Teaching and learning (pedagogy) are based on a number of principles. A principle is a standpoint; point of departure; a point of view that is pre-formulated and accepted in advance and postulated without necessarily unpacking and expanding its meaning in full. These are as follows:
Principle of progressing from the concrete to the abstract: Making use of all of our senses to aid learning is a well-established idea and has been known for millennia. The pedagogical principle of starting with the concrete and progressing to the more abstract has long been recognized and appeals to learners’ powers of observation.
PRINCIPLE OF OBSERVATION The principle of observation relies on lived experiences. Most of the common teaching aids target learners’ skills of observation.
PRINCIPLE OF MOTIVATION Teaching aids can increase learners’ interest in the learning activity. Using more modern and newer technology, such as interactive games on computers, tablets, and cellphones, can increase learners’ motivation as they especially enjoy the interactivity component, which subsequently stimulates greater interest in learning.
PRINCIPLE OF ACTIVITY We generally assume that when learners are actively engaged in an activity, some learning is taking place. As with motivational aspects, the use of the new technology promotes constant engagement and requires learners to interact.
PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALISM We refer to personalized learning when every learner’s preferential style of learning, acquired skills, and level of achievement are accommodated in the learning process. With the use of learner management systems such as blackboard and Moodle, it has become possible to track the progress of learners and make recommendations for their next activities based on the results of the complete exercise.