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1. Proposal for PhD. Research Work on Performance Assessment of flexible Pavement Layers Using FEM Method Presented by Raman Kumar (185CE21) (Ph.D. Scholar, NIT Patna) Under the Guidance of Prof. (Dr.) Sanjeev Sinha Civil Engineering Department NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING JUNE 2024

2. Presentation Outline Introduction Problem Statement (Why FEM) Objectives of the study Literature Review Methodology Scope of the study Expected Outcomes Significance of the study Work Plan of the study Work done so far 1 26-06-2024

3. Introduction The performance of flexible pavement varies depending on the thicknesses and material qualities of its layers. However, the existing design technique, which relies on empirical approaches, does not provide an economical solution for determining the appropriate thickness. The correlation between design inputs and pavement failure is established through practical knowledge, empirical testing, or a combination of both, within specific environmental and material parameters. The utilization of advanced analytical tools can be advantageous in predicting the performance of pavement without the need for actual construction or costly and time- consuming laboratory or in situ tests. Therefore, there is a need to identify a cost-effective alternative in the form of an analytical tool that can handle the complexity of the pavement system. 2 26-06-2024

4. FEM ( Finite Element Method ) ? The finite element method (FEM) is a method for numerically solving differential equations arising in engineering and mathematical modelling. The adaptable finite element technique (FEM) is highly applicable for designing flexible pavement, providing a reliable solution and it is not limited to two-dimensional axisymmetric conditions. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) can be readily employed for two-dimensional plane stress/strain analysis, as well as more comprehensive three-dimensional finite element analysis 3 26-06-2024 Introduction Continues…

5. Why FEM ( Finite Element Method ) ? 1. Precision and Detail: FEM provides a more detailed and precise analysis of the pavement structure by considering the actual geometry, material properties, and loading conditions. It allows for the modelling of complex boundary conditions and loading scenarios, which can lead to more accurate predictions of pavement performance. 4 26-06-2024 Introduction Continues… The Finite Element Method (FEM) offers several advantages over traditional empirical design codes like the Indian Roads Congress (IRC) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO ) for pavement analysis: 2. Load and Environmental Conditions : FEM can model the effects of different loading conditions (e.g., dynamic loads from traffic, temperature variations) and environmental factors (e.g., moisture changes) on the pavement performance. Traditional codes often use static load assumptions and may not fully account for the variability in environmental conditions .

6. Why FEM ( Finite Element Method ) ? 3. Material Behaviour: FEM can incorporate advanced material models, including nonlinear, viscoelastic, and anisotropic behaviour of pavement materials. This is important for accurately predicting the response of different pavement layers under various loading conditions. Traditional codes often rely on simplified assumptions and linear elastic behaviour, which might not capture the true response of the materials. 5 26-06-2024 Introduction Continues… 4. Layer Interaction : FEM allows for the analysis of interactions between different pavement layers. This is crucial for understanding how the layers work together to distribute loads and respond to stresses. Empirical codes usually consider each layer in isolation, without accounting for the complex interactions between them.

7. Why FEM ( Finite Element Method ) ? 5. Complex Geometries: FEM is capable of handling complex pavement geometries, such as those found in intersections, roundabouts, or pavements with variable thickness. Traditional design codes are typically based on simplified geometric assumptions that may not be applicable to all real-world situations. 6 26-06-2024 Introduction Continues… 6. Stress and Strain Analysis : FEM provides detailed information on the distribution of stresses and strains within the pavement structure, which is essential for predicting potential failure mechanisms such as cracking and rutting . Empirical methods provide overall performance predictions but may not offer detailed insights into where and why failures might occur .

8. Why FEM ( Finite Element Method ) ? 7. Customization and Adaptability : FEM models can be easily modified and customized to reflect new materials, construction techniques, and performance data. This adaptability is particularly useful for innovative pavement designs and materials. Codes like IRC and AASHTO are periodically updated but may not be as flexible in accommodating new advancements promptly . 7 26-06-2024 Introduction Continues… 8. Cost and Safety Optimization : By providing a more accurate prediction of pavement performance, FEM can help in optimizing the design for both cost and safety, potentially leading to longer-lasting pavements and better allocation of resources . Empirical methods might lead to conservative designs, which can be more costly and less optimized. In summary, while IRC and AASHTO codes provide valuable guidelines based on empirical data and historical performance, the Finite Element Method offers a more versatile and precise approach to pavement analysis, especially for complex scenarios and advanced material behaviours.

9. 8 26-06-2024 Objectives of the study To develop a comprehensive FEM model for analysing flexible pavement layers. To assess the performance of different pavement materials and layer configurations under various loading conditions. To validate the FEM model against experimental data and field observations. To identify critical factors affecting the performance and longevity of flexible pavements. To provide recommendations for improving the design and maintenance of flexible pavements based on FEM analysis results.

