Ppt on consanguinity atopy

Atopy is hereditary predisposition toward developing type I hypersensitivity reactions on exposure to specific antigens

1. CONSANGUINITY ATOPY Ms. Anitha B Vinothkumar , Assistant Professor, IQ City Institute of Nursing Sciences, Durgapur, West Bengal.

2. Consanguinity Definition: Consanguinity refers to relationship by blood (being from the same family) or by a common ancestor.

3. Consanguineous marriage Definition: It is defined as marriage between close blood relatives who have at least one common ancestor.

4. Risks of Consanguinity Congenital Malformations: Eg . Anencephally , Cleft lip, cleft palate etc. Phenotypic characteristics: Blindness, Hearing Loss, seizures

5. Risks of Consanguinity Metabolic Disorders: Phenylketonuria is three times more common than in general population Other disorders: Mental Retardation, Primary amenorrhea etc.

6. Atopy - The term Coined by Coca ( 1923) Atopy is hereditary predisposition toward developing type I hypersensitivity reactions on exposure to specific antigens.

7. Atopy includes Allergic Disease – Hay fever ( a Seasonal Illness –sneezing, sniffing, running nose and itchy or watery eyes)

8. Atopy includes Allergic Disease – Asthma, chronic urticaria

9. Allergy & Allergen Allergy is defined as abnormally high sensitivity to antigens known as allergens. Allergens may be: Inhaled (Pollen, house dust or micro organisms) Ingested (egg, milk or other food) Contact allergens- In contact with the surface like skin or conjunctiva

10. Allergy & Allergen Allergens may be: Inhaled (Pollen, house dust or micro organisms) Ingested (eggs, milk or other food) Contact allergens- In contact with the surface like skin or conjunctiva

11. The antigens causing atopy (allergens) induce IgE type of antibodies.

12. Causes Genetic Factors: It may run in families. In atopic individuals large quantities of IgE antibodies are produced.

13. Causes Environmental Factors: It play a role in the development of atopy . Bottle-Fed: Bottle fed tends to develop atopy in later life more often than the breast fed babies.

14. Causes Maternal Diet Maternal diet during pregnancy may be a causal factor in atopic diseases in child, suggesting antioxidants certain lipids, certain diet may help to prevent atopic diseases.

15. Signs & Symptoms Depend on Entry of antigens (Pollen) : Exposure to Eyes (Conjunctivitis) Nose (Rhinitis) Skin (Dermatitis) GI Common feature of allergy: Sneezing, Itching and skin rashes.

16. Prenatal Nutrition and Food Allergies Allergic diseases are common cause of illness. Diet during early childhood is an important factor determining the development of allergy.

17. Factors which decrease the incidence allergy Maternal Diet and Atopy : The risk of atopy in the child can be reduced if the mother avoids allergenic foods during pregnancy and lactation. Eg . For common food with allergens include milk, egg, fish and peanuts.

18. Factors which decrease the incidence allergy Infant Nutrition - Breast feeding and its benefit in atopy Exclusive Breastfeeding: Lower incidence of atopic diseases and food allergy. The baby formulas contain proteins which may be allergens. Breastfeeding reduces frequency of GI infections Human breast milk contains anti inflammatory factors and antibodies.

19. Factors which decrease the incidence allergy Prolonged Breast feeding: If exclusive breast feeding is done beyond 4 months ,it reduces the occurrence of allergic disease. It gives protection against allergy.

20. Factors which decrease the incidence allergy - Milk supplement: The supplement by a hypoallergenic hydrolysate milk formula is distinctly better than a conventional cows’ milk formula or a soya- milk formula. - Delayed Introduction of Allergic solid Food: Like dairy products, eggs, fish, nuts and soya bean in the child’s diet reduces the risk of atopy

21. Factors which decrease the incidence allergy - Low exposure to Environmental Agents: Lessening exposure to dust mites, animals and tobacco smoke reduces the risk of allergy.

22. Factors which decrease the incidence allergy Identification of High Allergy Risk Newborns: It will help in implementing preventive measures for allergy and also to motivate the parents to follow those measures. Parents with atopy : If both parents are having atopic disease, the risk of developing allergies in the child is greater than if only one of them is affected.

23. Factors which decrease the incidence allergy IgE Level in Cord blood: If cord- blood immunoglobulin ( Ig )E is elevated, the risk is high irrespective of family history, conversely, low cord-blood IgE is associated with relatively low-risk.

24. Factors which decrease the incidence allergy Reduction in number of CD8 + suppressor cells CD8+cells play an important immunoregulatory role in IgE production. Reduction in CD8+ suppressor cells during the first few days of life, increase the risk of allergy.