psychology through time FINAL PROJECT.pptx

psychology

1. PSY 110 Over the last eight weeks, I understood the underlying psychological principles that may drive human behavior. Psychology is a part of everyday life, and psychology can help to answer questions like, "Why might someone blindly follow a person of authority?" (Vassallo, n.d.). The following is my interpretation in no particular order.

2. BEHAVIORISM Used in behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy, behavior modification is frequently used in classroom settings, and behaviorism has led to research on environmental influences on human behavior. Behaviorism is also largely responsible for establishing psychology as a scientific discipline through objective methods and experimentation (Spielman et al., 2020).

3. structuralism Understanding the conscious experience through introspection (Spielman et al., 2020). Even though a sensory experience can be dissected into its parts, an individual’s perception is often influenced by how those parts relate to one another (Spielman.et al., 2020).

4. Humanism All people have the capacity for good (Spielman et al., 2020).

5. 1800’s lunatics and moral management Mania, Melancholia, and dementia The majority of patients in the 1870’s were called “lunatics”, and had a diagnosis of dementia, melancholia, or mania, and in most of cases, were noted to have been brought on by illnesses like epilepsy, concussions, fever, or paralysis in general (Hill&Laugharne,2003). Moral management forced medical professionals to visit the impoverished in their communities four times a year to report anyone needing mental treatment; if treatment were required, the patient would be admitted to an asylum. A large number of impoverished people were admitted using “Poor Law and Lunacy Acts”(Hill & Laugharne , 2003). 6

6. "Father of Psychology” Wilhelm wundt August 16, 1832 – August 31, 1920 7 1800’s Expreimental Psychology ans Structuralism Structuralism involves understanding the conscious experience through introspection (Spielman et al., 2020). Even though a sensory experience can be dissected into its parts, an individual’s perception is often influenced by how those parts relate to one another overall (Spielman et al., 2020).Wilhelm Wundt, first person to be referred to as a psychologist is commonly linked to the theory of structuralism, which focuses on characterizing mental structures ( MSEd , 2023). The first psychology laboratory was founded in Leipzig, Germany in 1879 by the German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt. This event is widely acknowledged as the formal establishment of psychology as a science separate from biology and philosophy, establishing experimental psychology ( MSEd , 2023).

7. “The Father of Psychoanalysis” Sigmund Freud May 6, 1856 – September 23, 1939 1800’S Consciousness and Perception Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of a person’s actions driven by the unconscious. E arly childhood experiences, id, ego, and superego are the three components of the psyche, and unconscious memories, thoughts and urges shape human behavior (Thorne & Henley, 2005). 8

8. “Father of American psychology” William James January 11, 1842 – August 26, 1910 1800’S Functionalism William james ’ theory favored an emphasis on the entire event while considering the influence of the environment on behavior. He also thought that introspection could be used to better understand people's experiences of the stream of consciousness (MSED, 2023b). 9

9. Ivan Pavlov September 26, 1849 – February 27, 1936 1800’S Learning and Memory Ivan Pavlov studied a type of learning behavior called a conditioned reflex, in which an animal or human produces a reflex response to a stimulus and, over time, is conditioned to respond to a different stimulus than the experience involved (Spielman et al., 2020). To test the conditioned reflex, Ivan Pavlov trained a hungry dog to drool at the sound of a buzzer connected to the sight of food (Nolen, 2024). 10

10. Stanley Milgram August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984 1900’s BEHAVIORISM Stanley Milgram is a social psychologist best known for his notorious obedience experiments, which exposed the extremes people would go to in order to submit to authority. His studies are also notable for raising ethical concerns that led to modifications in the laws governing similar experiments conducted today ( MSEd , 2023b). 11

11. Abraham Maslow April 1,1908 - June 8, 1970 1900’s Motivation and Personality Maslow claimed that higher-level needs (like social needs) would start to drive behavior as long as basic needs (like food, water, and shelter) were satisfied. The highest-level needs, according to Maslow, are related to self-actualization, which is the process by which we reach our full potential (Spielman et al., 2020). 12