10. 9 26-06-2024 Literature Review Some recent notable research on the flexible pavement using finite elements have been presented in the following research articles. Hamim et. al. (2018), Elseifi et. al.(2018), Correia et. al. (2018), Li et. al. (2019), Singh & Sahoo (2020), Alkaissi (2020), Bazi et. al. (2020), Assogba et. al.(2020), Abdel- Motaleb (2020), Liu et. al. (2022), Wang et. al. (2020) Peng et. al. (2020), Rosyidi et. al. (2020), Yang et. al.(2020), Singh & Sahoo (2021), Asim et. al. (2021), Liu et. al. (2022)

11. 10 26-06-2024 Literature Review S. No. Title Authors Year Remarks 1 Comparative study on using static and dynamic finite element models to develop FWD measurement on flexible pavement structures Hamim et. al. 2018 Rutting modeling 2 Review of modelling crack initiation and propagation in flexible pavements using the finite element method. Elseifi et. al. 2018 Fracture Mechanics 3 Finite-element evaluations of geogrid-reinforced asphalt overlays over flexible pavements.  Correia et. al. 2018 Overlay Modelling 4 Numerical method of flexible pavement considering moisture and stress sensitivity of subgrade soils. Li et. al. 2019 Moisture effect 5 Analysis and design of two layered flexible pavement systems: A new mechanistic approach. Singh & Sahoo 2020 Rutting modeling

12. 11 26-06-2024 Literature Review S. No. Title Authors Year Remarks 6 Effect of high temperature and traffic loading on rutting performance of flexible pavement Alkaissi 2020 Thermal effects 7 Finite element modelling of the rolling resistance due to pavement deformation. Bazi et. al. 2020 Dynamic analysis 8 Finite-element simulation of instrumented asphalt pavement response under moving vehicular load. Assogba et. al. 2020 Dynamic analysis 9 Flexible Pavement Components for Optimum Performance in Rutting and Fatigue. Abdel-Motaleb 2020 Rutting modeling 10 Three-dimensional finite element analysis for structural parameters of asphalt pavement: A combined laboratory and field accelerated testing approach.  Liu et. al. 2020 Dynamic analysis 11 Flexible pavement response analysis under dynamic loading at different vehicle speeds and pavement surface roughness conditions.  Wang et. al. 2020 Dynamic analysis 12 Modeling humidity and stress-dependent subgrade soils in flexible pavements.  Peng et. al. 2020 Moisture effect

13. 12 26-06-2024 Literature Review S. No. Title Authors Year Remarks 13 Determination of deflection basin using pavement modelling computer programs and finite element method. Rosyidi et. al. 2020 Rutting modeling 14 Comparative study on asphalt pavement rut based on analytical models and test data. Yang et. al. 2020 Rutting modeling 15 Rutting prediction models for flexible pavement structures: A review of historical and recent developments.  Singh & Sahoo 2021 Rutting modeling 16 Prediction of rutting in flexible pavements using finite element method.  Asim et. al. 2021 Rutting modeling 17 Analysis of the dynamic responses of asphalt pavement based on full-scale accelerated testing and finite element simulation. Liu et. al. 2022 Dynamic analysis

14. Methodology 13 26-06-2024 Literature Review : Review existing studies on FEM applications in pavement analysis to identify knowledge gaps and establish a theoretical foundation. Model Development : Develop a detailed FEM model of flexible pavement layers using software such as ANSYS or ABAQUS. Material Characterization : Collect and incorporate material properties from laboratory tests and literature. Simulation and Analysis : Perform simulations to analyze stress, strain, and deformation under various loading and environmental conditions. Validation of Model : Compare FEM results with experimental and field data to validate the model. Sensitivity Analysis : Conduct sensitivity analysis to determine the impact of different parameters on pavement performance. Recommendations : Provide recommendations for pavement design and maintenance practices based on the analysis result

15. Scope of the Study 14 26-06-2024 The study will focus on flexible pavement structures commonly used in road construction, including asphalt concrete layers, base layers, and subgrade soils. The FEM analysis will consider: Material properties (elasticity, plasticity, and viscoelasticity) Layer thickness and configuration Traffic loads (magnitude, frequency, and distribution) Environmental effects (temperature and moisture variations)

16. Expected Outcomes 15 26-06-2024 A validated FEM model capable of accurately predicting the performance of flexible pavements. Improved understanding of the interactions between pavement layers and the effects of loading and environmental conditions. Recommendations for optimizing pavement design and maintenance to enhance durability and performance.

