Presentation of QUAL2E Model in Water Quality modelling

Master Degree Presentation

1. Master Thesis
Eng. Hesham Elshazely
Impact from wastewater effluents on the water quality
in Bilbeis drain downstream of the sewage treatment
plants (Gabal El Asfar and El Berka) east of Cairo and
the reuse of treated effluent in agriculture
University
Of Applied Sciences
Fachhochschule
Nordostniedersachsen
Lüneburg
Buxtehube
Suderburg
Fachbereich Bauingenieurwesen
(Wasserwirtschaft & Umwelttechnik)
Ergänzungsstudiengang Tropenwasserwirtschaft

2. 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
18971907191719271937194719601970198619922000
Year
W
a
te
r
q
u
a
n
tity
p
e
r
c
a
p
ita

(
m
3
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
C
u
ltiv
a
te
d
la
n
d
a
r
e
a
p
e
r

c
a
p
ita

(
m
2
)
Water quantity per capitaCultivated land area per capita
Degradation of the water and Land share per capita in Egypt

3. Types of the pollution sources affecting the Drain water Quality
Domestic and Industrial Point Sources
-The annual discharge from industrial Sector is 3.7 Billion m³
Diffuse Sources (Domestic,Industrial and Agricultural )
-Most of the Organic Load in the drains results from domestic diffuse sources
-Illegal Discharge of Raw Wastewater
-Agricultural Diffuse Sources
 Chemical fertilizers
 Organochlorine Pesticide OCS
 Herbicide

4. Drainage water in Egypt ist 17 Billion m³/Year
Agricultural Diffuse sources 9 BCM
Domestic Point Sources 4 BCM
Domestic Diffuse Sources 4 BCMDomestic Diffuse Sources 4 BCM
Organic load in the drainage network in Egypt
Domestic Diffuse Sources Domestic Diffuse Sources 61.1 %
Domestic Point Sources 21.4 %Domestic Point Sources 21.4 %

5. Discharge of raw wastewater into the drains in Egypt

6. El BerkaWWTP
El GabalEl
AsfarWWTP
ShubraEl
KhimaWWTP
AbouRoash
WWTP
Zienen
WWTP
Helwan
WWTP
El BerkaWWTP
El GabalEl
AsfarWWTP
ShubraEl
KhimaWWTP
AbouRoash
WWTP
Zienen
WWTP
Helwan
WWTP
Location of the WWTPs in Greater Cairo

7. 1. Mechanical screens 2. Sand trap 3. Primary settling tanks

4. Aeration tanks 5. Final settling tanks 6. Thickeners tanks
7. Chlorine contact tanks 8.Primary sludge tanks 9. Digestorts
Gabal El Asfar WWTP

8. Canals and Drains Network in Egypt
Canals
Drains

9. Water Quality in Bilbeis Drain
Cairo
ShoubraEl Kheima
WWTP
GabalEl AsfarWWTP
El BerkaWWTP
B
i l b
e
i s
D
r a
i n
Q
a
ly
u
b
ia
D
r a
in
IsmalliaCanal
GabalEl AsfarDrain
EB04
EB13
EB05
EB06
EB07
EB08
EB10
EB09
EB15
EB11
EB47
EB38
EB14
BDDGFD
ShebeenDrain
Lake
Manzala
Cairo
ShoubraEl Kheima
WWTP
GabalEl AsfarWWTP
El BerkaWWTP
B
i l b
e
i s
D
r a
i n
Q
a
ly
u
b
ia
D
r a
in
IsmalliaCanal
GabalEl AsfarDrain
EB04
EB13
EB05
EB06
EB07
EB08
EB10
EB09
EB15
EB11
EB47
EB38
EB14
BDDGFD
ShebeenDrain
Lake
Manzala
Measured Discharge at Gabal El Asfar and Bilbeis
drains
0
5
10
15
20
25
D
e
z

