
LCA Tejas Mark 1A will help in addressing this
issue. The aircraft is a fourth-generation fighter jet
that is equipped with modern avionics, a powerful
engine, and a wide range of weapons. It will replace
the aging MiG-21 and Jaguar fighter jets and will
significantly enhance the IAF’s operational
capabilities. The new aircraft will be a key part of
the IAF’s strategy to modernize its fleet and to
maintain its air superiority in the region.
Economic and Strategic Implications: The ₹62,000
crore deal will have a major impact on the Indian
economy. It will create thousands of jobs in the
defence and aerospace sectors and will boost the
manufacturing industry. The deal will also have a
major strategic impact, as it will strengthen India’s
defence capabilities and will enhance its ability to
deter any aggression. The deal is a clear signal to
other countries that India is serious about its
defence modernization and that it is committed to
building a strong and self-reliant defence industry.
Challenges and the Way Forward: While the deal is a
major step forward, significant challenges remain.
The LCA Tejas project has faced delays and cost
overruns in the past, and there is a need to ensure
that the new project is completed on time and
within budget. There is also a need for the
development of a robust supply chain and a skilled
workforce to support the production of the new
aircraft. The deal is a positive step, but it is not a
substitute for a long-term strategy for the
development of India’s defence industry.
Mains Question: The Cabinet’s approval for the
acquisition of 97 LCA Tejas Mark 1A fighter jets is a
major step towards indigenous defence
manufacturing. Discuss the significance of this deal
in the context of the ‘Make in India’ initiative and its
impact on the modernization of the Indian Air
Force.
India Post Launches ‘IT 2.0’ for Digital
Transformation
Syllabus
GS Paper-III: Science and Technology-
developments and their applications and effects in
everyday life.
Context India Post has launched a new initiative, ‘IT
2.0 – Advanced Postal Technology,’ to drive digital
transformation across the country. The initiative,
hailed as a milestone in India Post’s journey
towards “Digital India,” aims to modernize the
postal system and to provide a more efficient and a
seamless experience to its customers.

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In-depth Analysis and UPSC-Relevant Points
The ‘IT 2.0’ initiative is a major step towards
modernizing one of India’s oldest and most
extensive government networks. It is a crucial
component of the ‘Digital India’ program, which
aims to transform the country into a digitally
empowered society. The initiative’s focus on
technology and innovation is a testament to the
government’s commitment to reforming its
institutions and making them more efficient and
customer-centric.
Modernizing a Legacy Network: India Post has a vast
network of over 1.5 lakh post offices and is a key
part of the country’s social and economic
infrastructure. However, it has been slow to adopt
technology and has struggled to compete with
private couriers and e-commerce companies. The
‘IT 2.0’ initiative is designed to address this
challenge by digitizing all postal operations, from
mail delivery and parcel tracking to financial
services and banking. This will not only improve
the efficiency of the postal system but will also
make it more competitive and customer-centric.
Promoting Financial Inclusion and Digital
Literacy: India Post is a key provider of financial
services to rural and remote areas. The ‘IT 2.0’
initiative will help in promoting financial inclusion
by providing a more efficient and a secure platform
for banking and other financial services. It will also
help in promoting digital literacy by providing a
platform for citizens to learn about and to use
digital technologies. The initiative is a key step
towards a more inclusive and digitally empowered
society.
E-commerce and ‘Last Mile’ Connectivity: The ‘IT
2.0’ initiative will also have a major impact on the e-
commerce sector. With its vast network, India Post
is a key provider of ‘last mile’ connectivity to rural
and remote areas. The new initiative will help in
improving the efficiency of its logistics and will
make it a more attractive partner for e-commerce
companies. This will help in boosting the e-
commerce sector and in creating new economic
opportunities in rural areas.
Challenges and the Way Forward: Despite the
potential of the ‘IT 2.0’ initiative, significant
challenges remain. The implementation of the new
technology will require a great deal of investment
and a major effort to train the workforce. There is
also a need for a change in the work culture of the
postal department to make it more customer-
centric. The initiative is a positive step, but its
success will depend on the government’s ability to
overcome these challenges and to ensure a smooth
and seamless transition to a digital postal system.
Mains Question: The launch of the ‘IT 2.0’ initiative
by India Post is a major step towards digital
transformation. Analyze the key features of the
initiative and discuss its potential to modernize the
postal system and to promote financial inclusion
and e-commerce in India.
India’s Green Hydrogen Mission: Powering a
sustainable future
Syllabus Link: GS-III: Science & Technology (Energy,
new and renewable energy). GS-III: Environment
(Climate change, conservation).
Context: India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission
has emerged as a cornerstone of its strategy to
achieve net-zero emissions by 2070. The mission,
launched with an ambitious outlay, aims to position
India as a global hub for the production, usage, and
export of green hydrogen. While the mission has
made significant progress in setting up an initial
ecosystem, it now faces the critical challenge of
scaling up and achieving cost-competitiveness to
rival fossil fuels.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
Strategic Importance: Green hydrogen, produced
using renewable energy, is a clean fuel that can
decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors like steel,
cement, and fertilizer production. Its use in
transportation, particularly in long-haul heavy-duty
vehicles, also holds immense potential. By
promoting green hydrogen, India aims to reduce its
reliance on fossil fuel imports, saving billions of
dollars and enhancing its energy security.
Progress and Milestones: The mission has been
successful in creating a favorable policy
environment, including production-linked
incentives (PLI) for electrolyzer manufacturing and
green hydrogen production. Several pilot projects

