Q1-M2-PPT.pptxdisciplines in social sciences powerpoint

disciplines in social sciences powerpoint ppt

1. Disciplines and Ideas in the S ocial S cience Quarter 1 – Module 2 : Nature and Functions of Social Sciences Disciplines

2. OBJECTIVE/S: 1. DEFINE THE NINE DISCIPLINES OF SOCIAL SCIENCES; AND 2. IDENTIFY THE NATURES AND FUNCTIONS OF EACH DISCIPLINES.

3. What I Know Direction: Match the following terms from column A to their definition from column B. Write only the letter of your answer on the separate sheet of paper. A B 1. Anthrop ology a. The study of human population and dynamics 2. Demog raphy b. The study of languages and focuses on the three aspects of language 3. Econo mics c. The scientific study of humans, human behavior and societies in the past and present. 4. Geog raphy d. The study of the past and its records about event s. 5. His tory e. The study of what constitutes rational human behavior in the endeavor to fulfill needs and wa nts.

4. 6. Humanit ies f. It deals with the study of the relationship between the earth and people. 7. Lingui stics g. This refer to the academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture. 8. Narrative - Chronology h. The scientific study of human society and social relationships. 9. Natural Sciences i. The scientific study of the mind and behavior . 10. Ne gativism j. The s tudy of politics and power from domestic, international, and comparative perspectives . 11. Political Science k. A branch of science which deals with the physical world. 12. Pos itivism l. The study of human social relationships and institu tions. 13. Ps ychology m. It uses sources to provide an accurate and complete vision of the past. 14. Social Sciences n. The creation of narratives of the past - analysis plays less role as the role of accidents is most important. 15. Sociolo gy o. It rejects human agency in historical affairs. Rejects all sources. Rejects the possibility of empathetic understanding of the past.

5. Less on 1 Introducing the Disciplines within the Social Sciences Social science tells us how society works. It provides a deeper understanding about the world beyond our immediate experience. It tells us that everything is interconnected, that the labor of yesterday can be the fruits of today and that the actions of today will have an impact in the future of humanity.

6. What ’ s In Concept Mapping! Direction: Fill out a concept map showing the definition of social science as a study of society. Write your answer on the separate paper. Use the example below as your reference.

7. What ’ s New Guess the Pic! Directions: Using the pictures below, fill in the missing letters to reveal the words. Then, rearrange the jumbled letters in the middle of the pictures. Write your answer on the separate paper.

8. What is It Social sciences consist of a variety of disciplines, subject areas, and methods, and there is no reason to expect that these disciplines will eventually add up to a single unified theory of society. Political science, sociology, history, anthropology, economics, geography, and area studies all provide their own, largely independent, definitions of scope, research agenda, and research methods. Furthermor e, there is no grand plan according to which the disciplinary definitions jointly capture all that is of scientific interest about the social. Anthropology, Demography, Economics, Geography, History, Linguistics, Political Science, Psychology, and Sociology are the nine social science disciplines.

9. Table 1: Etymologies of Social Science Disciplines and Definitions Social Science Dis ciplines Etymol ogies Defin itions Anthrop ology “ anthopos ” (human), “logos ” (study of) Scientific study of man or human being and their societies in the past and present Demog raphy “ demos ” (people), “ graphein ” (description) Study of human population and d ynamics Econo mics “ oikanomia ” (household manageme nt) Study of what constitutes rational human behavior in the endeavor to fulfill needs and wants Geog raphy “ geo ” (Earth), “ graphein ” (des cription) Deals with the study of the relationship between the earth and people Lingui stics “ lingua ” (tongue, lang uage) Study of languages and focuses on the three aspects of language His tory “ histoire ” (recorded and documented events) The study of the past and its records about events. Political Science “ politika, ” “ polis ” (affairs of the cities) Deals with the system of go vernance Ps ychology “ psyche ” (mind), “logos ” (study of) Scientific study of the mind and beha vior Sociolo gy “ socius ” (people together, associate), “ logos ” (study of) Study of groups - how they are formed, how they change, and how the group impacts individual beha vior