9
9
J
a
n

0
0
F
e
b

0
0
M
r
z

0
0
A
p
r

0
0
M
a
i
0
0
J
u
n

0
0
J
u
l
0
0
A
u
g

0
0
S
e
p

0
0
O
k
t

0
0
N
o
v

0
0
D
e
z

0
0
J
a
n

0
1
F
e
b

0
1
M
r
z

0
1
A
p
r

0
1
M
a
i
0
1
J
u
n

0
1
Time (months)
D
i
s
c
h
r
g
e


m
³
/
s
GFD Monitoring station BDU Monitoring Station BDD Monitoring station

10. The Measured BOD5 Concentrations at the Monitoring
stations of Belbeis Drain
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Apr
00
Mai
00
Jun
00
Jul
00
Aug
00
Sep
00
Okt
00
Nov
00
Dez
00
Jan
01
Feb
01
Mrz
01
Apr
01
Mai
01
Time (months)
B
O
D
5

(
m
g
/
l
)
GFD
BDU
BDD
BOD Concentrations U.S and D.S. of the WWTPs

11. Faecal Coliform Bacteria in Belbeis Drain
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Apr
00
Mai
00
Jun
00
Jul
00
Aug
00
Sep
00
Okt
00
Nov
00
Dez
00
Jan
01
Feb
01
Mrz
01
Apr
01
Time in Months
F
a
e
c
a
l

C
o
l
i
f
o
r
m

(

*
1
0
5
/
1
0
0

m
l
)
GFD
BDU
BDD
Faecal Coliform in the U.S and D.S. of the WWTPs

12. Dissolved Oxygen in Belbeis Drain
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
A
p
r

0
0
M
a
i

0
0
J
u
n

0
0
J
u
l

0
0
A
u
g

0
0
S
e
p

0
0
O
k
t

0
0
N
o
v

0
0
D
e
z

0
0
J
a
n

0
1
F
e
b

0
1
M
r
z

0
1
A
p
r

0
1
Time (Months)
D
O

m
g
/
l
GFD BDU (EB14) BDD
Dissolved Oxygen in the U.S and D.S. of the WWTPs

13. Water Quality in Qalyubia Drain
Cairo
ShoubraEl Kheima
WWTP
GabalEl AsfarWWTP
El BerkaWWTP
B
i l b
e
i s
D
r a
i n
Q
a
ly
u
b
ia
D
r a
in
IsmalliaCanal
GabalEl AsfarDrain
EB04
EB13
EB05
EB06
EB07
EB08
EB10
EB09
EB15
EB11
EB47
EB38
EB14
BDDGFD
ShebeenDrain
Lake
Manzala
Cairo
ShoubraEl Kheima
WWTP
GabalEl AsfarWWTP
El BerkaWWTP
B
i l b
e
i s
D
r a
i n
Q
a
ly
u
b
ia
D
r a
in
IsmalliaCanal
GabalEl AsfarDrain
EB04
EB13
EB05
EB06
EB07
EB08
EB10
EB09
EB15
EB11
EB47
EB38
EB14
BDDGFD
ShebeenDrain
Lake
Manzala
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Aug. 02 Okt. 02 Dez. 02 Feb. 03 Apr. 03 Jun. 03
Time (months)
D
is
c
h
a
rg
e
m
³/s
Measured Discharge at EB 38Measured Discharge at EB 47

14. BOD Concentrations in Qalyubia Drain
0
50
100
150
200
A
u
g

0
2
S
e
p

0
2
O
k
t

0
2
N
o
v

0
2
D
e
z

0
2
J
a
n

0
3
F
e
b

0
3
M
r
z

0
3
A
p
r

0
3
M
a
i
0
3
J
u
n

0
3
J
u
l
0
3
A
u
g

0
3
Time (months)
B
O
D
5

(
m
g
/
l
)
EB 38 EB 47 Guidelines for Reuse Group III Law 44/2000
BOD Concentrations in Qalyubia Drain

15. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in Qalyubia Drain
0,00
0,10
0,20
0,30
0,40
0,50
0,60
0,70
A
u
g
0
2
S
e
p
0
2
O
k
t 0
2
N
o
v
0
2
D
e
z
0
2
J
a
n
0
3
F
e
b
0
3
M
rz
0
3
A
p
r 0
3
M
a
i 0
3
J
u
n
0
3
J
u
l 0
3
A
u
g
0
3
Time (months)
D
O
(m
g
/l)
EB38 EB 47
Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations in Qalyubia Drain

16. Faecal Coliform Bacteria in Qalyubia Drain
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
A
u
g

0
2
S
e
p

0
2
O
k
t

0
2
N
o
v

0
2
D
e
z

0
2
J
a
n

0
3
F
e
b

0
3
M
r
z

0
3
A
p
r

0
3
M
a
i
0
3
J
u
n

0
3
J
u
l
0
3
A
u
g

0
3
Tim e (m onths)
F
a
e
c
a
l

C
o
l
i
f
o
r
m

p
e
r

1
0
0
m
l
EB 38 EB 47 WHO Guidelines
Faecal Coliform Concentrations along Qalyubia drain

17. BOD Concentrations along Bahr El Baqar Drain
Water Quality in Bahr El Baqar Drain
Cairo
ShoubraEl Kheima
WWTP
GabalEl AsfarWWTP
El BerkaWWTP
B
i l b
e
i s
D
r a
i n
Q
a
ly
u
b
ia
D
r a
in
IsmalliaCanal
GabalEl AsfarDrain
EB04
EB13
EB05
EB06
EB07
EB08
EB10
EB09
EB15
EB11
EB47
EB38
EB14
BDDGFD
ShebeenDrain
Lake
Manzala
Cairo
ShoubraEl Kheima
WWTP
GabalEl AsfarWWTP
El BerkaWWTP
B
i l b
e
i s
D
r a
i n
Q
a
ly
u
b
ia
D
r a
in
IsmalliaCanal
GabalEl AsfarDrain
EB04
EB13
EB05
EB06
EB07
EB08
EB10
EB09
EB15
EB11
EB47
EB38
EB14
BDDGFD
ShebeenDrain
Lake
Manzala
A
u
g

0
2
O
k
t

0
2D
e
z

0
2
F
e
b

0
3A
p
r

0
3
J
u
n

0
3
E
B
0
4
E
B
1
3
E
B
0
5
E
B
0
6
E
B
0
7
E
B
0
8
E
B
1
0
E
B
0
9
E
B
1
5
E
B
1
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
BOD mg/l
Time( months)

18. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DO (mg/l)
Time (months)
DO Concentrations along Bahr El Baqar Drain

19. 0
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
30000000
35000000
40000000
45000000
50000000
Faecal coliform
/100ml
Time (months)
Total Coliform Bacteria in Bahr El Baqar Drain

20. kt
t
CC exp*
0

dx
QCd)(
Mass Balance Equation (Thomann, 1989 )
A
1
=KC
x
W 

o
kt
o
eW
ikt
ni
i
i
eW




1
(inf)=
Estimation of Pollutants Decay Rate

21. GabalEl Asfar
WWTP
El Berka
WWTP
G
a
b
a
l
E
l
A
s
f
a
r
D
r
a
i
n
El Khosus
Drain
El Berka
Drain
E
B

1
4
B
D
U
Raw
Wastewater
Raw
Wastewater
S
a
n
d
h
o
r
D
r
a
i
n
A
s
l
o
u
g
y
D
r
a
i
n
EB04
EB47
BilbeisDrain
QalyubiaDrain
Primarytreated
and agricultural
drainagewater
GFD
Primarytreated
wastewaterfrom
ZagazigCity
EB38
ShubraEl
Khima
WWTP
Q1
Q2
Q4
Q3
Q3
Q5
GabalEl Asfar
WWTP
El Berka
WWTP
G
a
b
a
l
E
l
A
s
f
a
r
D
r
a
i
n
El Khosus
Drain
El Berka
Drain
E
B

1
4
B
D
U
Raw
Wastewater
Raw
Wastewater
S
a
n
d
h
o
r
D
r
a
i
n
A
s
l
o
u
g
y
D
r
a
i
n
EB04
EB47
BilbeisDrain
QalyubiaDrain
Primarytreated
and agricultural
drainagewater
GFD
Primarytreated
wastewaterfrom
ZagazigCity
Primarytreated
wastewaterfrom
ZagazigCity
EB38
ShubraEl
Khima
WWTP
Q1
Q2
Q4
Q3
Q3
Q5
The considered sources of pollution to estimate the decay rates in
Bilbeis drain.