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have been initiated across the country to
demonstrate the viability of green hydrogen in
various industries. The establishment of
dedicated Green Hydrogen Hubs is also underway
to create a localized ecosystem for production and
consumption.
Cost Competitiveness Challenge: The biggest hurdle
for the mission is the high cost of green hydrogen
production compared to fossil fuel-derived gray
hydrogen. The cost of electrolyzers and the
intermittent nature of renewable energy sources
are the primary contributors. Achieving the
targeted cost of $1 per kg of green hydrogen by
2030 will require significant technological
breakthroughs and a massive scaling up of
renewable energy capacity.
Infrastructure and Skill Gaps: The mission requires
a robust infrastructure for the storage,
transportation, and distribution of green hydrogen.
The lack of pipelines, refueling stations, and storage
facilities is a major bottleneck. Additionally, there is
a shortage of skilled professionals in the green
hydrogen value chain, from manufacturing and
installation to operations and maintenance. This
skill gap needs to be addressed through targeted
training programs.
International Collaboration: India has positioned
itself as a key partner for international
collaboration on green hydrogen. The global push
for clean energy provides an opportunity for India
to attract foreign investment and technology
transfer. However, it also faces competition from
other countries with their own ambitious green
hydrogen plans.
Way Forward:
The government should enhance production-linked
incentives to accelerate the scaling up of
electrolyzer manufacturing and drive down costs.
A National Hydrogen Grid should be planned and
developed to facilitate the transport of green
hydrogen across the country.
Invest in research and development (R&D) to
improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of
electrolyzers and other related technologies.
Launch a comprehensive skilling program in
collaboration with industry partners to build a
talent pipeline for the green hydrogen sector.
Create a stable regulatory and policy
framework that provides certainty to investors and
encourages long-term commitments.
Conclusion: India’s Green Hydrogen Mission is a
bold and necessary step toward a sustainable
future. While significant challenges remain, a
concerted effort from the government, industry,
and academia can overcome them. The mission has
the potential to not only decarbonize the Indian
economy but also to make India a leader in the
global energy transition.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the strategic
importance of the National Green Hydrogen
Mission for India’s energy security and climate
goals. What are the major challenges facing the
mission, and how can they be addressed to ensure
its success?”

5. Regulating the AI frontier: The new Digital
Personal Data Protection Rules
Syllabus Link: GS-III: Science & Technology (IT,
computer, robotics, and issues related to IPR). GS-
II: Governance (Government policies and
interventions, e-governance).
Context: Following the passage of the Digital
Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, the Ministry
of Electronics & Information Technology (MeitY)
has released the draft Digital Personal Data
Protection Rules, 2025. These rules aim to provide
a detailed framework for the implementation of the
Act, with a particular focus on addressing the
complexities introduced by Artificial Intelligence
(AI) and its use of personal data. The rules
represent a crucial step toward establishing a
robust legal and ethical framework for the AI era.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
Balancing Innovation and Protection: The central
challenge of the new rules is to strike a balance
between fostering a vibrant AI ecosystem and
protecting the fundamental right to privacy. The
rules attempt to achieve this by requiring a clear

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affirmative consent from users for the collection
and processing of their data. This is a critical move,
as AI models often rely on vast datasets, and these
rules seek to ensure that this is done with user
consent.
Accountability of Data Fiduciaries: The rules place a
strong emphasis on the accountability of “Data
Fiduciaries” (entities that process data). They are
mandated to implement reasonable security
safeguards and to conduct a data protection impact
assessment before deploying AI models that use
sensitive personal data. This places a clear
responsibility on tech companies to ensure the
ethical and secure use of data.
Addressing Algorithmic Bias: A significant concern
with AI is algorithmic bias, which can lead to
discriminatory outcomes. The draft rules address
this by mandating that Data Fiduciaries ensure that
their AI models are fair and do not discriminate
against individuals based on sensitive personal
data. While a direct mandate is difficult to enforce,
the rules lay the groundwork for a future where
bias in AI is a key regulatory concern.
The Role of the Data Protection Board: The new
rules define the composition, powers, and functions
of the Data Protection Board of India. This
independent body is entrusted with the
responsibility of enforcing the Act and the rules.
The board’s ability to act impartially and effectively
will be crucial to the success of the entire
framework.
Extra-territorial Applicability: The rules have extra-
territorial applicability, meaning they will apply to
foreign companies that process the data of Indian
citizens. This is a vital provision that ensures that
global tech giants are held to the same standards as
domestic companies, protecting the data of Indian
citizens regardless of where the data is processed.
Way Forward:
The government must conduct a comprehensive
and inclusive public consultation to incorporate
feedback from a wide range of stakeholders,
including tech companies, civil society, and legal
experts.
The Data Protection Board must be set up as a truly
independent and expert body, with a focus on
enforcement and ensuring compliance.
A specialized framework for AI may be needed in
the future, as the technology evolves. The current
rules are a good starting point, but the unique
challenges of AI may require a separate, more
nuanced regulatory approach.
The government should invest in capacity-
building to ensure that regulators and law
enforcement agencies have the technical expertise
to understand and enforce the new rules.
Conclusion: The Digital Personal Data Protection
Rules, 2025, are a critical step in building a resilient
digital ecosystem in India. By providing a clear
framework for data governance, they aim to protect
citizens’ privacy while encouraging innovation in
the AI sector. The success of these rules will depend
on a collaborative approach between the
government, industry, and civil society to build a
framework that is both effective and fair.
Mains Practice Question: “The new Digital Personal
Data Protection Rules, 2025, aim to regulate the use
of personal data by Artificial Intelligence. Discuss
the key provisions of the rules and critically analyze
whether they strike the right balance between
fostering innovation and protecting individual
privacy.”
Skilling India for the drone revolution: The new
scheme for youth
Syllabus Link: GS-II: Governance (Government
policies, skill development). GS-III: Science &
Technology (Drones, indigenization of technology).
Context: With the drone sector poised for
exponential growth, the government has launched a
new scheme to train and certify one million youth
as Kisan Drone Pilots and in other related fields
over the next two years. The scheme, which is part
of the larger Skill India mission, aims to create a
skilled workforce that can meet the demands of the
burgeoning drone industry and leverage the
technology for a wide range of applications, from
agriculture and logistics to infrastructure
inspection and disaster management.
Key Aspects & Analysis:

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Leveraging Drones for Economic Growth: The drone
sector has immense potential to revolutionize
various industries and create new jobs. In
agriculture, drones can be used for spraying
fertilizers and pesticides, monitoring crop health,
and assessing crop damage. In logistics, they can be
used for last-mile delivery. The scheme is a
proactive step toward building a workforce that can
harness this technology for economic growth.
Addressing the Skill Gap: India has a large youth
population, but a significant portion of it lacks the
skills needed for the jobs of the future. The new
scheme is a targeted intervention to address this
skill gap and equip young people with the technical
and practical skills needed to operate and maintain
drones. It is also an effort to formalize a profession
that is currently largely unorganized.
Indigenization and Self-Reliance: The scheme is also
a part of the government’s push for indigenization
and self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat). By training
a large number of local drone pilots and
technicians, the government is creating a local
ecosystem for the drone industry, which will reduce
its dependence on foreign talent and technology.
Safety and Regulation: The growth of the drone
sector presents new challenges for safety and
regulation. The scheme includes a component on
training in drone laws and regulations to ensure
that drone pilots operate within the legal
framework and do not pose a threat to public
safety. The Directorate General of Civil Aviation
(DGCA) has already laid out a robust framework for
drone operations, and the new scheme is a crucial
step in ensuring compliance with these rules.
Social and Economic Inclusion: The scheme is also
aimed at promoting social and economic inclusion.
By providing training and employment
opportunities to youth from rural areas, the
government is ensuring that the benefits of the
drone revolution are not limited to urban centers.
This can help to bridge the rural-urban divide and
reduce poverty in marginalized communities.
Way Forward:
The government should collaborate with private
companies and start-ups to ensure that the training
is aligned with the needs of the industry and that
the trainees have a clear path to employment.
The scheme must be complemented by a financial
assistance program to help youth from low-income
backgrounds to purchase drones and start their
own businesses.
The government should invest in R&D for
indigenous drone technology to ensure that India
has a competitive advantage in the global market.
A robust certification and licensing system is needed
to ensure that only qualified and skilled
professionals are allowed to operate drones.
Conclusion: The new drone training scheme is a far-
sighted initiative that has the potential to transform
India’s economy and create millions of new jobs. By
equipping its youth with the skills of the future,
India is not only preparing itself for the drone
revolution but also laying the foundation for a more
innovative and inclusive economy.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the significance of
the new government scheme to train youth in the
drone sector. How can this initiative contribute to
economic growth, skill development, and the
indigenization of technology in India?”
Gaganyaan mission: India’s step toward the human
spaceflight era
Syllabus Link: GS-III: Science & Technology (Space,
indigenization of technology).
Context: India’s ambitious Gaganyaan mission has
taken a significant leap forward with the successful
completion of a crucial in-flight test of its crew
escape system. The test, which was conducted by
the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), is a
major step toward validating the safety and
reliability of the mission. It is a clear signal that
India is on track to send its first human crew into
space, a feat that will place it in an elite club of
spacefaring nations.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
Ensuring Astronaut Safety: The crew escape system
is a vital component of the Gaganyaan mission. It is
designed to abort the mission and safely carry the
astronauts away from the launch vehicle in case of
an emergency. The successful test of this system is a

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major milestone, as it proves that ISRO is
committed to the safety of its astronauts.
Indigenization of Technology: The Gaganyaan
mission is a testament to India’s growing
capabilities in space technology. All the major
components of the mission, from the launch vehicle
to the crew module, are being developed
indigenously. This is a clear example of the
‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ (self-reliant India) initiative
in action. The mission has also provided a major
boost to the Indian private sector, which has played
a key role in manufacturing many of the
components.
Spin-off Technologies: The Gaganyaan mission is
not just about sending humans into space. It is also
about developing new technologies that can be
used for a wide range of applications on Earth. The
mission is expected to lead to spin-off technologies
in areas like life support systems, robotics, and
advanced materials. These technologies can be used
in a wide range of industries, from healthcare to
defense.
A Catalyst for Science and Innovation: The
Gaganyaan mission has generated a huge amount of
interest in science and technology among the youth.
It is seen as a way to inspire a new generation of
scientists and engineers and to encourage them to
pursue careers in space research. The mission is
also expected to lead to new scientific discoveries
and to help to deepen our understanding of the
universe.
Challenges and the Road Ahead: While the mission
has made significant progress, it still faces some
major challenges. The a need for more in-depth
testing of all the systems and for the crew to
undergo a rigorous training program. The mission
is also subject to tight deadlines and is dependent
on the availability of funds and resources.
Way Forward:
The government should continue to provide full
financial and political support to the Gaganyaan
mission.
A clear roadmap for the mission should be made
public, with a clear timeline for the remaining tests
and the final launch.
A national space policy should be enacted to
provide a long-term vision for India’s space
program.
The government should encourage
greater collaboration between ISRO and the private
sector to ensure that the mission is completed in a
timely and cost-effective manner.
Conclusion: The Gaganyaan mission is a symbol of a
new and confident India. It is a clear signal that
India is committed to becoming a global leader in
space exploration. The mission is not just a
technological feat; it is a symbol of a nation’s
ambition and its commitment to a better future.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the strategic
importance of the Gaganyaan mission for India.
How does the mission contribute to the
‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative, and what are the
major challenges that need to be overcome for its
success?”
The new ‘Sudarshan Chakra’: A leap in indigenous
defense technology
Syllabus Link: GS-III: Science & Technology
(Defense technology, indigenization of technology).
GS-II: International Relations (India’s foreign policy
and defense).
Context: The Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) has announced the successful
maiden test of the Integrated Air Defence Weapon
System (IADWS), a multi-layered air defense
platform. The successful trial marks a major leap
forward in India’s quest for self-reliance in defense
technology and provides a new and powerful
deterrent against a range of aerial threats. The new
system, which is a key part of the ‘Mission
Sudarshan Chakra’, is expected to significantly
enhance India’s strategic autonomy.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
A ‘Multi-Layered Shield’: The new IADWS is a multi-
layered shield that can intercept a wide range of
aerial threats, from a low-flying drone to a long-
range ballistic missile. The system integrates three
key indigenous components: the Quick Reaction
Surface-to-Air Missile (QRSAM), the Advanced Very
Short Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS), and a
new high-power laser-based Directed Energy

