PRACTICETEACHING.powerpoint presentation

Methods of teaching

1. FIELD TRIP, WORKSHOP, EXHIBITION AND PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION PRESENTED BY :- CAPT PREETI KAUSHIK 2 ND YEAR PBBSc (N)

2. FIELD TRIPS

3. DEFINITION Field trip is defined as an e ducational procedure by which the students studies first hand objectives and materials in the natural environment. - Heidgerken Field trip is essentially a visit to demonstration, plots, frames of progressive farmers, poultry, dairy, orchard model houses. - Dahama

4. OBJECTIVES OF FIELD TRIP To apply theory into practice To evaluate the result of new practice To enrich the classroom instructions To improve social interaction among the students To evaluate students according to domain such as cognitive, psychomotor and affective To refresh student knowledge To obtain baseline data

5. OBJECTIVES OF FIELD TRIP Cont … To develop creativity skill among the students To obtain primary observation To see the practice demonstration To see the student level of accomplishment

6. PURPOSES OF FIELD TRIP Helps to furnish first hard information to supplement and enrich the classroom teaching D irect interaction with community helps to correlate with classroom teaching Helps to distinguish, differentiate and develop better understanding of condition, etiology of disease Improves observation skills Provides actual source material for study

7. PURPOSES OF FIELD TRIP Cont … Provides vitalized instruction which help to arouse interest and motivation Helps to develop leadership qualities Affords an opportunity to solve problems arising from individual and group in a natural situation

8. ORGANIZATION FOR FIELD TRIP Sequence in organizing the field trip it involves: Knowledge of resources Rapport Objectives Time and transportation Preparation of the students Supervision Evaluation

9. IMPORTANCE OF FIELD TRIP IN NURSING Help in acting learning Enables students to gain first knowledge of the community E.g.- Rehabilitation center, NGO, Specialized centers etc. Helps to distinguish, differentiate and develop better understanding of housing, sanitation, economic condition, etiology factor of disease Helps to develop keenness and observational skills

10. IMPORTANCE OF FIELD TRIP IN NURSING Contd .. Provides opportunity to solve problems arising from individual and group in a natural situation Serves in an effective means of correlating the subjects of curriculum Helps to develop leadership qualities Provides actual source material for study

11. WORKSHOP

12. DEFINITION Workshop is defined as assembled group of 10-25 persons who share common interest or problem. They meet together to improve their individual and skill of subject through intensive study, research, practice and discussion .

13. DEFINITION Workshop is a meeting during which experienced people in response positions come together with expert and consultants to find solutions to the problems that have cropped up in the course of their work and that have had difficulty in dealing with their own.

14. OBJECTIVES OF WORKSHOP COGNITIVE OBJECTIVE PSYCHOMOTOR OBJECTIVE

15. COGNITIVE OBJECTIVE To solve the problems of teaching profession To provide philosophical and sociological background for instructional and teaching situation To identify the educational objectives, in the present context To develop an understanding regarding the use of theme and problem

16. PSYCHOMOTOR OBJECTIVE To develop the proficiency for planning and organizing teaching and instructional activities To develop the skills to perform a task independently To determine and use of the teaching strategies effectively To train the person for using different approaches of teaching

17. PURPOSES OF WORKSHOP To put the teachers in the situation that will break down the barriers between them, so that they can more readily communicate. To give teachers an opportunity for personal growth for accepting and working toward a goal held in common with others To give teachers an opportunity to work on the problem that is of direct, current concern to them To give teachers experience in cooperation and understanding Helps to learn new methods and techniques which they can use in their own classrooms

18. PRINCIPLES OF WORKSHOP Allow the participants to prepare and select the objectives to be reached, will increase the participant’s motivation Provide the participants with regular opportunities to progress and improve quality of knowledge and skills acquired The most crucial learning at any given time has to do with individual’s current problems. Cooperation is a technique and as a way of life, which is superior to competition ,is a primary factor

19. PRINCIPLES OF WORKSHOP Cont.. Complete active involvement by the participants The whole point of attention is to work and to learn from practical experience Participants may have to act as group leaders and reporters