10. Table 2: Function of Social Science Disciplines Dis ciplines Fu nction Anthrop ology Essentially to understand as many aspects of human life as can possibly be studied, to record its findings, and contribute to both historical understanding as well as to ascertain current states of the human condition in an attempt to better understand and/or act upon those findings. (Fethe, 2017) Geog raphy To understand basic physical systems that affect everyday life (e.g. earth-sun relationships, water cycles, wind and ocean currents). To learn the location of places and the physical and cultural characteristics of those places in order to function more effectively in our increasingly interdependent world. ( Bonnett , 2008) His tory A useful for work. Its study helps create good businesspeople, professionals, and political leaders. The number of explicit professional jobs for historians is considerable, but most people who study history do not become professional historians. (Evans, 2001) Sociolo gy Can study society with a wide variety of focuses. From studying the power elite, to the interaction of the economy, society and the environment, to the examination of various rights movements, Sociology examines the way different aspects of society behave and function. ( San Juan , 2011)

11. Political Science A social study concerning the allocation and transfer of power in decision making, the roles and systems of governance including governments and international organizations, political behavior and public policies. (Mortel et al. 2003) Econo mics The three most important functions of economics are as follows: Just as feeding, digestion and growth are the vital processes of living beings; similarly production, consumption and growth are the essentials of economies. ( Lea ň o , 2012) Lingui stics Refer to the general social uses of language, such as requesting objects and activities, initiating social interactions, expressing personal feelings, describing aspects of the world, requesting information, and pretending. (Bernardez, 2013) Demog raphy To know the population of a particular area; To ascertain as to which factors are influencing the population of that particular area; To explain the factors relating to changes in population; and To study the population trends on the basis of the above three factors. Ps ychology According to earlier psychologists, the function of psychology was to study the nature, origin and destiny of the human soul. But soul is something metaphysical. It cannot be seen, observed and touched and we cannot make scientific experiments in soul. ( Kendra , 2020)

12. Table 3: Nature of Social Science Disciplines Dis ciplines Nat ure Anthrop ology (Ramos, 2014)  The aim of modern social anthropology is just not to study human society but also to understand the complex issues of modern human life.  As primitive people have been the focus of anthropological study, the problems faced by these people in the process of development in modern days become very important for the anthropologists to study.  Anthropologists not only deal with the study of these problems but also try to find out a solution for this.  Developmental anthropology and Action anthropology etc. are the specialized fields within social anthropology which deal with such problems.  Therefore, we can say that the scope and aim of social anthropology go together; one influences the other. As much as the scope increases a new aim comes out of it.

13. 7 Geog raphy ( Semple , 2004)  Geography is concerned to provide an accurate, orderly, and rational description of the variable character of the earth's surface" (Hartshorne, p. 21).  Understandably this characterization has not been universally accepted, and others have suggested terms such as "areal differentiation," and "spatial interaction" as better expressing the core of geography.  It has been seen as more akin to history than to the systematic sciences (physics, chemistry, biology, geology, meteorology, etc.) in that it has no body of material peculiar to itself, but rather adopts a point of view.  But subjects studied by some geographers, such as map projections, are highly "scientific." His tory ( Munslow , 2001)  A study of the present in the light of the past: The present has evolved out of the past.  Modern history enables us to understand how society has come to its present form so that one may intelligently interpret the sequence of events.  The causal relationships between the selected happenings are unearthed that help in revealing the nature of happenings and framing of general laws.  History is the study of man: History deals with man ’ s struggle through the ages. History is not static.  By selecting “ innumerable biographies ” and presenting their lives in the appropriate social context and the ideas in the human context, we understand the sweep of event s.  It traces the fascinating story of how man has developed through the ages, how man has studied to use and control his environment and how the present institutions have grown out of the past.  History is concerned with man in time: It deals with a series of events and each event occurs at a given point in time. Human history, in fact, is the process of human development in time.

14.  It is time which affords a perspective to events and lends a charm that brightens up the past.  History is concerned with man in space: The interaction of man on environment and vice versa is a dynamic one. History describes about nations and human activities in the context of their physical and geographical enviro nment.  Out of this arise the varied trends in the political, social, economic and cultural spheres of man ’ s activities and achie vements.  Objective record of happenings: Every precaution is taken to base the data on original sources and make them free from subjective interpretation.  It helps in clear understanding of the past and enables us to take well informed decisions.  Multisided: All aspects of the life of a social group are closely interrelated and historical happenings cover all these aspects of life, not limited only to the political aspect that had so long dominated history.