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Weapon (DEW). The use of a laser-based weapon is
a clear signal that India is committed to a new era
of futuristic warfare.
Strategic Autonomy: For decades, India has been
one of the world’s largest importers of defense
equipment. This has made it vulnerable to
geopolitical pressures and supply chain
disruptions. The new system is a clear step toward
reducing this reliance and achieving strategic
autonomy. It is a testament to the success of the
‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative in the defense
sector.
Boosting the Defense Ecosystem: The development
of the new system has provided a major boost to
India’s defense ecosystem. It has led to new
investments in research and development and has
created new jobs. It has also provided a new
platform for collaboration between the DRDO, the
private sector, and academia.
Challenges and the Road Ahead: While the test is a
major success, the new system still faces some
major challenges. It will require a high degree of
integration with the existing defense infrastructure
and a new framework for training and
maintenance. The system is also subject to tight
deadlines and is dependent on the availability of
funds and resources.
The ‘Sudarshan Chakra’ Mission: The new IADWS is
a key part of ‘Mission Sudarshan Chakra’, a project
that was announced by the Prime Minister. The
mission aims to create a new and indigenous air
defense system that is inspired by Lord Krishna’s
mythological weapon. The mission is a clear signal
that India is committed to building a new and self-
reliant defense industry.
Way Forward:
The government should continue to provide full
financial and political support to the ‘Mission
Sudarshan Chakra’ and to other defense technology
projects.
A new framework for the production and the
deployment of the new system should be put in
place to ensure that it is integrated into the military
in a timely manner.
A new training program for the military personnel
who will operate the new system should be
launched.
The government should also work with the private
sector to ensure that the new system is upgraded
and maintained in a timely and cost-effective
manner.
Conclusion: The successful test of the new IADWS is
a major milestone for India’s defense industry. It is
a clear signal that India is committed to building a
new and self-reliant defense industry. The new
system is not just a weapon; it is a symbol of a
nation’s resolve to protect its sovereignty and its
strategic interests.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the strategic
importance of India’s new Integrated Air Defence
Weapon System (IADWS). How does the system
contribute to the ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative,
and what are the major challenges that need to be
addressed for its successful induction and
maintenance?”
The new missile defense system: A shield for India’s
strategic assetsSyllabus Link: GS-III: Science &
Technology (Defense technology, indigenization of
technology). GS-II: International Relations (India’s
foreign policy and defense).
Context: The Defence Research and Development
Organisation (DRDO) has announced the successful
maiden test of a new indigenous missile defense
system. The new system, which is a key part of
India’s quest for self-reliance in defense
technology and a new framework for the protection
of its strategic assets, is a new leap in India’s
defense capabilities. The new system is expected to
significantly enhance India’s strategic autonomy
and to provide a new and powerful deterrent
against a range of aerial threats.
Key Aspects & Analysis:
A ‘Multi-layered Shield’: The new missile defense
system is a multi-layered shield that can intercept a
wide range of aerial threats, from a low-flying
drone to a long-range ballistic missile. The system
integrates three key indigenous components:
the Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile (QRSAM),
the Advanced Very Short Range Air Defence System

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(VSHORADS), and a new high-power laser-based
Directed Energy Weapon (DEW). The use of a laser-
based weapon is a clear signal that India is
committed to a new era of futuristic warfare.
Strategic Autonomy: For decades, India has been
one of the world’s largest importers of defense
equipment. This has made it vulnerable to
geopolitical pressures and supply chain
disruptions. The new system is a clear step toward
reducing this reliance and achieving strategic
autonomy. It is a testament to the success of the
‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative in the defense
sector.
Boosting the Defense Ecosystem: The development
of the new system has provided a major boost to
India’s defense ecosystem. It has led to new
investments in research and development and has
created new jobs. It has also provided a new
platform for collaboration between the DRDO, the
private sector, and academia.
The ‘Sudarshan Chakra’ Mission: The new missile
defense system is a key part of ‘Mission Sudarshan
Chakra’, a project that was announced by the Prime
Minister. The mission aims to create a new and
indigenous air defense system that is inspired by
Lord Krishna’s mythological weapon. The mission is
a clear signal that India is committed to building a
new and self-reliant defense industry.
Challenges and the Road Ahead: While the test is a
major success, the new system still faces some
major challenges. It will require a high degree of
integration with the existing defense infrastructure
and a new framework for training and
maintenance. The system is also subject to tight
deadlines and is dependent on the availability of
funds and resources.
Way Forward:
The government should continue to provide full
financial and political support to the ‘Mission
Sudarshan Chakra’ and to other defense technology
projects.
A new framework for the production and the
deployment of the new system should be put in
place to ensure that it is integrated into the military
in a timely manner.
A new training program for the military personnel
who will operate the new system should be
launched.
The government should also work with the private
sector to ensure that the new system is upgraded
and maintained in a timely and cost-effective
manner.
Conclusion: The successful test of the new missile
defense system is a major milestone for India’s
defense industry. It is a clear signal that India is
committed to building a new and self-reliant
defense industry. The new system is not just a
weapon; it is a symbol of a nation’s resolve to
protect its sovereignty and its strategic interests.
Mains Practice Question: “Discuss the strategic
importance of India’s new indigenous missile
defense system. How does the system contribute to
the ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ initiative, and what are
the major challenges that need to be addressed for
its successful induction and maintenance?”
Heading: ISRO Successfully Conducts First
Integrated Air Drop Test for Gaganyaan
Mission
Relevant Syllabus for UPSC:
GS Paper 3: Science & Technology – Developments
and their applications and effects in everyday life.
Achievements of Indians in science & technology;
Indigenization of technology and developing new
technology.
Context:
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has
achieved a major milestone in its ambitious human
spaceflight program, the Gaganyaan mission, by
successfully conducting its first Integrated Air Drop
Test (IADT-1). This crucial test was designed to
validate the efficacy of the parachute-based
deceleration system for the crew module. The
successful test is a critical step towards ensuring
the safe re-entry and landing of the crew module,
which is designed to carry a three-member crew
into Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for a three-day mission.
This is a significant step in India’s journey to
become the fourth nation to achieve independent
human spaceflight capability.