20. SCOPE OF WORKSHOP New area of lesson planning Writing objectives in behavioral terms Action research for classroom problems Preparing instrumental materials as teaching model Workshop for microteaching Workshop for task construction Workshop for preparing research synopsis or proposals

21. DESCRIPTION OF WORKSHOP METHOD 1.Open a file:- Budgeting Workshop site Selection of participants Documentation Equipment checklist Publicity Press Evaluation

22. DESCRIPTION OF WORKSHOP METHOD Contd … 2.Aims of workshop 3.Funds 4.Date of Workshop 5.Choosing the place for workshop 6.Criteria for selection of participants:- number of participants types of participants voluntary participation an willingness to innovate

23. DESCRIPTION OF WORKSHOP METHOD Cont … Committee of sponsors Selection of assistant organizers Working language Invitation to the participants Selection ,confirmation and review list of participants Report of workshop

24. ORGANIZATION OF WORKSHOP The organization of the workshop can be divided in to 2 phases Pre- active phase Active phase

25. ORGANIZATION OF WORKSHOP The Pre-active phase:- Step1 :- Define the goal Step 2:- Decide the target group Step 3:- Select the right location Step 4 :- Prepare an agenda Step 5 :- Develop a follow up plan

26. ORGANIZATION OF WORKSHOP Active Phase:- 1.First stage- Presentation of theme Inviting the resource person or experts Paper reading is done to discuss different aspects of theme Theoretical background is provide to the participants

27. ORGANIZATION OF WORKSHOP Contd … 2. Second stage- Group is divided into small groups on the basis of subject Every participant has to complete the task in given time At the end discussion is done 3. Third stage- Representative of each group is asked to present the findings

28. ROLES OF PERSONNEL INVOLVED Organizer of workshop Convener in first stage Experts or resource person Role of participants or trainee

29. ADVANTAGES OF WORKSHOP Used to realize the higher cognitive and psychomotor objectives It is a technique used for developing understanding and proficiency for approaches and practices in education Used for developing and improving professional efficiency Teaching proficiencies can be developed Cooperation between the group members can be improved Workshop helps to improve or enhance the existing knowledge Leadership qualities can be developed and enhanced

30. DISADVANTAGES OF WORKSHOP Demands careful planning and organizing Time consuming for participants an staff Demands special facilities or materials It cannot be organized for large group for training Effectiveness of workshop technique depends upon follow up program, which is not organized in workshop technique

31. EXHIBITION

32. DEFINITION Exhibitions are planned display of model specimen, charts, posters etc. presented for the public view for instructions, judging in a competition, advertising or entertainment. - Dr Adivi Reddy A

33. PURPOSES OF EXHIBITION To introduce student to a new unit of work To develop creative thinking To evaluate students through courses or units To give recognition to people or institutions by enabling them to display To influence people to adopt better practices by arousing interest

34. TYPES OF EXHIBITION TEMPORARY EXHIBITION PERMANENT EXHIBITION ART EXHIBITION INTERPRETIVE EXHIBITION COMMERCIAL EXHIBITION TRAVELLING EXHIBITION ONLINE EXHIBITION

35. REQUISITES FOR EXHIBITION It should have central theme with a few subthemes to focus attention to a particular concept The exhibit should be clean and labeled properly The concept of contrasts in color and size should be used The exhibit and place should be well-lighted Both motion and audio should be used Exhibition should include demonstrations as they involve deeply the students and visitors both It should be able to relate various subject areas to provide integrated learning

36. ADVANTAGES Feedback can provide support and criticism It inspires students to learn by doing things themselves and they get sense of involvement Gives students sense of accomplishment and achievement Helps to develop social skill of communication, cooperation and coordination Foster better school community relations Diffuse and disseminate interesting new work among students Exhibition couple information with pleasure and foster creativity among students

37. DISADVANTAGES It will be viewed to a certain amount of people only Not many people visit exhibitions regularly In large gallery, work may go unnoticed Requires too much money and energy

38. PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION

39. INTRODUCTION It is one the important innovation in teaching- learning process The term ‘Programmed Learning’ has been coined from principles of operant learning, developed by B F Skinner .

