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1. Don’t write or place any image in this area Welcome to AVIONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION Prepared by Mr G Shiva Krishna Assistant professor Department of Aeronautical Engineering [email protected] [email protected] Phone No 8121272839 INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous)

2. Don’t write or place any image in this area Contents to study Evolution of electronics The nature of microelectronic devices, processors, memory devices, Introduction to avionics, systems integration, need - data bus systems, MIL STD 1553 bus system, ARINC 429/ARINC 629 bus systems, optical data bus systems; Integrated modular avionics architectures , commercial off the shelf systems; Avionics packaging. Module 1 AVIONICS TECHNOLOGY

3. Don’t write or place any image in this area Evolution of electronics The first major impetus for the use of electronics in aviation occurred during World War II. Communications were maturing and the development of airborne radar using the magnetron and associated technology occurred at a furious pace throughout the conflict Transistors followed in the late 1950s and 1960s and supplanted thermionic valves for many applications. The improved cost effectiveness of transistors led to the development of digital aircraft systems throughout the 1960s and 1970s, initially in military combat aircraft where it was used for Nav/Attack systems

4. Don’t write or place any image in this area Evolution of electronics For many years the application of electronics to airborne systems was limited to analogue devices and systems , with signal levels and voltages generally being related in some linear or predictive way. This type of system was generally prone to heat soak,drift , and other non-linearities. The principles of digital computing had been understood for a number of years before the techniques were applied to aircraft. The development of thermionic valves (or vacuum tubes) enabled digital computing to be accomplished, but at the expense of vast amounts of hardware. During World War II a code-breaking machine called Colossus employed thermionic valves on a large scale. The machine was physically enormous and quite impracticable for use in any airborne application .

5. Don’t write or place any image in this area Major electronics developments in aviation since 1930

6. Don’t write or place any image in this area Evolution of electronics The first aircraft to be developed in the United States using digital techniques was the North American A-5 Vigilante , a US Navy carrier-borne bomber that be came operational in the 1960s. The first aircraft to be developed in the United Kingdom that was intended to use digital techniques on any meaningful scale was the ill-fated TSR 2( TACTICAL STRIKE & RECONNAISSANCE ), which was cancelled by the UK Government in 1965. The technology employed by the TSR 2 was largely based upon solid-state transistors, then in comparative infancy. In the United Kingdom it was not until the development of the Anglo-French Jaguar and the Hawker Siddeley Nimrod in the 1960s that weapon systems began seriously to embody digital computing.

7. Don’t write or place any image in this area Evolution of electronics Since the late 1970s/early 1980s , digital technology has become increasingly used in the control of aircraft systems as well as for mission-related systems. A key driver in this application has been the availability of capable and cost-effective digital data buses such as ARINC 429, MIL-STD-1553B , and ARINC 629 . This technology Coupled with the availability of cheap microprocessors and more advanced software development tools, has led to the widespread application of avionics technology throughout the aircraft. This has advanced to the point where virtually no aircraft system . including the toilet system . has been left untouched.

8. Don’t write or place any image in this area Evolution of electronics The evolution and increasing use of avionics technology for civil applications of engine controls and flight controls since the 1950s is shown in Fig.

9. Don’t write or place any image in this area Evolution of electronics Analogue controls were introduced by Ultra in the 1950s , which comprised electrical throttle signalling used on aircraft such as the Bristol Britannia. Full-Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) became commonly used in the 1980s . Digital primary flight control with a mechanical back-up has been used on the Airbus A320 family,A330/A340 using side-stick controllers, and on the B777 using a conventional control yoke . Aircraft such as the A380 are adopting flight control without any mechanical Back-up but with electrically signaled back-up . Research in the military field is looking at integration of propulsion and flight control to achieve more effective ways of demanding changes in attitude and speed that may lead to more fuel-efficient operations .

10. Don’t write or place any image in this area The nature of microelectronic devices The development of a wholly digital control system has to accommodate interfaces with the .real world., which is analogue in nature. Figure below shows how the range of microelectronic devices is used in different applications within a digital system. Hybrid chips and Input/Output (I/O) Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) are key technologies associated with interfacing to the analogue world. A/D and D/A devices undertake the conversion from analogue to digital and digital to analogue signals respectively. Processor and memory devices, together with digital ASICs, perform the digital processing tasks associated with the application

11. Don’t write or place any image in this area The nature of microelectronic devices

12. Don’t write or place any image in this area The nature of microelectronic devices

13. Don’t write or place any image in this area This IC chip comprises two distinct portions: the left side is analogue in nature while the right is digital. Eight analogue channels (.strips.), each comprising three operational amplifiers (op-amps), condition the incoming signal. A voltage shifting/test array in the centre of the device matches the signal to the 1000-gate digital array on the right. Around the extremities of the IC are the bonding pads, of which there are around 70, whereby the device is connected to the host electronic module . The nature of microelectronic devices

14. Don’t write or place any image in this area Another area of major impact for the IC relates to power consumption, which can vary depending upon the IC function; memory and processor devices tend to consume higher levels of power and may provide cooling challenges in some applications. Consumption is related to the technology type and speed of operation. The higher the Avionics Technology speed of operation , the greater is the power required, and vice versa. The main areas where avionics component technology has developed are: Processors Memory Data buses The nature of microelectronic devices

15. Don’t write or place any image in this area The nature of microelectronic devices

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