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Analytical Aspects of the News:
This development has several important analytical
dimensions for the UPSC exam:
Technological Indigenization: The success of the
IADT-1 underscores India’s growing self-reliance
and technological prowess in the highly complex
field of space exploration. The indigenously
developed parachutes and deceleration systems are
a testament to the capabilities of India’s scientific
community.
Critical Safety Parameter: The re-entry of the crew
module into the Earth’s atmosphere is the most
critical phase of a human spaceflight mission. The
parachute system is a primary safety mechanism
for a soft splashdown. This test’s success
significantly de-risks the mission and builds
confidence in its safety protocols.
Boosting Space Economy: The Gaganyaan mission is
not just a scientific endeavor but also a key driver
for India’s burgeoning space economy. The project
has involved numerous public and private sector
companies, fostering a collaborative ecosystem and
creating opportunities for high-tech manufacturing
and R&D.
Geopolitical Significance: Achieving human
spaceflight capability places India in an elite group
of nations (after the US, Russia, and China). This
enhances India’s global standing as a responsible
and technologically advanced space power, opening
up new avenues for international cooperation and
partnerships. It reinforces India’s “soft power” and
diplomatic influence.
Inspiration for the Youth: The mission serves as a
powerful inspiration for the next generation of
scientists, engineers, and innovators, encouraging
them to pursue careers in STEM (Science,
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics).
Positives and Negatives:
Positives:
Enhanced National Prestige: Successfully launching
a human space mission will cement India’s status as
a major global power.
Spin-off Technologies: The technologies developed
for the Gaganyaan mission, such as life support
systems, crew escape mechanisms, and advanced
materials, will have wider applications in various
sectors like medicine, industry, and disaster
management.
Economic Growth: The project stimulates economic
growth by creating jobs and driving innovation in
allied industries.
Negatives:
High Cost: The project involves a substantial
financial outlay (~₹9,000 crore), which could be a
point of contention given other pressing socio-
economic challenges in India.
Technical Risks: Despite the successful tests, space
missions, especially human ones, carry inherent
risks. Any failure could have severe consequences
for the crew and for India’s space program.
Competition and Delays: Delays and budget
overruns are common in such complex projects,
and India faces intense global competition in the
space domain.
Way Forward:
Continued Rigorous Testing: The IADT-1 is just the
beginning. ISRO must conduct more rigorous tests,
including the unmanned flight of the crew module,
before the final manned mission.
Public-Private Partnership: ISRO should continue to
leverage the expertise of the private sector, moving
from a primarily government-driven model to a
more collaborative ecosystem. This will accelerate
innovation and reduce project timelines.
Skill Development: The government should invest in
specialized training and skill development
programs to create a talent pool capable of
supporting future space missions.
International Collaboration: While the mission is
indigenously developed, seeking collaboration with
other space-faring nations on specific technologies,
such as crew training and life support systems,
could enhance safety and efficiency.
Conclusion:
The successful Integrated Air Drop Test for the
Gaganyaan mission is a landmark achievement that

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signifies India’s unwavering commitment to
scientific excellence and technological self-reliance.
It is not merely a space project but a symbol of
national ambition that promises to boost the
economy, inspire a new generation, and elevate
India’s position on the global stage. By meticulously
managing the remaining tests and fostering a
strong public-private partnership, India can
confidently stride towards its goal of sending its
own astronauts into space.
Indian Air Force Deploys AI-Enabled X-Guard Fibre-
Optic Towed Decoy (FOTD) System
Relevant Syllabus for UPSC:
GS Paper 3: Science & Technology – Indigenization
of technology and developing new technology.
Internal Security – Linkages between development
and spread of extremism. (In this context, advanced
defense technology is a key component of national
security).
Context:
In a significant enhancement of its electronic
warfare capabilities, the Indian Air Force (IAF) has
successfully deployed the AI-enabled X-Guard
Fibre-Optic Towed Decoy (FOTD) system on its
Rafale fighter jets. The deployment, reportedly part
of a larger exercise, marks a new era in India’s air
defense strategy. The FOTD system is an advanced
countermeasure designed to protect fighter aircraft
from sophisticated radar-guided missiles by
creating a false target, thereby ensuring the
survivability of the aircraft and its crew in hostile
environments. This indigenously developed
technology is a crucial step towards reducing
India’s reliance on foreign defense equipment.
Analytical Aspects of the News:
This news has profound implications for India’s
defense and security landscape:
Asymmetric Warfare Advantage: In modern warfare,
electronic warfare is as critical as conventional
firepower. The AI-enabled FOTD system gives the
IAF a significant asymmetric advantage. It can
protect high-value assets like Rafale jets from
enemy surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and air-to-air
missiles (AAMs), which are increasingly difficult to
evade with traditional maneuvers.
Indigenization and ‘Make in India’: The development
of this system domestically aligns perfectly with the
government’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant
India) and ‘Make in India’ initiatives. It reduces
dependence on international suppliers, strengthens
the domestic defense-industrial base, and
safeguards against technology denial regimes.
Role of AI in Defense: The integration of Artificial
Intelligence (AI) into the FOTD system is a game-
changer. AI algorithms can analyze incoming
threats in real-time, predict missile trajectories, and
deploy countermeasures with a speed and
precision that human pilots cannot match. This
makes the system more effective against multi-
layered and coordinated attacks.
Cost-Effectiveness and Force Multiplier: Towed
decoys are a highly cost-effective way to enhance
the survivability of expensive fighter jets. Losing a
decoy is far less costly than losing a multi-million-
dollar aircraft and its highly trained pilot. The
system acts as a force multiplier, allowing the IAF to
operate with greater confidence in contested
airspace.
Positives and Negatives:
Positives:
Enhanced Pilot and Aircraft Survivability: The
primary positive is a dramatic increase in the safety
and survivability of IAF pilots and assets during
combat.
Strategic Deterrence: Possessing this advanced
technology adds a layer of deterrence against
potential adversaries, as it complicates their
military planning and makes an attack on Indian air
assets more risky.
Technological Leadership: It showcases India’s
capability to develop and integrate cutting-edge
technologies like AI into complex military
hardware, positioning the country as a leader in
defense innovation.
Negatives:
Technological Vulnerability: As with any technology,
there’s always a risk of it being compromised or

