Policy Making in Education - A summary and guide

Policies in Education

1. Policy Making in Education: Where does policy come from? Chary Anne C. Gauani

2. Agenda Where does policy come from? How does education policy get implemented? How does education policy get evaluated? Does education research matter 10/21/2023 UNDERSTANDING EDUCATIONAL POLICIES AND REGULATIONS 2

3. A. Policy Making in Education Where does policy come from? 9/3/20XX Where does policy come from? 3

4. Legal Basis of Education: THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE XIV EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ARTS, CULTURE AND SPORTS EDUCATION

5. THE 1987 Constitution ARTICLE XIV Section 1. The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all. Section 2. Establish and maintain a system of free public education in the elementary and high school levels. Without limiting the natural right of parents to rear their children, elementary education is compulsory for all children of school age

6. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 6 THE 1987 Constitution ARTICLE XIV Section 3. Establish and maintain a system of scholarship grants, student loan programs, subsidies, and other incentives which shall be available to deserving students in both public and private schools, especially to the underprivileged; Section 4. Encourage non-formal, informal, and indigenous learning systems, as well as self-learning, independent, and out-of-school study programs particularly those that respond to community needs; and Section 5. Provide adult citizens, the disabled, and out-of-school youth with training in civics, vocational efficiency, and other skills

7. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 7 Legal Basis of Education: Educational Development Decree of 1972 AUTHORIZING THE UNDERTAKING OF EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, PROVIDING FOR THE MECHANICS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND FINANCING THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

8. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 8 Educational Development Decree of 1972 Section 1. Title. - This Decree shall be known as the "Educational Development Decree of 1972.“

9. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 9 Section 2 Declaration of Policy. - It is hereby declared to be the policy of the government to ensure, within the context of a free and democratic system maximum contribution of the educational system to the attainment of the following national development goals: To achieve and maintain an accelerating rate of economic development and social progress; (b) To assure the maximum participation of all the people in the attainment and enjoyment of the benefits of such growth; and (c) To strengthen national consciousness and promote desirable cultural values in a changing world.

10. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 10 Section 3 Statement of Objectives. - To this end, the educational system aims to: Provide for a broad general education that will assist each individual, in the peculiar ecology of his own society, to (1) attain his potential as a human being; (2) enhance the range and quality of individual and group participation in the basic functions of society; and (3) acquire the essential educational foundation for his development into a productive and versatile citizen: Train the nation's manpower in the middle level skill required for national development; (c) Develop the high-level professions that will provide leadership for the nation, advance knowledge through research, and apply new knowledge for improving the quality of human life; and (d) Respond effectively to changing needs and conditions of the nation through a system of educational planning and evaluation.

11. Legal Basis of Education: BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 232 (THE EDUCATION ACT OF 1982) An act providing for the establishment and maintenance of an integrated system of education. In accordance with Section 2, this act shall apply to and govern both formal and non- formal system in public and private schools in all levels of the entire educational system. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 11

12. As provided by this Act, the national development goals are as follows: 1.To achieve and maintain an accelerating rate of economic development and social progress. 2. To assure the maximum participation of all the people in the attainment and enjoyment of the benefits of such growth; and 3. To achieve and strengthen national unity and consciousness and preserve, develop and promote desirable cultural, moral and spiritual values in changing world 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 12

13. It is also stated in Section 3 that: The State shall promote the right of every individual to relevant quality education, regardless of sex, age, creed socio- economic status, physical and mental conditions, racial or ethnic origin, political or other affiliation. The State shall therefore promote and maintain equality of access to education as well as the benefits of education by all its citizens. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 13

14. Section 9: Rights of The Students The right to receive competent instruction, relevant quality education. The right to freely choose their field of study subject to the existing curricula and continue their course up to graduation, except in cases of academic deficiency or violations of disciplinary regulations. The right to school guidance and counseling services. The right to access to his owns school records and the confidentiality of it. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 14

15. 5. The right to issuance of official certificates, diplomas, transcript of records, grades, transfer credentials and similar document within thirty days from request. 6. The right to publish a student newspaper and invite resource persons during symposia, assemblies and other activities. 7. The right to free expression of opinions and suggestions and to effective channels of communication with appropriate academic and administrative bodies of the school or institutions. 8. The right to form or establish, join and participate in organizations and societies recognized by the school…, or to form, join and maintain organizations and societies for purposes not contrary to law. 9. The right to be free from involuntary contributions except those approved by their organizations and societies. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 15

