polio HB.pptx about polio cases which is benificent for mbbs students and md students

it’s talking about the case of polio and why it’s important how polio is eradicated by public health concerns and they help out about it

1. Polio Epidemiology, prevention and control Presented by: Dr. Henna Bhandari Moderated by: Prof (Dr) Farzana Islam

2. History

3. History

4. History

5. Epidemiology

6. Course of events

7. Diagnosis and treatment Specimen : Throat swab, Feces, CSF and blood. Feces : Best results from fecal samples collected on two separate days. Fecal excretion is intermittent . Week 1- 80% show isolation Week 3- 50% Week 6- 25% Once disease sets in, only symptomatic treatment can be given

8. Differential diagnosis of AFP Poliomyelitis Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) Acute transverse myelitis Traumatic neuritis Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)

9. Prevention Health promotion through environmental sanitation. Health education (modes of spread, protective value of vaccination). Immunization

10. Global burden For current burden: https://polioeradication.org/

11. Indian Scenario For current burden: https://polioeradication.org/

12. How did we reach here?

13. Milestones of GPEI 2022-2026: Polio Eradication Strategy 1974: WHO included polio in Extended program on Immunisation (EPI) 1988: WHA launched Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) 2013- 2018: Polio Eradication and End game strategic plan

14. GPEI - Objectives To interrupt transmission of wild poliovirus as soon as possible To achieve certification of global polio eradication To contribute to health systems development and strengthen routine immunization and surveillance for communicable diseases

15. Strategies for polio eradication Routine immunization Supplementary immunization activity (SIA) Surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) Conduct outbreak control

16. Polio Eradication an Endgame Strategic Plan (PEESP) (2013-2018) Why was this strategy introduced? Unfinished Goals of the 1988 Initiative : Despite reducing global polio cases by over 99% and confining endemic transmission to three countries (Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria), polio persisted, and new risks such as cVDPVs emerged. Programmatic Emergency Declaration : In 2012, the World Health Assembly recognized polio eradication as a global public health emergency, necessitating a strategic, time-bound plan to address lingering challenges.

17. The Plan differs from previous eradication plans because it addresses paralytic cases associated with both wild polioviruses and vaccine-derived poliovirus/VAPP Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan (2013-2018) Eradication refers to wild virus Endgame refers to management of VDPVs and VAPP

18. The Plan has Four Objectives Detect and interrupt all poliovirus transmission 1 Strengthen immunization systems, introduce inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and withdraw oral polio vaccines (OPV) 2 Contain poliovirus and certify interruption of transmission 3 Plan polio’s legacy 4

19. Before end 2015 2016 2019-2020 Ongoing STRENGTHENING of routine immunization services Strengthen immunization systems, introduce inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and withdraw oral polio vaccines (OPV) 2

20. Detect and interrupt all poliovirus transmission 1 Strengthen immunization systems, introduce inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) and withdraw oral polio vaccines (OPV) 2 Contain poliovirus and certify interruption of transmission 3 Plan polio’s legacy 4 The Plan has Four Objectives

21. The Goal To ensure that the investments made to eradicate poliomyelitis contribute to future health goals, through a work programme that systematically documents and transitions the GPEI’s knowledge, lessons learnt and assets. Plan polio’s legacy 4

22. What is Required? The three principal aspects of the polio legacy work are: mainstreaming essential long-term polio immunization, surveillance, communication, response and containment functions into other ongoing public health programmes to protect a polio-free world; ensuring that the knowledge generated and lessons learnt during more than 20 years of polio eradication activities are shared with other health initiatives; where feasible, desirable and appropriate, transitioning the capacities, processes and assets that the GPEI has created to support other health priorities. Plan polio’s legacy 4

23. Polio Eradication Strategy (2022-2026) Unfinished goals Global Threat Increased Complexity Beyond eradication, the strategy aims to strengthen health systems and reduce long-term costs associated with outbreaks and treatment. Why was this strategy introduced?

24. Polio Eradication Strategy- Goals Goal 1: Permanently interrupt all poliovirus transmission in endemic countries Goal 2: Stop cVDPV transmission and prevent outbreaks in non-endemic countries

25. Goal 1: Permanently interrupt all poliovirus transmission in endemic countries

26. Goal 1: Permanently interrupt all poliovirus transmission in endemic countries

27. Polio Eradication Strategy- Goals Goal 1: Permanently interrupt all poliovirus transmission in endemic countries Goal 2: Stop cVDPV transmission and prevent outbreaks in non-endemic countries

28. Goal 2: Stop cVDPV transmission and prevent outbreaks in non-endemic countries

29. Goal 2: Stop cVDPV transmission and prevent outbreaks in non-endemic countries

30. Novel Oral Polio Vaccine type 2 Key features - Reduced Risk of Reversion - Safety - Stability Why Was nOPV Developed? - Combatting cVDPVs - Tool for Outbreak Response

31. Approval and Use - nOPV2 received Emergency Use Listing (EUL) from WHO in November 2020 - Over 30 countries have used nOPV2 to respond to cVDPV2 outbreaks Feature Traditional OPV nOPV Reversion Risk Higher risk of reversion to cVDPV Significantly reduced risk Stability Lower genetic stability Improved genetic stability Target Routine immunization and outbreak response Mainly cVDPV outbreak response WHO Status Widely used EUL approval (for nOPV2) Novel Oral Polio Vaccine type 2

32. Polio vaccines, current and future

33. Challenges Insecurity and Conflict Zones Vaccine Hesitancy and Misinformation Operational and Logistical Challenges Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus ( cVDPV ) Political and Economic Instability Population Movements Reference: 1. https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-polio-vaccination-campaign-surge-cases-78b8313185c8ee69e7713af11d5beb73 2. https:// apnews.com /article/pakistan-polio-cases-vaccines-militants-eradication-8f12df7c27891a559850988431599673

34. Updates Pakistan's Vaccination Campaigns and Security Concerns Vaccination Drive Postponed in Balochistan Reference: https:// apnews.com /article/pakistan-polio-drive-delayed-restive-balochistan-1cad007de75336ca01500eb1d696f911 Attacks on Polio Workers Reference: https:// apnews.com /article/pakistan-roadside-bomb-polio-police-attacked-northwest-7f629b29d9117ecf37180af28de0da7b Surge in Polio Cases Reference: https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-roadside-bomb-polio-police-attacked-northwest-7f629b29d9117ecf37180af28de0da7b Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) Updates Extended Eradication Timeline Reference: https:// www.reuters.com /business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/more-time-money-needed-wipe-out-polio-global-group-says-2024-10-17/

35. Updates Detection of Poliovirus in Europe Poliovirus in Wastewater Reference: https:// www.science.org /content/article/poliovirus-keeps-popping-european-wastewater-perplexing-and-worrying-scientists?s=08 Suspension of Vaccination Campaigns in Afghanistan Taliban Halts Polio Vaccination Second round of polio campaign in Gaza completed

36. Thank you