Politeness Strategy Used in Texting WhatsApp

Politeness Strategy (Qualitative Research)

1. MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS’ POLITENESS STRATEGY USED IN TEXTING THROUGH WA MESSAGE FROM STUDENTS TO THE LECTURERS Diana Anggun Safitri ( 177038)

2. C O N T E N T S Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III 2

3. Chapter I : Background of the Study Scope and Limitation Statement of the Problem Objective of the Study Significance of the Study Definition of the Key Terms

4. 4 A. Background of the Study In this digital era, people prefer communicating nonverbal to verbal communication, especially for building communication through social media. Lately, WhatsApp is the preferred application in Indonesia. According to Kominfo (2019), eighty-three percent of 171 million internet users are WhatsApp (WA) users. As Kominfo statement that 83% of 171 million internet users is WA users, it means that Indonesian can be separated from WA use.

5. 5 A. Background of the Study At the end of 2019, the world has been shocked by the phenomenon of the COVID-19 virus which makes almost all activities outside the home stopped, as well as academic activities such lectures . By communicating through WA, students often do some mistakes in the aspect of politeness which makes the lecturer growled because of student’s utterances. Some students' utterances are often categorized as impolite. Mulyono et al., (2019:295) stated that one of the emerging issues of the use of text messaging over the WhatsApp application among teachers and students is concerned with students ’ impoliteness.

6. 6 A. Background of the Study Politeness is giving the impression to the listener or reader. Politeness behavior is highly rational phenomenon, Brown and Levinson (1987:60) explained Face Threatening Act concept that the speaker needs to threaten the hearer’s face to make a self-image toward the speaker and the hearer . Related with the theory which proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987), there are four kinds of politeness strategies those are: bald on record, positive politeness strategy, negative politeness, and off-record . Bald on record strategy is straightforward speech which clear, firm, and concise, and without the effort to save the speaker's face.

7. 7 A. Background of the Study The different politeness strategy possibly occurs between male students and female students in texting the lecturer through WA. There are many topics of research which discussed about gender differences between male and female students. According to Graddol and Swan (2003: 147) in Febriadina et al., (2018:74), the differences in the form of male and female become a marker of gender differences in a conversation. In the academic field, the way of speaking of male students will be different from female students. Male students more straightforward to convey intentions. Unlike women, they hide their intentions in their speech. In accordance with gender difference, it is possible that the politeness strategy between male and female students is different.

8. 8 A. Background of the Study Previous studies about politeness and gender differences Febriadina et al., (2018:73-83 ) conducted male and female students’ politeness in sragen , central java. Yuliawati et al., (2019:506-511) explained the characteristics of language politeness in students’ whatsapp messenger to lecturers. Hafizah (2019:425-434 ) dicsussed the politeness strategy in students’ lingua franca to their lecturers via WhatsApp at in information technology departments of techinal faculty Universitas Bhayangkara Jakarta Raya. Mulyono et al. (2019:295-318 ) explained politeness strategies in teacher-students WhatsApp communication. Nurjanah (2017:147-154) conducted male and female linguistic politeness in speaking classroom.

9. 9 A. Background of the Study These previous studies have revealed the politeness strategy using nonverbal communication on WhatsApp text message and revealed the gender differences in senior high school. Meanwhile, the presents study is the newest one which mixes the politeness issues which accordance with gender differences in college students . This research conducted to classify and identify the difference between male and female students’ politeness strategy used in texting through WA message from students to the lecturers.

10. 10 B. Scope and Limitation The scope of this research is focusing on analysis politeness strategy by Brown and Levinson (1987) namely: bald on record, positive politeness strategy, negative politeness, and off-record used by students 20 students; 10 male students and 10 female students of English Education Department of STKIP PGRI Jombang . The limitation of the research is the participants of this research. Male students in English Department of STKIP PGRI is limited. The total of male students of class 2017, 2018 and 2018 are 24 male students.

11. 11 C. Statement of The Problem What politeness strategy are used by students in texting through WA message from students to the lecturers? Is there any difference of politeness strategy between male and female students in texting through WA message from students to the lecturers?