16. Section 10: Rights of the School Personnel Free expression of opinions and suggestions. To be provided with free legal service by the appropriate government office in case of public school personnel and the school authorities concerned in case of private school personnel, when charged in administrative, civil and/or criminal proceedings, by parties other than the school authorities concerned, for actions committed directly in the lawful discharged of professional duties and/or in defense of school policies. Establish join, maintain labor organization of their choice to promote their welfare and defend their interest. To be free from involuntary contributions except those imposed by their own organizations. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 16

17. Section 11: Special Rights and/or Privileges of Teaching or Academic Staff Right to be free compulsory assignment not related to their duties defined in their appointment or employment contracts unless compensated thereof. (additional compensation Sec. 14 R.A. 4670- at least 25% his regular remuneration) Right to intellectual property Teachers are persons in authority when in lawful discharge of duties and responsibilities… shall therefore be accorded due respect and protection (Commonwealth Act No. 578) Teachers shall be given opportunity to choose career alternatives for advancements. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 17

18. Section 12: Rights of Administrators School administrators shall be deemed persons in authority while in the lawful discharge of their duties and responsibilities…. Shall be accorded due respect and protection (Commonwealth Act No. 578) 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 18

19. Section 13. Rights of Schools The right of their governing boards to adopt and enforce administrative or management systems. The right of institutions of higher learning to determine on academic grounds who shall be admitted to study, who may teach, and who shall be the subjects of the study and research. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 19

20. Legal Basis of Education: Republic Act No: 7722 AN ACT CREATING THE COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFORE AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 20

21. Section 1: Title. – This Act shall be known as the "Higher Education Act of 1994" Section 2: Declaration of Policy. - The State shall protect, foster and promote the right of all citizens to affordable quality education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to ensure that education shall be accessible to all. The State shall likewise ensure and protect academic freedom and shall promote its exercise and observance for the continuing intellectual growth, the advancement of learning and research, the development of responsible and effective leadership, the education of high-level and middle-level professionals, and the enrichment of our historical and cultural heritage. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 21

22. State-supported institutions of higher learning shall gear their programs to national, regional or local development plans. Finally, all institutions of higher learning shall exemplify through their physical and natural surroundings the dignity and beauty of, as well as their pride in, the intellectual and scholarly life. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 22

23. Section 3: Creation of the Commission on Higher Education. In pursuance of the above-mentioned policies, the Commission on Higher Education is hereby created, hereinafter referred to as the Commission. The Commission shall be independent and separate from the Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS), and attached to the Office of the President for administrative purposes only. Its coverage shall be both public and private institutions of higher education as well as degree-granting programs in all post-secondary educational institutions, public and private 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 23

24. B. Policy Making in Education How does education policy get implemented? 9/3/20XX Where does policy come from? 24

25. The Three Agencies that are handling the education system in the Philippines: The Department of Education (DepEd) oversees basic (pre-university) education. The Commission on Higher Education manages tertiary and graduate education Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) oversees technical-vocational courses and middle education 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 25

26. C. Policy Making in Education How does education policy get evaluated? Does education research matter? 9/3/20XX Where does policy come from? 26

27. Maintenance of Quality Education Voluntary Accreditation (Section 29) Teachers and Administrators obligations and qualification (Sections 16 and 17) Government Financial Assistance to Private Schools (Section 41) 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 27

28. Voluntary Accreditation (Section 29 of Batas Pambansa Blg . 232) Section 29. Voluntary Accreditation - The Ministry shall encourage programs of voluntary accreditation for institution which desire to meet standards of quality over and above minimum required for State recognition. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 28

29. Teachers and Administrators obligations and Qualification (Sec. 16 & 17) 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 29

30. Section 16: Teacher’s Obligation. – Every Teacher shall: 1. Perform his duties to the school by discharging his responsibilities in accordance with the philosophy, goals, and objectives of the school. 2. Be accountable for the efficient and effective attainment of specified learning objectives in pursuance of national development goals within the limits of available school resources. 3. Render regular reports on performance of each student and to the latter and the latter's parents and guardians with specific suggestions for improvement. 4. Assume the responsibility to maintain and sustain his professional growth and advancement and maintain professionalism in his behavior at all times. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 30

31. 5. Refrain from making deductions in students' scholastic ratings for acts that are clearly not manifestations of poor scholarship. 6. Participate as an agent of constructive social, economic, moral, intellectual, cultural and political change in his school and the community within the context of national policies. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 31

32. Section 17: School Administrators ‘ Obligations – Every School Administrator shall: Perform his duties to the school by discharging his responsibilities in accordance with the philosophy, goals and objectives of the school. Be accountable for the efficient and effective administration and management of the school. Develop and maintain a healthy school atmosphere conducive to the promotion and preservation of academic freedom and effective teaching 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 32

