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1. P O S T U R E

2. P O S T U R E It’s the attitude assumed by the body either With support during muscular inactivity or By means of coordinated action of many muscles working to maintain stability or To form an essential basis which is being adapted constantly to the movement which is super imposed upon it

3. Inactive postures Active postures

4. Inactive postures They are attitudes adopted for resting or sleeping They are most suitable for purposes when all the essential muscular activity required to maintain life is reduced to minimum They make minimal demands upon the muscles responsible for maintenance of essential body functions

5. Active postures Integrated action of many muscles is required to maintain such postures

6. They may be : Static D y n a m i c

7. Static posture: A constant pattern of posture is maintained by the interaction of group of muscles which more or less act statically to Stabilize the joints and in opposition to gravity or other forces They preserve a state of equilibrium

8. Dynamic posture: This type of active posture is required to form an efficient basis for movement The pattern of posture is constantly modified and adjusted to meet the changing circumstances which arise as a result of movement

9. POSTURAL MECHANISM Muscles Nervous control

10. The muscles The intensity and distribution of the muscle work required for static or dynamic posture varies with: the pattern of posture physical characteristics of an individual

11. Those frequently employed are the one which maintain an erect posture by counteracting the effect of gravity Known as antigravity muscles They are multipennate and many of the fibres are red

12. Nervous control Adoption and maintenance of posture is done by neuromuscular coordination This is done by means a complex reflex mechanism

13. P O S T U R A L C O N T R O L This refers to a person’s ability to maintain stability of the body and body segments in response to forces that threaten to disturb the body’s equilibrium.

14. Postural control is the skill that the central nervous system learns. The CNS interprets and organizes inputs from various structures and system and selects responses on the basis of past experiences and goal of the response.

15. Postural reflex Reflex : an efferent response to an afferent stimuli Efferent response is mainly by the antigravity muscles Afferent stimuli arise from a various sources all over the body

16. Afferent stimulus through: Muscles Eyes Ears Joint structures

17. Muscles: Neuromuscular and neurotendinous spindles within the muscle record changing tension Increased tension causes stimulation and results in a reflex contraction of muscle

18. Eyes: Vision will record any alteration in the position of the body with regard to its surroundings Enables the head and body to restore themselves to erect position

19. Ears : Movement of the fluid in semicircular canals causes stimulation of receptors of the vestibular nerve Any movement of head disturbs the fluid and thus knowledge of movement and direction are recorded

20. Joint structures: Approximation of bone stimulates the receptors in joint structures and elicits reflex to maintain the position When body is in standing position the skin of sole of feet also plays a role of sensory input

21. Impulses from all these are conveyed and coordinated to the central nervous system, chiefly: Cerebral cortex Cerebellum Red nucleus Vestibular nucleus

22. Good posture Bad posture

23. GOOD POSTURE Posture is aid to be good when it fulfils the purpose for which it is used with maximum efficiency and minimum effort Precise pattern of good posture will vary from person to person but it can be generalised Dynamic postures are difficult to assess. Its purpose is to serve an efficient and adaptable background to movement

24. Development of good posture Efficient posture develops naturally provided the essential mechanism for its maintenance and adjustments are intact and healthy

25. The chief factors responsible for this are: A stable psychological background Good hygienic conditions Opportunity for plenty of natural free movement

26. Emotion and mental attitude have a profound effect on posture Nutrition and sleep are essential for healthy nervous system and growth of muscles and bones O ppo r t un i t y f o r a m p l e m o v e m e n t e n c o u r a g e s harmonious development of the muscles

27. POOR POSTURE Posture is poor when it is inefficient, when it fails to serve the purpose for which it was designed, when there is unnecessary amount of muscular effort required There can either be additional muscle work or efficient compensation but may be with ligamentous strain or reduced thoracic movement

28. Postures in which there is marked increase in the curves of spine are aesthetically displeasing and may result into psychological reaction Also, the dynamic postures which do not fulfill the function of dynamic posture either impede or reduce the efficiency of the movement Poor posture reduces the efficiency as well as more of energy expenditure

29. Factors which predispose to poor posture Mental attitude Poor hygiene General debility Localised pain Muscular weakness Occupational stresses A faulty idea of what constitutes a good posture

30. PRINCIPLES OF RE EDUCATION The measures which can be taken for re education depend largely on the cause behind it This also depends largely on the therapist gaining co operation of the patient

31. Remedy for mental attitude and poor hygienic conditions ? Prolonged postural defects lead to adaptation in the length of muscles and ligaments which will lead to limitation in normal range of motion which may make it impossible for the patient to assume a good posture in future

32. A cheerful atmosphere and appraisal of patient may build up the patient’s desire to re establish posture If debility and fatigue are the causes then these should be treated first Local conditions which result in posture alteration should be treated accordingly Occupational strains can reduced by proper analysis and proper substitution A good postural pattern should be constantly presented to the patient

33. TECHNIQUES OF RE EDUCATION Atmosphere in which the instruction is given is of much importance It is also important that the therapist gains cooperation of the patient by her manner and approach The patient must be made to feel that the acquisition of good posture is of worth

34. Also that any efforts made by him/her shall be noticed and appreciated His /her difficulties and shortcomings should be understood Individual instructions are essential Group activities may improve the environment, making the patient to be stimulated to work with others

35. Relaxation Some amount of unnecessary tension is always present in poor posture. Thus ability of relaxation is an important factor in rehabilitation Voluntary relaxation of specific muscles can be taught and practised

36. Mobility Normal mobility is maintained by teaching patients general free exercises Muscle power If the cause of poor posture is muscle weakness then strengthening of those muscles is essential Visual biofeedback can be used for educating for proper posture

37. In maintenance of posture there is control of each segment of the body in relation to the rest The position is influenced by : Position of head Pelvic tilt Position of feet State of comfort

38. The method selected depends on the patient and the therapist, but it should be always kept in mind that the therapist must have faith in the method which the therapist adopts

39. ANY QUESTIONS ???

40. THANK YOU