POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT (CONCEPTS, TRENDS, ETC)pptx

Unit 2 Sociology Module 1- Population and Development

1. Population Understanding it

2. POPULATION A person, item, or thing, like “all the people living in the United States” or “all dog owners in Georgia”. A characteristic  is  just an item of interest.

3. Factors influencing population Birth rate Death rate Migration Fertility rate Fecundity

4. What is meant by birth rate ? The  birth rate  is the ratio between the number of live-born  births  in the year and the average total population of that year.

5. What is meant by death rate ? Mortality rate , or  death rate , is a measure of the number of  deaths  (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.

6. Calculating birth rate and death rate

7. Understanding birth rate and death rate Birth Rate  is the term used to define the number of babies born every year per 1000 people in a population. Death Rate is the term used to define the number of deaths every year per 1000 people in a population. Natural increase in a population occurs where  Birth rate  is greater than death  rate .

8. Death rate also referred to as m ortality data answers critical questions like these, helping us  understand  how deaths occur, the disparity in death rates between age groups, death and the factors contributing to members of a society dying

9. Understanding Migration Migration  refers to the movement of an organism or a group of organisms from its natural habitat to another place at a particular time every year. Organisms  migrate  from one place to another to avoid inhabitable climatic conditions or for breeding.

10. Net migration The difference between immigration into and  emigration  from the area during the year ( net migration  is therefore negative when the number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants).

11. Emigration Emigration  is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country). Hence one might  emigrate  from one's native country to immigrate to another country. Both are acts of migration across national or other geographical boundaries.

12. Immigration Immigration , process through which individuals become permanent residents or citizens of another country. Historically, the process of  immigration  has been of great social, economic, and cultural benefit to states. To call a new location (geographical area), your new home.

13. Fertility rate? The  fertility rate  at a given age (or for an age bracket) is the number of live children born to women of the age in question in the course of the year, as a proportion of the average population of women of the same age over the year in question.

14. Fecundity rate Fecundity rate  or reproductive  rate  quantifies the number of offspring an organism produces over time. It differs from  fertility rate  which refers to whether organisms can produce offspring at all. The ability of females to reproduce.

15. Population density Population density  is the number of individuals per unit geographic area, for example, number per square meter, per hectare, or per square kilometer .

16. Population distribution Population distribution means  the pattern of where people live. World  population distribution  is uneven. Places which are sparsely populated contain few people. Places which are densely populated contain many people. Sparsely populated places tend to be difficult places to live.

17. Factors influencing population distribution Altitude and latitude Closeness to the sea Rivers Climate Soil Natural vegetation Available resources

18. Altitude and latitude The influences of latitude and  altitude  on  population distribution  cannot be separated from one another. High  altitude  in general imposes an ultimate physiological limit upon human existence due to reduced atmospheric pressure and low oxygen content.

19. Closeness to the sea The high concentration of people in  coastal regions  has produced many economic benefits, including improved transportation links, industrial and urban development, revenue from tourism, and food production.

20. Rivers or water source large  population density , which appears  to  congregate around (inhabited sections of) large rivers. This facilitate water needed for domestic use, manufacturing and agriculture. Whilst on a global scale about 70% of the population lives within 5 km of the closest  water  feature, this is around 80% for temperate and cold regions. On the other hand, only 55% of the population in arid areas lives within 5 km of the nearest  water  feature.

21. What is meant by Natural increase? Natural population  change is the difference between the number of live births and deaths during a given time period (usually one year). Natural population increase  is a positive  natural  change, when the number of live births is larger than the number of deaths during the time period considered.

22. Calculating natural increase The rate of  natural increase  is given as a percentage, calculated by dividing the  natural increase  by 10. For example, if the birth rate is 14 per 1,000 population, and the death rate is 8 per 1000 population, then the  natural increase  = 14 - 8 = 6. That is  6 /  1000 , which is equal to 0.6%.

23. What is meant by infant mortality? Infant mortality  is the death of an  infant  before his or her first birthday. The  infant mortality  rate is the number of  infant  deaths for every 1,000 live births.

24. Calculating infant mortality rate INFANT MORTALITY RATE  is the number  of  resident new-borns  in  a specified geographic area (country, state, county, etc.) dying under one year  of  age divided  by  the number  of  resident live births for the same geographic area (for a specified time period, usually a calendar year)  and  multiplied  by  1,000.

25. What is the population pyramid? The  population pyramid  represents the breakdown of the  population  by gender and  age  at a given point in time. It consists of two histograms, one for each gender (by convention, men on the left and women on the right) where the numbers are shown horizontally and the ages vertically.

26. Impact of low birth on a population Growth  through natural  increase  occurs when the  birth rate  exceeds the death  rate . The  rate  of natural  increase  of a  population  depends on  birth  and death  rates , which are strongly influenced by the  population  age structure. Low birth rates  have  economic  consequences, none of which  are  positive in the long-term. First of all, the population faces the challenges of ageing. ... On top of this, continuously  low birth rates  will inevitably lead to a drop in total consumption in the future as overall population will begin to decrease.

27. What causes low birth rate The social structure, religious beliefs, economic prosperity and urbanisation within each country are likely to affect  birth rates  as well as abortion  rates , Developed countries tend to have a  lower fertility rate  due to lifestyle choices associated with economic affluence where mortality  rates  are  low ,  birth  control.

28. What are the impact of high population birth rate With children around today who were born of  higher fertility rates  yet to reach maturity, the next few years  will  see more people being born each year than die each year. Longer lifespans  will  also have an  effect  in the size of the  population , though most notably in the size of the  population  over a certain age.

29. How does lowered death rate affects birth rate ? Lower (or higher)  mortality might  induce lower (or higher)  fertility , but it is well established that higher  birth rates  lead to higher infant  and  child  mortality . This higher  mortality  is related to the  effect  on infants  and  children of earlier weaning  and  reduced care from mothers.

30. What causes high birth rate ? Birth rates  are  high  for a number of reasons: Lack of family planning education or contraceptives. In rural areas children are needed as labour on farms. In urban areas they are needed to work in the informal sector to earn money for their families.

31. Impact of birth rate on economy Low  birth rates  have  economic  consequences, none of which are positive in the long-term. First of all, the population faces the challenges of ageing. On top of this, continuously low  birth rates  will inevitably lead to a drop in total consumption in the future as overall population will begin to decrease.

32. Factors affecting Death rate in a country Medical facilities and health care. Nutrition  levels. Living standard. Access to clean drinking water. Hygiene levels. Levels of infectious diseases. Social factors such as conflicts and levels of violent crime.

33. Why do fertility rate do decline The social structure, religious beliefs, economic prosperity and urbanisation within each country are likely to affect  birth rates  as well as abortion  rates , Developed countries tend to have a lower  fertility rate  due to lifestyle choices associated with economic affluence where mortality  rates  are low,  birth  control.

34. Factors influencing population growth Economic development Education Quality of children Welfare payments/State pensions Social and cultural factors Availability of family planning Female labour market participation Death rates – Level of medical provision

35. What is Demography ? Demography  is the study of human populations – their size, composition and distribution across space – and the process through which populations change. Births, deaths and migration are the 'big three' of  demography , jointly producing population stability or change.