Presentation Research Process Explained.pptx

Research Process

1. Research Process SUBMITTED TO – DR. SANJAY KARN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY SUBMITTED BY – PAWAS CHATURVEDI

2. Research Process Series of actions or steps that are effectively performed in a specific order necessary to carry out research

3. Steps of Research Process

4. Selecting a topic Following factors to be considered: Relevance Whether the problem is already researched before Scope; required data must be available Contribution to knowledge in specific field Required cooperation from the research guide Practical utility of the topic selected

5. Defining the research problem Problem properly defined is half solved Problem may be of the following nature Exploratory Descriptive Causal Gives proper direction to the researcher to go ahead

6. Objectives of research What does the researcher aim to achieve through research? Gives the extent to which the research work is related to the specific field

7. Review of Literature Reviewing the existing books Journals Reports Conference proceedings PhD theses Internet

8. Development of Working Hypothesis A proposition- a tentative assumption which a researcher wants to test for its logical or empirical consequence Must be stated in precise and clearly defined terms A tentative statement that can either be accepted or rejected after the research process May be more than one

9. Preparing Research Design A logical and systematic plan prepared for directing a research study Program that guides the investigator in the process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting observations

10. Sample Design All items in any field of inquiry constitute a ‘Universe’ or ‘population’ Complete enumeration of all items in the population is known as the ‘census’ inquiry In census no chance, highest accuracy Not possible when population is very high Involves great deal of time , money and energy Leads to selection of few respondents Selected respondents constitute ‘sample’ Selection process is ‘sampling technique’ Survey conducted on the sample is called ‘sample survey’ Methods of sampling – probability and non probability sampling

11. Data Collection Primary data Originally collected By observation Personal interviews Telephonic interviews Through Internet Questionnaires Schedules Secondary data Already available and compiled

12. Execution of project If data collected through structured questionnaires, can be machine processed, coded For interviews proper arrangements must be made Proper selection and training of interviewers With the help of instruction manuals or direct instructions With lack of alertness, results may be wrong

13. Analysis of data Critical examination of assembled and grouped data Task requiring maximum skill Selection of tools of analysis Irrelevant analysis should be avoided Computer aided research analysis of great help

14. Hypothesis Testing After analysis researcher tests for acceptance or rejection of hypothesis Various tests available Chi square , t-test, F-test

15. Generalizations and Interpretations Hypothesis is tested and upheld several times Leads to generalization Theory Real value of research is to arrive at generalizations If research started with no hypothesis, findings may be related to some existing theory-Interpretation

16. Preparation of Report Preliminary pages Title Date Acknowledgements Foreword Table of Contents List of tables and graphs/charts Main text Introduction Summary of findings Main report Conclusion Appendices, Bibliography

17. Features of a good research Objectivity Accuracy Precision Systematic Logical Control Generalisability Free from bias Reproduciable

18. Thank You