Properties of fluids

A fluid is anything which is capable of flowing
hence it possess some properties.

1. Subject: Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (FMM) FLUID, FLUID PROPERTIES AND TYPES OF FLUIDS BY Prof. Pranit Mehata ST. JOHN POLYTECHNIC, PALGHAR

2. FLUID?????? A fluid is a substance which is capable of flowing. A fluid is substance which deforms continuously when subjected to external shearing force. A fluid has following characteristics: It has no definite shape of its own but conforms to the shape of the containing vessels. Even a small amount of shear force exerted on fluid will cause it to undergo deformation which continuous as long as the force continues to applied. A fluid may be classified as: liquid, gas and vapor

3. FLUID MECHANICS??? It is branch of engineering science which deals with the behavior of fluid under the conditions of rest and motion. Three parts: Static, kinematics and dynamics Fluid static: study of fluid under static conditions or fluid at rest Fluid kinematics: study of fluids which are in motion, where pressure forces are nor considered. Fluid dynamics: study of fluids which are in motion and pressure forces are considered.

4. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS Density or mass density Specific weight or weight density Specific gravity Specific volume Viscosity Surface tension Capillarity Adhesion Cohesion Compressibility Vapour pressure

5. DENSITY OR MASS DENSITY It is defined as the ratio of the mass of fluid to its volume. It is denoted by letter (rho) Mathematically it is given by , = The SI unit of density is For water the density is 1000  

6. SPECIFIC WEIGHT OR WEIGHT DENSITY It is defined as the ratio of the weight of fluid to its volume. It is weight per unit volume at standard temperature and pressure. It is denoted by . Mathematically, The SI unit of specific weight is The value for water is 9.81×1000  

7. SPECIFIC GRAVITY It is the ratio of the specific weight of the liquid to the specific weight of a standard fluid. It is also called as relative density It is dimensionless and has no units. It is represented by S. For liquid we take water as standard fluid while for gases we take air.

8. SPECIFIC VOLUME It is defined as volume per unit mass of fluid. It is denoted by Mathematically, = The SI unit of specific volume is = = = Thus it is reciprocal of density. It is commonly applied to the gases.  

9. VISCOSITY It is the property of fluid which offers resistance to the movement of one layer over another adjacent layer of the fluid. The two layers causes shear stress on each other. This shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of change of velocity with respect to y . It is denoted by (called Tau). Mathematically,  

10. VISCOSITY Where, is Constant of proportionality and is known as dynamic viscosity Thus viscosity may also be defined as the shear stress required to produce unit rate of shear strain. The SI unit of viscosity or dynamic viscosity is The CGS unit is Poise 1 Poise=  

11. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY It is defined as the ratio of the dynamic viscosity to the density of fluid. It is denoted by letter (Nu) Mathematically, = The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is The CGS unit is stokes (= ) 1 Stokes=  

12. NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY This law states that the shear stress (τ) on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain. Mathematically, The fluids which obeys this law are called as Newtonian Fluids The fluids which do not obey this law are called as Non-Newtonian fluids.  

13. SURFACE TENSION It is defined as the tensile force acting on a surface of liquid in a contact with gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquids. It is due to cohesion between particles at the surface. It is denoted by letter (Sigma) The SI unit of surface tension is N/m The CGS unit is kgf/m.  

14. SURFACE TENSION Rain drops (A falling rain drop becomes spherical due to cohesion and surface tension). Rise of sap in a tree. Bird can drink water from ponds. Capillary rise and capillary siphoning. Collection of dust particles on water surface. Break up of liquid jets. For liquid droplet For soap bubble For liquid jet = = =  

15. CAPILLARITY It is a phenomenon by which a liquid ( depending upon its specific gravity ) rises into a thin glass tube above or below its general level. This phenomenon is due to the combined effect of cohesion and adhesion of liquid particles. It is expressed in cm or mm of liquid Its value is depend upon the specific weight of liquid, diameter of the tube and surface tension of fluid.

16. CAPILLARI RISE The rise of liquid surface is called as Capillary rise. The rise of water is given by The value of for water is zero.  

17. CAPILLARI FALL The fall of liquid surface is called as Capillary rise. The fall of water is given by The value of for mercury is 128 .  

18. COMPRESSIBILITY The property by virtue of which fluids undergo a change in volume under the action of external pressure is called as compressibility. It decreases with increase in pressure. It is also defined as reciprocal of bulk modulus (K). Compressibility=  

19. TYPES OF FLUIDS Newtonian fluids . The fluid which obey Newtons law is called Newtonian Fluids For such fluids μ does not change with rate of deformation. Examples. Water, kerosene, air etc. Non-Newtonian Fluids : The fluid which do not obey Newton’s law is called Non-Newtonian Fluids. Examples: blood, solutions, mud flows etc. Ideal Fluids: A fluid which is incompressible and having no viscosity is called as ideal fluid. Real Fluid: A fluid possess viscosity is called as real fluid.