12. 12 D. Objective of the Study To find out what politeness strategy which used by students in texting through WA message from students to the lecturers. To identify difference of politeness strategy between male and female students by students in texting through WA message from students to the lecturers.

13. 13 E. Significance of the Study Theoretically , the researcher hopes the result of the research is useful to support the theory of politeness strategy by Brown and Levinson (1987) which said that there are four kinds of politeness strategies namely: bald on record, positive politeness strategy, negative politeness, and off-record. Practically , the researcher hopes the students to reflect their politeness strategy used toward the lecturer in texting WA, especially for English students of STKIP PGRI Jombang . Moreover , the research is helpful for next researchers who will conduct same topics.

14. 14 F. Definition of Key Terms Politeness Strategy : Politeness strategy is four strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) namely: bald on record, positive politeness strategy, negative politeness, and off-record which used for people to communication with other using language in certain polite utterance . Gender in Politeness : Gender in politeness is the way how male and female students deliver their nonverbal utterance in politeness strategy. Sociopragmatics : Leech (1983:10) stated that sociopragmatics is the sociological border of pragmatics which is based on the use of language in different cultures of language communities in different social situations, among different social classes, gender etc.

15. Chapter II : Theoretical Review Previous Study Theoretical Framework

16. 1 2 3 Sociopragmatics Politeness Strategies Gender Theoretical Review

17. Sociopragmatics Politeness Leech (1983:10) stated that the sociological border of pragmatics which is based on the use of language in different cultures of language communities in different social situations, among different social classes, gender etc. is the definition of sociopragmatics . Politeness in an interaction can be described as the means employed to show awareness of another person’s face (Yule, 1996: 60). In another way, politeness means the way how to give respect to another’s face . Yuliawati et al., (2019) stated that language politeness has also an important role in everyone’s language ability. Someone is considered to be a good person if he always uses good language and politeness. Conversely, if someone always uses abusive and impolite language, he is considered to be a bad person. Thus, politeness can also be as self-image of the speaker to another’s face.

18. Brown and Levinson Theory of Politeness Strategy According to Brown and Levinson (1987: 15) there are there considerations in distinguishing the level of politeness: these are relative power of hearer over speaker, the social distance between speaker and hearer, and the ranking of the imposition involved in doing the Face Threatening Act (FTA). Brown and Levinson (1987:60) described Face Threatening Act (FTA) concept that the speaker needs to threaten the hearer’s face to make a self-image toward the speaker and the hearer.

19. Brown and Levinson Theory of Politeness Strategy Politeness strategy is strategy which applied with the aim of avoiding uncomfortable circumstances of the hearer. Brown and Levinson had proposed the four board strategies: Bald on Record, Negative Politeness, Positive Politeness and Off Record . 1. Bald on Record Bald on record strategy tend to be used in communication with closest people because the strategy shows straightforward language. The Bald on record politeness strategy can be classified as the lowest politeness strategy because it sounds impolite and bad-mannered. Bald on record strategy is straightforward speech which clear, firm, and concise, and without the effort to save the speaker's face.

20. Brown and Levinson Theory of Politeness Strategy 2. Positive Politeness Positive politeness maintains good manners politeness. Different from bald on record strategy, positive politeness tends to be used for build the closeness between people. The strategy shows care, friendliness and mutuality. For example, if someone need some helps they will give some compliment before ask something: “Bi, you are really good at cooking. I wonder if you could just help me make some cake for my mom’s birthday ”. 3. Negative Politeness Negative politeness strategy is oriented toward the hearer’s negative face, by establishing carefulness and distance. This politeness strategy contains a guarantee from the hearer that the speaker acknowledges, respects and if forced to do, will do the least amount of violation. In a communication situation, negative politeness strategy is more preferred to use because it is safer to hearer‘s peace and determination rather than the speaker‘s expressions of regard.

21. Brown and Levinson Theory of Politeness Strategy 4. Off-Record Off-record politeness strategy occurs when the speaker let the hearer interprets the meaning of any utterances during the FTA (Face Threatening Acts). The utterances can be interpreted in many ways since off-record strategy delivers clues, hints and dubious.