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countered by an adversary. Constant upgrades and
R&D are required to stay ahead.
Maintenance and Integration Challenges: Integrating
a complex system like an FOTD onto an aircraft
requires specialized skills and infrastructure. It can
be challenging to maintain and ensure seamless
interoperability with other onboard systems.
Cost of R&D: While the final product may be cost-
effective, the initial research and development can
be expensive, requiring long-term financial
commitment.
Way Forward:
Continuous R&D: The IAF and DRDO (Defence
Research and Development Organisation) must
invest continuously in R&D to upgrade the system
and develop next-generation countermeasures to
stay ahead of evolving threats.
Training and Simulation: Pilots and ground crew
need extensive training on the effective use of the
FOTD system through advanced simulators and
live-fire exercises.
Synergistic Integration: The X-Guard system should
be seamlessly integrated with other electronic
warfare and intelligence-gathering systems to
provide a comprehensive defensive suite.
Export Opportunities: Given its indigenous nature,
India could explore the possibility of exporting this
technology to friendly nations, thereby generating
revenue and strengthening strategic partnerships.
Conclusion:
The deployment of the AI-enabled X-Guard Fibre-
Optic Towed Decoy system is a landmark moment
in India’s defense modernization journey. It
exemplifies the successful fusion of indigenous
innovation and advanced technology to secure
national interests. By prioritizing such projects,
India not only strengthens its military capabilities
but also builds a resilient and self-reliant defense
ecosystem.
New Online Gaming Act Receives Presidential
Assent: A New Era for Digital Governance
Relevant Syllabus for UPSC:
GS Paper 2: Governance, Constitution, Polity-
Important aspects of governance, transparency and
accountability, e-governance applications, models,
successes, limitations, and potential.
GS Paper 3: Economy, Science and Technology-
Mobilization of resources, effects of liberalization
on the economy.
Context:
The Promotion and Regulation of Online Gaming Bill,
2025 has officially become an Act after receiving
Presidential assent. The new law aims to create a
legal framework for the regulation of the booming
online gaming industry in India. The Act seeks to
differentiate between games of skill and games of
chance, which will have a significant impact on how
the industry operates. The new law also imposes
strict penalties for illegal online money gaming and
advertising of such games, reflecting the
government’s commitment to safeguarding society
from the potential harms of unregulated online
gambling.
Analytical Aspects of the News:
This is a critical piece of legislation that addresses
the complexities of the digital economy and its
societal implications.
Regulation vs. Innovation: The Act is an attempt to
strike a balance between regulating a fast-growing
industry to protect consumers and fostering
innovation. The online gaming sector is a major
source of revenue and employment, and the new
law could either help it thrive or stifle its growth.
Federalism and State’s Role: The subject of gambling
and betting is a state subject under the
Constitution. The new central law will have to
navigate this constitutional issue. The Act provides
a central framework but also leaves room for states
to create their own regulations, which could lead to
a patchwork of laws.
Social and Ethical Issues: The unregulated growth of
online gaming has led to serious social issues,
including addiction, financial fraud, and a rise in
suicides. The new law is a response to these
concerns and aims to provide a clear legal basis for
action against harmful practices.

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Revenue Generation: The online gaming industry is
a multi-billion dollar sector. By providing a legal
framework, the government can not only regulate it
but also tax it, generating significant revenue.
However, the high taxation could also push some
players to illegal platforms.
Positives and Negatives:
Positives:
Consumer Protection: The Act provides a much-
needed legal framework for consumer protection,
preventing fraud and providing a grievance
redressal mechanism.
Formalization of the Industry: The law will
formalize the online gaming industry, making it
easier for legitimate businesses to operate and for
the government to regulate and tax them.
Combating Illicit Activities: The law provides a legal
basis to crack down on illegal online gambling and
its associated criminal activities.
Negatives:
Risk to Innovation: Over-regulation could stifle
innovation and discourage new players from
entering the market.
Defining ‘Skill’ vs. ‘Chance’: The distinction between
games of skill and games of chance can be
subjective and is often a matter of legal
interpretation. This could lead to legal challenges.
Lack of Uniformity: The potential for a patchwork of
laws across different states could create a complex
and confusing regulatory environment for both
businesses and consumers.
Way Forward:
Clear Guidelines: The government should issue
clear and unambiguous guidelines on how the Act
will be implemented, particularly on the distinction
between games of skill and chance.
Public Awareness: A massive public awareness
campaign is needed to educate the public about the
new law, the risks of unregulated gaming, and the
importance of responsible gaming.
Technological Solutions: The government should
collaborate with tech companies to use AI and other
technologies to monitor and regulate the online
gaming space more effectively.
Continuous Dialogue: A continuous dialogue
between the government, the industry, and civil
society is crucial to ensure that the Act remains
relevant and effective in a rapidly changing digital
landscape.
Conclusion:
The new Online Gaming Act is a landmark piece of
legislation that marks a new chapter in India’s
digital governance. While it offers a powerful tool to
address the social harms of unregulated gaming, its
success will depend on a balanced implementation
that does not stifle the industry’s potential for
growth. The Act is a critical step towards creating a
safe, transparent, and responsible online gaming
ecosystem in India.
India’s Bioeconomy and National Biofoundry
Network
Syllabus Relevance:
GS Paper III: Science and Technology-
developments and their applications and effects in
everyday life. Achievements of Indians in science &
technology; indigenization of technology and
developing new technology.
Context:
The government’s push to grow India’s bioeconomy
to $300 billion by 2030 and the recent launch of the
National Biofoundry Network are significant steps
towards a self-reliant and sustainable future. This
network, a consortium of institutions, aims to scale
up indigenous biomanufacturing, accelerate proof-
of-concept solutions, and create jobs. The broader
BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy,
Environment, and Employment) is the overarching
framework driving these initiatives. The goal is to
move beyond conventional biotechnology and
integrate it with emerging fields like Artificial
Intelligence (AI) and engineering to address
societal challenges.
Economic Dimension:
Growth Engine: The bioeconomy is a sunrise sector
with immense potential to drive economic growth.