40. DEFINITION Programmed learning is a systematic, step by step, self instructional programme aimed to ensure the learning by stated behavior. -Edgar Dale It is a method of designing a reproducible sequence of instructional events to produce a measurable and consistent effect on behavior of each and every acceptable student. -Susan Harkle

41. CHARACTERISTICS The content is broken into small step an each step is presented in several sentences and each step is called a frame. The frames are arranged sequentially Most of the frames requires that learner makes some kind of responses-an answer to a question, an activity to demonstrate the understanding of the material The student is provided with immediate confirmation of the right answer i.e learner is provided with immediate reinforcement Learner is active, motivated to learn and respond

42. TYPES OF PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTIONS 1 2 3 4 TEST 1 2 3 4 5 4a 4b 5 LINEAR PROGRAM BRANCHED PROGRAM

43. LINEAR SEQUENCES/LINEAR INSTRUCTION Linear programming style is related to “operant conditioning”. Operant conditioning states that human behavior is shaped through suitable reinforcement to responses. It tell that “a certain direction can be given to human behavior”, for this purpose activities is needed to divide in small parts and make their analysis. It is a gradual process and the responses are conditioned in step by step manner.

44. LINEAR SEQUENCES/LINEAR INSTRUCTION A linear programme is called a straight line programme as the learner starts from his initial behavior to the terminal behavior following a straight line. The student proceed from one frame to the next until h completes the program

45. CHARACTERISTICS OF LINEAR PROGRAMME Exposed to small amount of information and proceed from one frame to one item of information, to the next in an orderly fashion Learner responds overtly that their correct responses an be rewarded and their incorrect responses can be corrected Learner are informed immediately about whether or not their response is correct Learner proceed at their own pace

46. FEATURES OF LINEAR PROGRAMME Information is broken in to small steps of 40-50words in length which is called frame. The learner must respond to each frame in succession by filling in words or phrase in a blank space Linear Arrangement : The learner advances in single series of steps which are designed to ensure high rate of correct responding to questions. Same path is followed by each learner. All learners pass through same path.

47. FEATURES OF LINEAR PROGRAMME Cont … Responses are controlled by the programmer Feedback is quick Cheating is discouraged by not revealing answers to learner. They proceed at their own pace Responses are self constructed

48. PRINCIPLES OF LINEAR PROGRAMME Principles of small steps Principles of active responding Principles of immediate confirmation Principles of self-pacing Principles of stunt testing

49. BRANCHING SEQUENCE/ PROGRAMMING The founder of branching programming is Norman A Crowder , hence it is also known as Crowderian Model. It is based on configuration theory of learning. It is problem solving approach It is stimulus centered approach of learning The main concept is subdivided into smaller concept

50. DEFINITION It is a programme which adapts to the needs of the students without the medium of extrinsic device as a computer - Norman A Crowder

51. FEATURES OF BRANCHING PROGRAMME Material in frame is larger ;much information is presented in each step. A step may consist two or more paragraph an something a full page Multiple choices questions are asked. Crowder holds that teaching is communication an so he concentrates his attention upon the improvement of communication Learner has freedom to choose his own path of action according to the background of subject matter

52. FEATURES OF BRANCHING PROGRAMME The programmer has ample opportunity to exploit Student is more alert and concentrate on subject matter more carefully Detection and concentration of errors is important. According to Crowder model first errors are detected and then corrected The material presented to each student is continuously and directly controlled by the learner’s performance in answering questions

53. PRINCIPLES OF BRANCHING PROGRAMMING Principle of exposition Principle of diagnosis Principle of remediation

54. ADVANTAGES The main emphasis on individual differences and student’s involvement There is not fixed time interval for learning. Students may learn at their own pace Learning by doing maxim is follow to involve learners in learning process Students are exposed only to correct response, therefore possibility for errors is reduced Immediate confirmation of the results provides reinforcement to the learner an encourages the learner to proceed further

55. DISADVANTAGES It is very difficult to develop an instructional programme Only cognitive objectives can be achieved Due to tight schedule of time table, student cannot learn at their own pace. There is no chance for creativity; student’s responses are highly structured Development of programme is not economical in terms of cost and time

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