22. Gender According to Wardhaugh (2006:315), the difference between men and women is viewed as a gender issue, not sex . Sex refers to a very large extent biologically whereas gender is a social construct involving the whole of genetic, psychological, social, and cultural differences between males and females. Gender differences can be seen from someone’s utterance ( Graddol and Swan, 2003:147). Means, between male and female can indicate different style or form in using language. 22

23. Gender Wardhaugh (2006: 327) stated that men and women are social beings who have learned to act in certain ways. Men learn to be men and women learn to be women. Since their childhood, they receive different behaviors. Boys usually play football and races which make them learn about competition, whereas girls usually play drama as a mother and a daughter with her dolls and play with her friends with cooking utensils which make them learn about intimacy and friendship. 23

24. Chapter III : Research Design Source of the Data The Researcher’s Role Instrument of the Study Procedure of Collecting Data Procedure of Data Analysis The Trustworthiness of the Data

25. 25 A . Research Design The researcher applied the document analysis approach. The document analysis focus on analyzing and interpreting the written conversation between students and lecturers through WhatsApp. The source of data which is used in this study is screenshot of WhatsApp text message from English Education Department students of STKIP PGRI Jombang .

26. B. Source of the Data The Data were taken from six classes of English Education Department; 2 classes 2017 which consisted of 51 students and 2 classes 2018 which consist of 43 students and 2 classes 2019 which consisted of 64 students. The data were students’ WhatsApp text messages to the lecturer when asking something such as assignments, confirmation, etc. In this study , the researcher used purposive sampling . The respondents are 20 students; 10 male students and 10 female students .

27. C . The R esearcher’s Role In this study researcher role as the primary instrument. From researcher perception, the researcher had been 8 th semester of studying in English Department. When studying in English Department, the researcher has gained linguistic lesson since 3 th semester. The researcher also has same situation with the participant because she placed in same setting before. It is believed that the researcher as human also capable to responding the social environmental around her related to the study. Due to the previous experiences of the researcher bring certain biases to this study. Although every effort will be made to ensure objectivity, these biases may influence the way the researcher views and understands the data she collects and the way she interprets her experiences.

28. D . Instrument of the Study The instrument of the study is the writer herself as the primary instrument. Sugiyono (2018:222) stated that in qualitative research, human or the researcher is the instrument, it means that the researcher is the main instrument for collecting and analyzing the data. To support human as main instrumentation is needed the subordinate instrumentation. It was documented in WhatsApp. The document form is the screenshot of WhatsApp text messages to the lecturer from 20 respondents.

29. E . Procedure of Collecting Data In collecting the data, the researcher uses these steps bellow: 1. The researcher collects male and female students which have sent a question message to the lecturer. 2. The researcher collects the document form the screenshot of WhatsApp text messages to the lecturer of the draft of the document form is the screenshot of WhatsApp text messages to the lecturer requesting by Google docs. 3. The researcher starts to analyze the data. The screenshot of WhatsApp text messages to the lecturer is administrated the students of STKIP PGRI Jombang 2017-2019 grade from English Department. The student sends the screenshot of WhatsApp text messages to the lecturer related with learning process. The responses will be analyzed later the data was collected.

30. F . Procedure of Data Analysis In analyzing the data, the researcher conducts three steps of qualitative data analysis which adopted from Ary et al. (2010:482). Those are : Organizing and familiarizing, the researcher reads through all the data and makes transcripts of the data Coding and reducing, the researcher does bracketing to some utterances, phrases or words related to politeness strategy to the transcript data and reduces some data which not necessary needed . Interpreting and representating , the researcher interpreting and representating the data related to politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987).

31. G. The Trustworthiness of the Data In ensuring internal validity of the data, the researcher applies the following strategies adapting Cresswell (2014:251-252): 1. Peer examination A doctoral students and graduate assistant in the English Education Department in field of linguistic will serve as peer examiner. 2. Clarification of researcher bias At the outset of this study researcher bias will be articulated in writing in the dissertation proposal under the heading, “The Researcher’s Role.”

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