pneumonia forrr nursing students gshsjs pdf

ursing college

1. RESPIRATORY
DISORDERS
Dr/ Hoda Al-kamali

2. Respiratory failure
Respiratory failure (RF) is a syndrome of inadequate
gas exchange due to dysfunction of one or more
essential components of the respiratory system :
1- chest wall ( including pleura and diaphragm )
2- airways
3- pulmonary circulation
3- alveolar capillary units
4-nerves
5-CNS or brain system

3. Respiratory failure
Definition :
Is a serious condition that develops when the lungs can not get
enough oxygen into the blood .
Causes :
1- sever bronchial asthma
2-acute exacerbation of COPD
3- pneumonia
4- pulmonary edema
5- pulmonary embolism
6- pneumothorax
7-acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

4. Sings and symptoms

1- rapid respiratory rate
2- tachycardia
3- sweating
4 –agitation
5-chest pain
6-dyspnea
7-cough
8-malaise
9-……ect

5. Types of respiratory failure
__ acute and chronic respiratory failure
__ Hypoxemic and hypercapnic respiratory failure

* Hypoxemic respiratory failure :
There is insufficient oxygen in the blood but increase
carbon dioxide .
* Hypercapnic respiratory failure :
There is too much carbon dioxide in the blood and not
enough oxygen .

6. PNEUMONIA

7. is an inflammation of lungs : Definition
caused by acute infection .
Classification Of Pneumonia :
anamotical Morphology-1
- - Lobar pneumonia : inflammation in the certain
lobe or more .
- bronchopneumonia : diffuse inflammation in all
lungs.

8. Etiological -2
-infectious : all organisms ( bacteria , viral , fungi
, parasite )
-Non-infectious ( chemical , physical , aspiration)

clinical -3
-community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
-Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP)

9. Predisposing Factors
-Splenectomy .
-Sickle cell disease .
-Viral respiratory infection .
-COPD , CHF .
-Cigarette smoking .
-Immunosuppression .
-Renal failure .

10. SINGS AND SYMPTOMS
- Fever : temperature rises in few hours to 39-40 C
- Headache
- Chest pain
- Pain in the body and limbs
- Vomiting
- Confusion and disorientation in the elderly
- Dyspnea
- Cough ( dry in first one or two days )

11. complications
. -septicemia
-Endocarditis.
-Meningitis .
-pericarditis.
-pleural effusion .
-Empyema .
-Respiratory failure .

12. Severity pneumonia
if it is sever it will be fetal
Clinical sings :
- More than 65 years old .
-confusion .
-Respiratory rate more than 30 b/m .
-More than one lobe .
-Hypotension .
Lab investigation :
-WBC more than 20000
-Hypoxemia .-
-Hypoalbuminemia .
-Elevated blood urea nitrogen BUN .

13. Investigations
-CBC
-Blood CRP / ESR
-Chest X ray
-Sputum test
-Blood culture
-serological test

14. Treatment
* Oxygen
* I.v fluids
* Analgesic
* Abcs
* Antitussive

15. MOST COMMON BACTERIA
THAT CAUSE PNEUMONIA

16. PLEURAL EFFUSION

17. Pleura
Lungs are surrounded by two thin layers (films) called
the pleurae
They function as lubricant , preventing the lungs from
rubbing with the rib cage during inspiration and
expiration .
-Visceral : outside the lungs
-Parietal : inside the ribcage
The area between the two pleurae is filled with a
fluid called the pleural fluid ( that fills a pleural
space)

18. Pneumothorax : Presence of air in the pleural space ,
there are 3 types :
1- Open pneumothorax
2- Closed Pneumothorax
3- Tension pneumothorax
Hemothorax : Presence of blood in the pleural space
Hemoneumothorax: it is a mixture of blood and fluid
in the pleural space.

19. Pleural effusion : is an abnormal accumulation of fluid
in the pleural space .
Usually serous maybe from CHF or sometimes from a
tumor process and divided into:
-Transudate
-Exudate

20. Empyma :is the presence of pus in the pleural space

Causes :
1- rupture of lung abscess
2- bacteria from sever pneumonia
3- tuberculosis

21. Sings and symptoms :
1- pyrexia
2- rigors , sweating
3- malaise and wt loss
4- pleural pain
5- cough and sputum