33. 4. Assume and maintain professional behavior in his work and in dealing with students, teachers, academic non-teaching personnel, administrative staff, and parents or guardians. 5. Render adequate reports to teachers, academic non-teaching personnel and non-academic staff on their actual performance in relation to their expected performance and counsel them on ways of improving the same. 6. Observe due process, fairness, promptness, privacy, constructiveness and consistency in disciplining his teachers and other personnel. 7. Maintain adequate records and submit required reports to the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 33

34. Government Assistance (Section 41) The government, in recognition of its complementary role in the educational system, may provide aid to the programs of private schools in the form of grants or scholarships, or loans from government financial institutions: Provided, That such programs meet certain defined educational requirements and standards and contribute to the attainment of national development goals. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 34

35. Does Educational Research Matter? The primary purpose of educational research is to expand the existing body of knowledge by providing solutions to different problems in pedagogy while improving teaching and learning practices. Educational researchers also seek answers to questions bothering on learner-motivation, development, and classroom management. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 35

36. Importance of Educational Research Educational research plays a crucial role in knowledge advancement across different fields of study. It provides answers to practical educational challenges using scientific methods. Findings from educational research; especially applied research, are instrumental in policy reformulation. For the researcher and other parties involved in this research approach, educational research improves learning, knowledge, skills, and understanding. Educational research improves teaching and learning methods by empowering you with data to help you teach and lead more strategically and effectively 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 36

37. Executive Order No. 210, s. 2003 ESTABLISHING THE POLICY TO STRENGTHEN THE USE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AS A MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 37

38. WHEREAS , Section 7, Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution provides that for purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English; WHEREAS , it is a declared policy of the State to promote education as a means to achieve and maintain an accelerating rate of economic development and social progress; WHEREAS , there is a need to develop the aptitude, competence and proficiency of our students in the English language to maintain and improve their competitive edge in emerging and fast-growing local and international industries, particularly in the area of Information and Communications Technology [ICT]; 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 38

39. WHEREAS , strengthening the use of the English language as a medium of instruction also depends on the improvement of the entire educational system, particularly in the training of educators and the provision of learning materials and resources; WHEREAS , the Department of Education [DepEd], the Commission on Higher Education [CHED] and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority [TESDA] fully support the policies sought to be established herein and have favorably endorsed the issuance of this Executive Order; 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 39

40. SECTION 1.  Declaration of Policies .  – The following policies are hereby established: English shall be taught as a second language, starting with the First Grade. b. As provided for in the 2002 Basic Education Curriculum, English shall be used as the medium of instruction for English, Mathematics and Science from at least the Third-Grade level. c. The English language shall be used as the primary medium of instruction in all public and private institutions of learning in the secondary level, including those established as laboratory and/or experimental schools, and non-formal and vocational or technical educational institutions. As the primary medium of instruction, the percentage of time allotment for learning areas conducted in the English language is expected to be not less than  seventy percent  (70%) of the total time allotment for all learning areas in the secondary level. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 40

41. It is the objective of the foregoing policies to develop the aptitude, competence and proficiency of all students in the use of the English language to make them better prepared for the job opportunities emerging in the new, technology-driven sectors of the economy. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 41

42. SECTION 2.  Institutions of Higher Education .  – Institutions of higher education, including State Colleges and Universities [SUCs], are hereby encouraged to adopt the use of the English language as the primary medium of instruction in the tertiary level. The CHED shall adopt measures to promote and encourage the use of the English language as the primary medium of instruction in the tertiary or higher education level. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 42

43. SECTION 3.  Proficiency of Teachers .  – The DepEd, through the National Educators’ Academy of the Philippines [NEAP], the Educational Development Project Implementing Task Force [EDPITAF], the CHED, the TESDA, as well as through the educational institutions in the private sector, shall evaluate the proficiency of educators in the English language and conduct training programs nationwide to develop and improve it. SECTION 4.  Support Mechanisms .  – The implementing authorities specified in Section 5 hereof shall undertake to secure the funding support necessary to provide adequate learning materials and resources that will develop the aptitude, competence and proficiency of students in the English language. They shall also collaborate in developing an evaluation instrument that will make it possible to monitor the progress of educators and students in achieving the policy objectives established herein. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 43

44. SECTION 6.  Implementing Rules and Regulations .  – The DepEd, the CHED and the TESDA are hereby authorized to issue the appropriate rules and regulations for the effective implementation of the policies established herein. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 44

45. NINE-TENTHS OF EDUCATION IS ENCOURAGEMENT ANATOLE FRANCE 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 45