22. 0
50
100
150
200
Feb 00 Apr 00 Jun 00Aug 00 Okt 00 Dez 00 Feb 01 Apr 01
Time (months)
B
O
D
5


m
g
/
l
Measured BOD5 at EB 04 Simulated results for BOD5 at EB 04
Simulation of BOD concentrations by mass balance equation

23. 0
50
100
150
200
250
Feb 00 Apr 00 Jun 00 Aug 00 Okt 00 Dez 00 Feb 01 Apr 01
Time (months)
T
S
S
m
g
/l
Measured TSS at EB 04 Simulated TSS at EB 04
Measured and simulated TSS at the monitoring stations EB 04
by Mass Balance Equation
CV = 17.8%

24. Transport of substances in water streams
Transport by the basic flow (advection)
Turbulence and molecules diffusion
Transport due to the local velocity changes (dispersion)
Dispersion –Advection Principle

25. x
C
u
x
C
D
t
C
x








**
2
2
= + S
Advection-Dispersion Equation
(Fischer et al.,1979) and (Markofsky,1980)
C =Concentration
U = Flow velocity
= longitudinal dispersion coefficient.xD
S =Sources and sink term which describes special biological, chemical
and physical transformation processes affecting the transported substances
S=0 for conservative minerals which are not affected by transformation

26. Water Quality Modelling
QUAL2E ,EPA ,[Brown et al., 1987]
•The model uses a finite-difference solution of the advective-dispersive mass
transport and reaction equations.
•The program simulates changes in flow conditions along the stream
•The major transport mechanisms, advection and dispersion, are significant
only along the main direction of flow (longitudinal axis of the stream).
•The stream is divided into a network consisting of "Headwater," "Reaches,"
and "Junctions.
•physical, chemical, and biological parameters are constant along reaches
Data Requirements
•Simulation variables
•User-specified variables as water quality characteristics, local geographically
and climatologically data .
•Hydrological data (headwater - inputs, point sources or withdrawals, incremental
inflow/outflow along a reach, and the downstream boundary concentration
www.epa.gov/docs/QUAL2E
www.scisoftware.com/products/qual2eu_overview/qual2eu

27. Water Quality Modelling
QUAL2E ,EPA ,[Brown et al., 1987]

44. Winter ScenarioFebruary 2003
Cairo
GabalEl AsfarWWTP
El BerkaWWTP
BilbeisDrain
QalyubiaDrain
End reach
GabalEl AsfarDrain
EB04
EB47
EB14
BDD
GFD
Aslougy
Drain
To El WadiEl Sharkicanal
Incrementaldrainagewater
Sandahour
mixedwith
Qalyubia
Bahr El Baqar
Drain
BilbeisDrain
south P.S.
Winter ScenarioFebruary 2003
Cairo
GabalEl AsfarWWTP
El BerkaWWTP
BilbeisDrain
QalyubiaDrain
End reach
GabalEl AsfarDrain
EB04
EB47
EB14
BDD
GFD
Aslougy
Drain
To El WadiEl Sharkicanal
Incrementaldrainagewater
Sandahour
mixedwith
Qalyubia
Bahr El Baqar
Drain
BilbeisDrain
south P.S.
GabalEl Asfar
WWTP
El Berka
WWTP
G
a
b
a
l
E
l

A
s
f
a
r
D
r
a
i
n
El Khosus
Drain
El Berka
Drain
E
B

1
4
B
D
U
Raw
Wastewater
Raw
Wastewater
S
a
n
d
h
o
r
D
r
a
i
n
A
s
l
o
u
g
y
D
r
a
i
n
EB04
EB47
BilbeisDrain
QalyubiaDrain
Primarytreated
and agricultural
drainagewater
GFD
Primarytreated
wastewaterfrom
ZagazigCity
Drainage
waterReuse
in El WadiEl
SharkiCanal
GabalEl Asfar
WWTP
El Berka
WWTP
G
a
b
a
l
E
l

