presentation on deep vein thrombosis condition pdf

deep vein thrombosis

1. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

2. Introduction
•The formation of a blood clot within a
deep vein, most commonly in the lower
extremities, leading to partial or complete
obstruction of blood flow.
•It can lead to serious complications like
pulmonary embolism if the clot dislodges
and travels to the lungs.
•Commonly occurs in the calf or thigh
veins.

3. Common Sites of DVT
• Deep veins of the calf: Posterior tibial,
peroneal
• Popliteal vein
• Femoral vein
• Iliac vein

4. Causes & Risk Factors
! Virchow’s Triad – three main contributors of
thrombosis:
1. Venous stasis: sluggish blood flow, Prolonged
immobility, bed rest, paralysis
2. Endothelial injury: Trauma, surgery, IV catheters
3. Hypercoagulability: Pregnancy, oral
contraceptives, cancer, genetic clotting disorders
Other risk factors:
• Obesity
• Smoking
• Varicose veins
• Long-distance travel (economy class syndrome)

5. Pathophysiology
1. Venous stasis à slow blood flow
2. Endothelial injury à activation of clotting mechanism
3. Hypercoagulable state à increased tendency for clot
formation
4. Formation of thrombus in deep vein à partial or
complete obstruction
5. Risk of embolization if clot dislodges à pulmonary
embolism

6. Signs & Symptoms
• Swelling (usually unilateral)
• Pain or tenderness (often in calf)
• Warmth over affected area
• Red or discolored skin
• Dilated superficial veins
• Homan’s sign (pain on dorsiflexion – though not reliable)

7. Complications of DVT
• Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Clot travels to lungs
• Post-thrombotic syndrome: Chronic leg pain,
swelling, ulcers
• Recurrent DVT

8. Diagnosis –
Clinical Assessment:
• History and physical examination
• Wells Score for DVT probability
• Homan’s sign (not specific but historically used)
Investigations:
• D-Dimer test: Elevated in most DVT cases
• Duplex Doppler Ultrasound: First-line imaging
• Venography: Gold standard (rarely used)
• MRI / CT Venography: In complex cases

9. •D-dimer test is a blood test used to detect the presence
of D-dimer, a protein fragment produced when a blood
clot breaks down in the body. It helps in diagnosing
conditions related to abnormal blood clotting, such as
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
•doppler us: A handheld device called a transducer is
pressed gently and moved over the area. The transducer
emits high-frequency sound waves that bounce off
moving blood cells.
•Venography is an imaging procedure that uses contrast
dye and X-rays to visualize veins and evaluate blood flow,
commonly used to detect deep vein thrombosis or vein
abnormalities

11. Medical Management
! Anticoagulant Therapy:
• Heparin (e.g., Apixaban, Rivaroxaban)
! Thrombolytic Therapy:
• In severe cases – dissolves clot rapidly
! Surgical / Interventional Options:
• Thrombectomy (rare)
• Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter (if anticoagulants
contraindicated) trapping blood clots that travel from the
deep veins of the legs or pelvis when anticoagulants are
contraindicated or ineffective
! Compression Therapy:
• Graduated compression stockings to prevent post-
thrombotic syndrome

12. Contraindications for
Anticoagulant Therapy
• Active bleeding or high bleeding risk
• Recent major surgery or trauma
• Severe liver disease
• Uncontrolled hypertension
• Pregnancy (for some anticoagulants)

13. General Preventive Measures
• Early mobilization after surgery
• Leg exercises during long flights
• Adequate hydration
• Use of compression stockings
• Prophylactic anticoagulants in high-risk
patients

14. Contraindications for
Physiotherapy
• Acute DVT without anticoagulation
• Severe pain or signs of pulmonary embolism
• Unstable cardiovascular status
• Active bleeding