12. John B. Watson January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958 1900’s John B. Watson was a major factor in redirecting the focus of psychology from the mind to behavior. Watson felt that objective analysis of the mind was impossible and preferred to focus directly on observable behavior and how to it can be controlled, resulting in what is known as learned behavior (Spielman et al., 2020). 13

13. Burrhus Frederic Skinner March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990 1900’s Learning and Behavior Operant Conditioning To study behavior modification through reinforcement and punishment, Skinner developed a device known as the Skinner box, which was used to observe operant conditioning. Skinner believed reinforcement and punishment are major factors in motivating behavior (Thorne & Henley, 2005) (Spielman et al., 2020). 14 14

14. Albert Bandura December 4, 1925 – July 26, 2021 1900’s Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation are the four pillars of Bandura's learning theory. Learning requires attention, which is impacted by anything that takes the learner's focus away from observation (Spielman et al., 2020). In 1961, in the presence of preschool-aged children, Bandura conducted his well-known Bobo doll experiment, in which researchers verbally and physically mistreated an inflatable toy with a clown's face. As a result, the kids began to imitate the adults’ actions by similarly attacking the doll (Nolen, 2024). Albert Bandura believed that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others (Spielman et al., 2020). 15

15. 1900’s Lifespan development Erik erikson June 15,1902 – may 12, 1994 16

16. 1900’s Cognitive development Jean Piaget August 9,1896 – September 16, 1980 17

17. Homeostasis In 1915, Walter Cannon observed how animals reacted to stress and used this information to develop the Fight or Flight Theory, which links the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal gland to maintain homeostasis during emergencies. Cannon's discovery of the stress response was a major contribution to psychology and medicine (Spielman et al., 2020). 18 1900’s Stress Walter Bradford Cannon October 19, 1871 – October 1, 1945

18. 2000’s Stress and Stress management Effects Chronic stress can have a variety of effects on us, including cognitive and physical problems that impair our ability to think and act clearly, emotional problems that cause depression and a low sense of self-worth; and physical problems that affect our general physical health and can cause aches and pains, insomnia, withdrawal from previously enjoyed social activities, lack of energy, and changes in appetite (Spielman et al., 2020). Management Mindfulness programs became popular and offered new ways to manage stress by taking care of your body: Taking deep breaths, Stretching Meditating Healthy eating Daily exercise Get ting plenty of sleep 19

19. References Spielman, R., Jenkins, W., & Lovett, M. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/details/books/psychology-2e Vassallo. (n.d.). Adtalem Global Education - Sign in. https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/143055/discussion_topics/5077611 Henley, T.B., Thorne, B.M. The Lost Millennium: Psychology During the Middle Ages. Psychol Rec 55, 103– 113 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395500 Nolen, J. L. (2024, March 22). Albert Bandura | Biography, Theory, experiment, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Albert-Bandura Teachman , B. A., McKay, D., Deanna, M., Prinstein , M. J., Hollon , S. D., & Chambless, D. L. (2019). How psychosocial research can help the National Institute of Mental Health achieve its grand challenge to reduce the burden of mental illnesses and psychological disorders. American Psychologist/˜the œAmerican Psychologist, 74(4), 415–431. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000361

20. References American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). American Psychological Association. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2024, March 28). Abraham Maslow | Biography, Books, Hierarchy of Needs, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abraham-H-Maslow Edapt.Ai . (n.d.-b). Edapt.ai learning platform. https://adtalem.edapt.ai/student/course/1f5e1287-064a- dd1-aeca-361fc9b9d133/unit Hill, S. A., & Laugharne , R. (2003). Mania, dementia and melancholia in the 1870s: admissions to a Cornwall asylum. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 96(7), 361–363. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.96.7.361