A
s
f
a
r
D
r
a
i
n
El Khosus
Drain
El Berka
Drain
E
B

1
4
B
D
U
Raw
Wastewater
Raw
Wastewater
S
a
n
d
h
o
r
D
r
a
i
n
A
s
l
o
u
g
y
D
r
a
i
n
EB04
EB47
BilbeisDrain
QalyubiaDrain
Primarytreated
and agricultural
drainagewater
GFD
Primarytreated
wastewaterfrom
ZagazigCity
Drainage
waterReuse
in El WadiEl
SharkiCanal

45. Summer ScenarioJuly2003
Cairo
GabalEl AsfarWWTP
El BerkaWWTP
BilbeisDrain
QalyubiaDrain
End reach
GabalEl AsfarDrain
EB04
EB47
EB14
BDD
GFD
Aslougy
Drain
To El WadiEl Sharkicanal
Incrementaldrainagewater
Sandahour
mixedwith
Qalyubia
Bahr El Baqar
Drain
BilbeisDrain
south P.S.
Incrementalunoffecial
reuse(withdrawl)
Incrementalunoffecial
reuse(withdrawl)
Summer ScenarioJuly2003
Cairo
GabalEl AsfarWWTP
El BerkaWWTP
BilbeisDrain
QalyubiaDrain
End reach
GabalEl AsfarDrain
EB04
EB47
EB14
BDD
GFD
Aslougy
Drain
To El WadiEl Sharkicanal
Incrementaldrainagewater
Sandahour
mixedwith
Qalyubia
Bahr El Baqar
Drain
BilbeisDrain
south P.S.
Incrementalunoffecial
reuse(withdrawl)
Incrementalunoffecial
reuse(withdrawl)

46. Simulation of Water Quality Parameters
by QUAL2E ,EPA ,[Brown et al., 1987]
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Aug.
02
Sep.
02
Okt.
02
Nov.
02
Dez.
02
Jan.
03
Feb.
03
Mrz.
03
Apr.
03
Mai.
03
Jun.
03
Jul. 03
Time (months)
B
O
D
5

(
m
g
/
l
)
Simulated BOD5 Measured BOD5 EG Limit

47. 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Aug 02 Sep 02 Okt 02 Nov 02 Dez 02 Jan 03 Feb 03 Mrz 03 Apr 03 Mai 03 Jun 03 Jul 03
Time (months)
D
O
(m
g
/l)
Simulated (DO) Measured (DO) EG Limit for Effluent reuse
Simulation of (DO) at EB04 by QUAL2E

48. 100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
Aug.
02
Sep.
02
Okt.
02
Nov.
02
Dez.
02
Jan.
03
Feb.
03
Mrz.
03
Apr.
03
Mai.
03
Jun.
03
Jul.
03
Time(months)
T
o
ta
l F
a
e
c
a
l C
o
lifo
r
m

M
P
N
/1
0
0
m
l
Simulated total faecal coliformMeasured total faecal coliformEG Limit
Simulation of Faecal Coliform at EB04 by QUAL2E

49. Future Scenario 2005
El Berka WWTP
G
a
b
a
l
E
l
A
s
f
a
r
D
r
a
i
n
El Khosus
Drain
El Berka
Drain
E
B

1
4
B
D
U
Raw
Wastewater
Raw
Wastewater
S
a
n
d
h
o
r

D
r
a
i
n
A
s
l
o
u
g
y

D
r
a
i
n
EB04
EB47
Bilbeis Drain
Qalyubia Drain
GFD
Drainage
water reuse
for land
reclamation
12.68 m³/s
Suggested
Irrigation P.S.
Primary treated
wastewater from
Zagazig City
15.05 m³/s
5.2 m³/s
Gabal El Asfar WWTP
after Extension