17. Significance 16 26-06-2024 The findings from this study will contribute to the field of transportation engineering by providing a more reliable and detailed method for assessing the performance of flexible pavements. This will aid in designing more durable and cost-effective pavements, ultimately improving road safety and reducing maintenance costs.

18. 17 26-06-2024 Work Plan Time Line July 2018 – June 2019 July 2019 – June 2020 July 2020 – June 2021 July 2021 – June 2022 July 2022 – June 2023 July 2023 – June 2024 July 2024 – Dec 2024 Course Work       Literature Review               FEM online tutorial               Pavement assessment               Paper drafting & Communication               Thesis writing & its submission.              

19. Work done so far… Completed the required course work (16 credits ) for PhD registration. Completed the first three objective i.e To develop a comprehensive FEM model for analysing flexible pavement layers. To assess the performance of different pavement materials and layer configurations under various loading conditions. To validate the FEM model against experimental data and field observations 26-06-2024 18

20. References: 19 26-06-2024 Hamim, A., Yusoff , N. I. M., Ceylan, H., Rosyidi , S. A. P., & El- Shafie , A. (2018). Comparative study on using static and dynamic finite element models to develop FWD measurement on flexible pavement structures. Construction and Building Materials, 176, 583-592. Elseifi , M. A., Baek, J., & Dhakal , N. (2018). Review of modelling crack initiation and propagation in flexible pavements using the finite element method. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 19(3), 251-263. Correia, N. S., Esquivel, E. R., & Zornberg , J. G. (2018). Finite-element evaluations of geogrid-reinforced asphalt overlays over flexible pavements. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements, 144(2), 04018020. Li, J., Zheng, J., Yao, Y., Zhang, J., & Peng, J. (2019). Numerical method of flexible pavement considering moisture and stress sensitivity of subgrade soils. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2019(1), 7091210. Singh, A. K., & Sahoo, J. P. (2020). Analysis and design of two layered flexible pavement systems: A new mechanistic approach. Computers and Geotechnics, 117, 103238.

21. 20 26-06-2024 Alkaissi , Z. A. (2020). Effect of high temperature and traffic loading on rutting performance of flexible pavement. Journal of King Saud University-Engineering Sciences, 32(1), 1-4. Bazi , G., Hajj, E. Y., Ulloa-Calderon, A., & Ullidtz , P. (2020). Finite element modelling of the rolling resistance due to pavement deformation. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 21(3), 365-375. Assogba , O. C., Sun, Z., Tan, Y., Nonde , L., & Bin, Z. (2020). Finite-element simulation of instrumented asphalt pavement response under moving vehicular load. International journal of geomechanics, 20(3), 04020006. Abdel- Motaleb , M. E. S. (2020). Flexible Pavement Components for Optimum Performance in Rutting and Fatigue. MEJ-Mansoura Engineering Journal, 32(2), 1-9. Liu, Z., Gu, X., Ren, H., Wang, X., & Dong, Q. (2022). Three-dimensional finite element analysis for structural parameters of asphalt pavement: A combined laboratory and field accelerated testing approach. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 17, e01221. Wang, H., Zhao, J., Hu, X., & Zhang, X. (2020). Flexible pavement response analysis under dynamic loading at different vehicle speeds and pavement surface roughness conditions. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements, 146(3), 04020040.

22. 21 26-06-2024 Peng, J., Zhang, J., Li, J., Yao, Y., & Zhang, A. (2020). Modeling humidity and stress-dependent subgrade soils in flexible pavements. Computers and Geotechnics, 120, 103413. Rosyidi , S. A. P., Hamim, A., Taib , A. M., Jamaludin , N. A. A., Memon, Z. A., Yusoff , N. I. M., & Hainin , M. R. (2020). Determination of deflection basin using pavement modelling computer programs and finite element method.  Jurnal Teknologi , 82(4). Yang, L., Hu, Y., & Zhang, H. (2020). Comparative study on asphalt pavement rut based on analytical models and test data. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 21(6), 781-795. Singh, A. K., & Sahoo, J. P. (2021). Rutting prediction models for flexible pavement structures: A review of historical and recent developments. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 8(3), 315-338. Asim, M., Ahmad, M., Alam, M., Ullah, S., Iqbal, M. J., & Ali, S. (2021). Prediction of rutting in flexible pavements using finite element method. Civ. Eng. J, 7(8), 1310-1326. Liu, Z., Gu, X., Ren, H., Zhou, Z., Wang, X., & Tang, S. (2022). Analysis of the dynamic responses of asphalt pavement based on full-scale accelerated testing and finite element simulation. Construction and Building Materials, 325, 126429.

23. THANK YOU 26-06-2024 22