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It encompasses diverse fields like biopharma, bio-
agriculture, bio-industrial products, and bio-IT.
Value Creation: Biofoundries, by providing a
common platform for research and development,
will reduce the cost and time of bringing new
bioproducts to market, fostering a vibrant startup
ecosystem.
Employment Generation: The sector has the
potential to create high-skilled jobs in research,
manufacturing, and data science, addressing the
issue of educated unemployment.
Export Potential: Indigenous biomanufacturing can
reduce import dependence and position India as a
global hub for bio-products, boosting exports.
Scientific and Technological Dimension:
Innovation & R&D: The National Biofoundry
Network will serve as a nucleus for collaborative
research, bringing together academia, industry, and
government. This will spur innovation in areas like
synthetic biology, genetic engineering, and
biomanufacturing.
Convergence of Technologies: The fusion of biology
with AI and data analytics, termed “bio-AI,” is a
critical aspect. AI can be used to accelerate drug
discovery, design new enzymes, and optimize
bioprocesses, making the R&D cycle faster and
more efficient.
Infrastructure: The establishment of dedicated
biomanufacturing institutes and bio-AI hubs
demonstrates a commitment to building a robust
physical and digital infrastructure for the sector.
Social & Environmental Dimension:
Sustainable Solutions: Bio-based products, such as
biodegradable plastics and bio-fuels, offer
sustainable alternatives to their fossil fuel
counterparts, addressing climate change and
environmental degradation.
Food Security: Bio-agriculture can lead to the
development of climate-resilient crops, improving
crop yields and ensuring food security for a
growing population.
Healthcare: Biotechnology plays a crucial role in
developing new vaccines, diagnostics, and
therapeutic drugs, improving public health
outcomes.
Way Forward:
Investment & Funding: Increase public and private
investment in R&D, especially for startups and
small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the
bio-sector.
Skill Development: Launch dedicated programs to
train the workforce in emerging fields like synthetic
biology, bioinformatics, and biomanufacturing.
Regulatory Framework: Develop a clear and
predictable regulatory framework that encourages
innovation while ensuring safety and ethical
compliance, especially for genetic engineering and
synthetic biology.
International Collaboration: Foster international
partnerships to leverage global expertise, funding,
and markets.
Conclusion:
The government’s ambitious target for the
bioeconomy and the establishment of the National
Biofoundry Network mark a strategic shift towards
a knowledge-based, sustainable, and self-reliant
economy. This is not just an economic policy but a
long-term vision that leverages India’s scientific
and human capital to address some of the most
pressing challenges of the 21st century, from
healthcare to climate change.
Mains Practice Questions:
Discuss the significance of a national biofoundry
network in achieving India’s bioeconomy targets.
Analyze the multi-dimensional benefits and
challenges associated with the growth of this
sector.
“The convergence of biotechnology with emerging
technologies like Artificial Intelligence is crucial for
India’s transition to a sustainable, knowledge-based
economy.” Elaborate on this statement with
suitable examples.
India’s Defence Indigenisation
Syllabus Relevance:

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GS Paper III: Science and Technology-
developments and their applications and effects in
everyday life. Achievements of Indians in science &
technology; indigenization of technology and
developing new technology.
GS Paper III: Security challenges and their
management in border areas; linkages of organized
crime with terrorism.
Context:
India’s push for defence indigenisation is a key
component of its “Atmanirbhar Bharat” (self-reliant
India) initiative. The government has taken a series
of steps, including the release of “positive
indigenisation lists” of defence items that will be
procured domestically, and has seen a significant
increase in domestic procurement. This drive is
aimed at reducing India’s dependence on foreign
defence suppliers, strengthening national security,
and boosting the domestic economy.
Strategic & National Security Dimension:
Self-Reliance: Defence indigenisation is crucial for
India’s strategic autonomy. It ensures that the
country’s armed forces are not dependent on
foreign suppliers, which can be unreliable during
times of conflict or geopolitical tension.
Technological Sovereignty: By developing its own
defence technology, India can protect its strategic
interests and maintain its technological
sovereignty.
Export Potential: As India’s defence industry
matures, it can become a major exporter of defence
equipment, enhancing its geopolitical influence and
earning valuable foreign exchange.
Economic & Industrial Dimension:
Boosting the Economy: Defence manufacturing has
a significant multiplier effect on the economy. It
stimulates growth in allied industries like
electronics, steel, and textiles, and creates high-
skilled jobs.
Private Sector Participation: The government’s new
policies, like the Defence Acquisition Procedure
(DAP) and liberalized FDI norms, are aimed at
encouraging greater participation from the private
sector, including MSMEs. This is a crucial step
towards building a robust domestic defence
industrial base.
R&D Ecosystem: The push for indigenisation is
driving investments in research and development
(R&D), fostering a culture of innovation in the
defence sector.
Challenges:
Lack of R&D: Despite recent efforts, India’s defence
R&D remains underfunded. The private sector,
which is a key driver of innovation, has been
hesitant to invest due to high costs and uncertain
markets.
Bureaucratic Delays: The defence procurement
process in India is notoriously slow and
cumbersome. This has led to delays in project
execution and cost overruns.
Technology Gaps: While India has made significant
progress in certain areas, such as missile
technology, there are still major technology gaps in
critical sectors like jet engines and advanced
electronics.
Quality & Standards: The quality and reliability of
indigenously developed defence equipment have
been a concern. Ensuring that domestic products
meet international standards is crucial for their
acceptance by the armed forces.
Way Forward:
Increased R&D Funding: The government must
significantly increase funding for defence R&D and
provide a clear roadmap for private sector
participation.
Streamlining the Procurement Process: The DAP
should be further simplified to reduce bureaucratic
delays and make the process more transparent and
efficient.
Strategic Partnerships: India should form strategic
partnerships with foreign defence companies to
gain access to critical technology and expertise.
Skill Development: Invest in training and skill
development to build a talent pool of engineers,
scientists, and technicians for the defence industry.
Conclusion:

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Defence indigenisation is not a choice but a
strategic necessity for India. While significant
progress has been made, the journey towards true
self-reliance is long and challenging. By addressing
the issues of R&D, bureaucratic delays, and
technology gaps, and by fostering a collaborative
ecosystem involving the public and private sectors,
India can build a defence industrial base that is not
only self-sufficient but also a global leader.
Mains Practice Questions:
Discuss the strategic and economic significance of
India’s defence indigenisation drive. What are the
key challenges in achieving self-reliance in the
defence sector and what measures can be taken to
overcome them?
“The success of ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ in the defence
sector hinges on greater participation of the private
industry.” Critically analyze this statement in the
context of recent policy reforms and the challenges
faced by the private sector.
Gaganyaan Mission
Syllabus Relevance:
GS Paper III: Science and Technology-
developments and their applications and effects in
everyday life. Achievements of Indians in science &
technology; indigenization of technology and
developing new technology.
Context:
The Gaganyaan Mission, India’s first human
spaceflight mission, is a significant milestone in the
country’s space journey. The recent integrated air-
drop test for the crew escape system is a critical
step towards demonstrating India’s capability to
safely launch and recover astronauts. The mission
is not just a technological feat but a strategic
statement of India’s growing prowess in space
science.
Strategic & Geopolitical Dimension:
Global Space Power: The mission will place India in
an elite club of nations—the U.S., Russia, and
China—with the capability to conduct human
spaceflight. This will enhance India’s prestige and
influence on the global stage.
Strategic Autonomy: Having an independent human
spaceflight capability is crucial for India’s strategic
autonomy. It reduces dependence on other nations
for crucial space-related activities.
International Collaboration: The mission is also a
platform for international collaboration. India is
working with other space agencies like NASA,
which can lead to technology transfer and joint
missions in the future.
Scientific & Technological Dimension:
Technology Development: The Gaganyaan mission
is a major driver of technological development. It
has spurred advancements in various fields,
including propulsion systems, life-support systems,
crew escape systems, and space medicine.
Spin-off Technologies: The technologies developed
for the mission will have significant spin-off
benefits for various sectors, including healthcare,
material science, and data analytics.
Space Research: Human spaceflight will enable
India to conduct advanced research in microgravity,
which can lead to breakthroughs in medicine,
biology, and material science.
Economic & Social Dimension:
Economic Catalyst: The mission will be a catalyst for
economic growth, creating high-skilled jobs in the
aerospace and allied industries. It will also foster a
vibrant ecosystem for private space companies and
startups.
Inspiration for Youth: The Gaganyaan mission will
inspire a new generation of scientists, engineers,
and astronauts. It will encourage students to pursue
careers in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering,
and Mathematics) fields.
Soft Power: The mission is a powerful tool for
India’s soft power. It showcases the country’s
scientific and technological capabilities to the world
and reinforces its image as a modern, progressive
nation.
Way Forward:
Safety First: The primary focus must remain on
ensuring the safety of the astronauts. Rigorous

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testing of all systems, especially the crew escape
system, is non-negotiable.
Private Sector Participation: The government
should further liberalize the space sector to
encourage greater participation from the private
sector, which can help in accelerating the mission
and reducing costs.
Long-Term Vision: The Gaganyaan mission should
be seen as a stepping stone to more ambitious
future missions, such as a space station or a human
mission to the Moon or Mars.
Public Communication: ISRO should engage in a
more active public communication strategy to build
a sense of national pride and generate public
interest in the mission.
Conclusion:
The Gaganyaan Mission is a testament to India’s
scientific ambition and its commitment to becoming
a global leader in space exploration. It is more than
just a human spaceflight mission; it is a symbol of
India’s self-reliance, a driver of technological
innovation, and an inspiration for a new generation.
Its success will be a landmark moment in India’s
history and a major step towards its future.
Mains Practice Questions:
Discuss the strategic and socio-economic
significance of the Gaganyaan mission. What are the
key technological challenges involved and how is
ISRO addressing them?
“The Gaganyaan mission is not just a technological
achievement but a powerful statement of India’s
soft power.” Elaborate on this statement with
suitable examples.
SECURITY AGENCIES IN INDIA
Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) Uncovers
Massive Drug Smuggling Racket in ‘Operation
Rainbow’
Relevant Syllabus for UPSC:
GS Paper 3: Security challenges and their
management in border areas; linkages of organized
crime with terrorism. Various security forces and
agencies and their mandate.
Context:
The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) has
made a significant breakthrough in its fight against
organized crime by busting a major international
drug smuggling racket under ‘Operation Rainbow’.
The operation, which involved a series of
synchronized raids across multiple cities, led to the
seizure of a massive quantity of cocaine, hashish,
and MDMA. The success of the operation highlights
the growing challenge of drug trafficking and its
deep linkages with organized crime syndicates and
money laundering networks. This is a critical issue
for national security and law enforcement agencies.
Analytical Aspects of the News:
This event is a classic example of a GS3 security
topic with multiple facets:
Transnational Crime: The operation underscores
the transnational nature of drug trafficking, which
operates through complex global networks. The
success of ‘Operation Rainbow’ was likely a result
of international cooperation and intelligence
sharing.
Financing of Terrorism and Crime: The money
generated from drug trafficking is often used to
finance other illegal activities, including terrorism,
arms smuggling, and human trafficking. The DRI’s
success in this case disrupts a major financial
pipeline for these criminal enterprises.
Security Agencies and their Mandate: The news
highlights the crucial role of agencies like the DRI,
which specialize in intelligence-based operations to
combat smuggling and illicit trade. It also
demonstrates the importance of inter-agency
coordination for a successful outcome.
Socio-Economic Impact: The availability of drugs
has a devastating socio-economic impact on society,
especially on the youth. The seizure of a large
quantity of these drugs prevents them from
reaching the streets and causing harm.
Positives and Negatives:
Positives:

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Disruption of Criminal Networks: The operation has
dealt a significant blow to an international drug
cartel, disrupting their supply chains and financial
networks.
Enhanced Law Enforcement Coordination: It
demonstrates the effectiveness of intelligence-led,
multi-agency operations in tackling complex
security threats.
Prevention of Social Harm: By seizing the drugs, the
DRI has prevented them from being distributed,
thereby mitigating the health and social risks
associated with drug abuse.
Negatives:
Persistence of the Problem: Despite successful
operations, drug trafficking remains a persistent
and evolving challenge, with traffickers constantly
finding new routes and methods.
Vulnerability of India’s Borders: The sheer quantity
of the seizure suggests that India’s land and sea
borders remain vulnerable to large-scale
smuggling.
Corruption and Lack of Resources: The fight against
drug trafficking is often hampered by corruption
and a lack of resources for law enforcement
agencies.
Way Forward:
Strengthened Border Security: The government
must invest more in technology and personnel to
enhance surveillance and security at its borders,
particularly on the coasts.
International Cooperation: India should deepen its
cooperation with international law enforcement
agencies and intelligence partners to combat
transnational drug trafficking more effectively.
Technology Adoption: Law enforcement agencies
must adopt advanced technologies, such as data
analytics, AI, and blockchain, to track and trace
illicit financial transactions and supply chains.
Public Awareness and Rehabilitation: Along with
enforcement, there is a need to focus on public
awareness campaigns to highlight the dangers of
drug abuse and on providing adequate
rehabilitation facilities for addicts.
Conclusion:
‘Operation Rainbow’ is a commendation to the
unwavering efforts of India’s security agencies in
protecting the nation from the threats of organized
crime. While this is a significant victory, it is a
reminder that the war on drugs is a continuous
battle. A multi-pronged approach that combines
robust law enforcement with international
collaboration, technological advancement, and a
focus on public health is essential to create a drug-
free society.