50. The stream network by QUAL2E Model

51. The simulated water quality parameters by Qual2E Model
Primary Treatment in Shubra El Khima WWTP
Simulated faecal coliform bacteria *10
8
/100ml
along Bilbeis drain by Qual 2E Model

52. Winter Scenario 2005 (secondary treatment in Shubra WWTP)
Simulated faecal coliform bacteria *10
8
/100ml
along Bilbeis drain by Qual 2E Model

53. Future Scenario 2022
El Berka WWTP
G
a
b
a
l
E
l
A
s
f
a
r
D
r
a
i
n
El Khosus
Drain
El Berka
Drain
E
B

1
4
B
D
U
Raw
Wastewater
Raw
Wastewater
S
a
n
d
h
o
r

D
r
a
i
n
A
s
l
o
u
g
y

D
r
a
i
n
EB04
EB47
Bilbeis Drain
Qalyubia Drain
GFD
Drainage
water reuse
for land
reclamation
19.03 m³/s
Suggested
Irrigation P.S.
Primary treated
wastewater from
Zagazig City
6.94m³/s
Gabal El Asfar WWTP after
Extension is 23.15 m³/s

54. Future Scenario 2022
Simulated faecal coliform bacteria *10
8
/100ml
along Bilbeis drain by Qual 2E Model

55. Determination of faecal coliform decay by Collins and Selleck disinfection model

-3
-2,5
-2
-1,5
-1
-0,5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Contact Time (t) (minutes)
L
o
g
(S
)
Collins -Selleck Model
3
)23.01(

 ctS
S =mean effluent bacterial survival ratio =N/N0
c = disinfectant residual
t = contact time
Tertiary Treatment Systems
Disinfection Treatment systems
1.Chlorine Disinfection

56. 4
Simulated Faecal Coliform *10
4
MPN/100ml in Bilbeis drain after operation of the chlorination system

57. 2. Ozone Disinfection
Ozone is one of the strongest oxidants available in wastewater treatment
Ozone disinfection system consists of Gas preparation, ozone generation and
ozone dissolution
Ozonation is generally applied only to effluents that are nitrified, highly clarified
(filtered) or both

58. 3. Ultra-Violet Disinfection
Factors affecting ultra-violet Disinfection
-Wastewater characterisics (Flow rate,TSS and
ultraviolet adsorbance of wastewater
-Lamp Array ( Arrangement of the arrays,
lamps enclosing materials (Quarz sleeves)
-Hydraulics :Reactor needs plug flow with
turbulent radially from the direction of flow with
no dead zones

59. Design Criteria of Maturation Ponds
Source Optimal
Depth
(m)
Surface
Loading
kg BOD/ha*d
Detention
Time (d)
BOD
Removal %
TSS Removal
%
Optimal
Temperature
°C
Metcalfe
&Eddy
(1993)
1-1.5 ≤17 5-20 60-80 NA 20
WHO EMRO 1-1.5 NA 5-10 50-60 NA NA
Lagoon
Technology
International
1992
1-1.5 NA NA NA NA NA
World Bank
Technical
Paper
No.7
(1983)
1.2-1.5 NA 5 NA NA NA
Maturation Ponds

60. View of a Maturation pond

61. Die-off Decay factor for faecal bacteria in Maturation Pond
(Marias and Show)
n
T
e
tK
N
N
)*1(
0


20
)19.1(*6.2


T
T
K
Ne is faecal coliform number in the effleunt
N0 is faecal coliform number in the influent
KT is the first order rate constant for faecal coliform at T°C
(n) is number of the identical completely mixed ponds
3 Maturation ponds (900 hectares) are required in Gabal El Asfar WWTP
with a detention time 3 days in each pond to achieve WHO Category A
2 Maturation ponds (600 hectares) are required in Gabal El Asfar WWTP
with a detention time 3 days in each pond to achieve WHO Category B

62. Category Reuse condition Exposed group Intestinal nematodes
(arithmetic
mean no. of eggs
per litre )*
Faecal coliform
geometric
mean Nr.
Per 100 ml )**
Wastewater treatment
expected to achieve
the required
microbiological
guidelines
A Irrigation of crops likely to be
eaten uncooked ,sports
fields, public parks
Workers,
consumers
,public
≤1 ≤ 1000 A series of stabilized ponds
designed to achieve the
micro-biological
quality indicated or
equivalent treatment.
B Irrigation of cereal crops,
fodder crops ,pasture
and trees
Workers ≤1 No standard
recommended
Retention in stabilization
ponds for 8-10 days or
equivalent helminth
and faecal coliform
removal
C Localized irrigation of crops
in category B if
exposure to workers
and the public does not
occur
None Not applicable Not applicable Pretreatment as required by
irrigation technology
but less than primary
sedimentation
(WHO, 1989) Guidelines for reusing treated wastewater in agriculture
*A more stringent guideline limit ≤200 faecal coliforms/100 ml) is appropriate for public lawns, such as
hotel lawns, with which the public may come into direct contact.
**In the case of fruit trees, irrigation should cease two weeks before fruit is picked, and no fruit should
be picked off the ground. Sprinkler irrigation should not be used.
www.who.int/docstore/bulletin/pdf/2000/issue9/bu0741.pdf

63. Non-conventional Treatment Systems for wastewater treatment
Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSP)
Waste stabilization ponds (WSP) are becoming popular for treating
wastewater, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions due to :
Abundance of sunlight
Ambient temperature is normally high

64. In-stream Constructed Wetland Treatment System

65. Water Hyacinth for Phyto-remediation
Types of Plants species in Wetland system
Emerged plants
Cyperus rotundus Common Name: Purple Nutsedge
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Common name: reed
Floating plants
Eichhornia crassipes (Common Name:
 Water Hyacinth)

66. Bahr El Baqar
Drain
Gabal El Asfar WWTP
after Extension
El Berka WWTP
G
a
b
a
l
E
l
A
s
f
a
r
D
r
a
i
n
El Khosus
Drain
El Berka
Drain
E
B

1
4
B
D
U
Raw
Wastewater
Raw
Wastewater
S
a
n
d
h
o
r

D
r
a
i
n
A
s
l
o
u
g
y

D
r
a
i
n
EB04
EB47
Bilbeis Drain
Qalyubia Drain
In-Stream
Wetland
System
Chlorination
Disinfection
Systems are in
operation
Faecal Coliform* million /100 ml
GFD
Drainage
water reuse
for land
reclamation
Suggested
Irrigation P.S.
Primary treated
wastewater from
Zagazig City

67. Conclusions and Recommendation
Without a disinfection system, Bilbeis drain water can be reused only in the permissible
plantations of group No. II. (Egyptian law 44/2000) (Cotton, linen, and flowers) and the
recommended irrigation method is drip irrigation with filter.
An operating chlorination system with a chlorine dose of 15mg/l and a contact time of at
least 15 minutes will be enough to achieve the requirements of category (B) WHO
effluent
quality for unrestricted irrigation
If the chlorination system is not desired then a series of 2 identical maturation ponds in
which the hydraulic detention time is 3 days in each pond in El Gabal El Asfar WWTP can
be constructed to achieve the guidelines of category (B) WHO.
If it is desired to achieve the requirements of category (A) WHO effluent quality for
unrestricted irrigation, then a series of 3 identical completely mixed maturation ponds in
which the hydraulic detention time (t) is 3 days will be required.
By the year 2005 it will be possible to withdrawal 1.1million m³/d from Bilbeis drain for
reuse in agriculture after executing the current extension of Gabal El Asfar WWTP and
the development of the treatment system in Shubra El Khima WWTP. No negative
impacts will affect the current water quality situation in Bahr El Baqar drain
It is recommended to treat the raw wastewater discharging into Bilbeis drain either by
constructing in-stream wetland system across the tributaries of the south part of Bilbeis
drain (El Khosos and El Sail drains) or by constructing WSP

68. Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun
  
                                                               
Thank you
Danke
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ًركش