15.  History is a dialogue between the events of the past and progressively emerging future ends. The historian’s interpretation of the past, his selection of the significant and the relevant events, evolves with the progressive emergence of new goals.  The general laws regulating historical happenings may not be considered enough; attempts have to be made to predict future happenings on the basis of the laws.  Not only narration but also analysis: The selected happenings are not merely narrated; the causal relationships between them are properly unearthed.  The tracing of these relationships lead to the development of general laws that are also compared and contrasted with similar happenings in other social groups to improve the reliability and validity of these laws.  Continuity and coherence are the necessary requisites of history: History carries the burden of human progress as it is passed down from generation to generation, from society to society, justifying the essence of continuity.  Relevant: In the study of history only those events are included which are relevant to the understanding of the present life. Comprehensiveness: According to modern concept, history is not confined to one period or country or nation. It also deals with all aspects of human life-political, social, economic, religious, literary, aesthetic and physical, giving a clear sense of world unity and world citizen ship.

16. Sociolo gy (Lo, 2019)  Sociology is an independent science: Sociology is not treated and studied as a branch of any other science like philosophy, history. Now it has emerged into an independent science. As an independent science it has its own field of study.  Sociology is a social science and not a physical science: All the sciences are divided into two categories: natural sciences and social sciences.  Natural sciences study physical phenomena where as social sciences study social phenomena. Social sciences include Economics, Political Science, and Anthropology et c.  Sociology belongs to the family of Social science . As a social science it concentrates its attention on man, his social behavior, activities and social life. In other words, it studies man as a social being.  Sociology is a pure science and not an applied science: The aim of applied science is to apply the acquired knowledge into life and to put it to use.  But the aim of pure sciences is the acquisition of knowledge and it is not bothered whether the acquired knowledge is useful or can be put to use. Sociology is a pure science, because it aims at the acquisition of knowledge about human society, hot the utilization of the knowled ge.

17. Sociolo gy (Lo, 2019)  Sociology is an abstract science and not a concrete science: This doesn't mean that Sociology, is an art and not a science. It only refers that Sociology is not interested in concrete manifestations of human events.  It is more concerned with the form of human events and their patterns. Similarly, Sociology does not confine itself to the study of this society or that particular society. It simply means that Sociology is an abstract science, not a concrete science.  Sociology is a categorical and not a normative discipline: Sociology "confines itself about what is, not what should be or ought to be."  As a science it is silent about questions of value. It does not make any kind of value judgment. It only means Sociology as a discipline cannot deal with problems of good and evil, right and wrong.  Sociology is a generalizing and not a particularizing science: Sociology does not study each and every event that takes place in society. It makes generalization on the

18. 10 basis of some selected events. For example, not by studying or examining all the secondary groups but by observing a few secondary groups, a sociologist makes generalization of secondary groups.  Sociology is a general science and not a special social science: The area of inquiry of Sociology is general and not specialized. Social sciences like Political Science, History, Economics, etc. study human interaction but not all about human interactions.  But Sociology does not investigate special kind of phenomena in relation to human life, and activities but it only studies human activities in a general way.  Sociology is both a rational and empirical science: Empiricism is the approach that emphasizes experiences and the facts that result from observation and ex perimentation.  On the other hand, rationalism stresses reason and theories that result from logical inference. The empiricist collects facts, the rationalist co-ordinates and arranges th em.  In sociological theory both are significant. Thus, Sociology is both a rational and empirical science. Conclusio n: Thus, from the above discussion we come to know that the nature of Sociology is independent, social, a categorical, pure, abstract, and generalizing; both are a rational and an empirical social science.

19. 10 Political Science ( Bhargava, 200 8)  Politics is not only a mere institution of governance but also a mechanism for achieving societal goals.  Political Science is thus a study of the state in the past, present, and future;  Study of Political organization, political processes and political fun  Study of Political Institutions and Political Theories.  Study of several subfields: Political Theory. Econo mics (Metu, 2016)  Economics is a science: Science is an organized branch of knowledge that analyses cause and effect relationship between economic agents.  Further, economics helps in integrating various sciences such as mathematics, statistics, etc. to identify the relationship between price, demand, supply and other economic factors.  Positive Economics: A positive science is one that studies the relationship between two variables but does not give

20. 11 any value judgment, i.e. it states ‘ what is ’ . It deals with facts about the entire economy.  Normative Economics: As a normative science, economics passes value judgment, i.e. ‘ what ought to be ’ . It is concerned with economic goals and policies to attain these goals.  Economics is an art: Art is a discipline that expresses the way things are to be done, so as to achieve the desired e nd.  Economics has various branches like production, distribution, consumption and economics that provide general rules and laws that are capable of solving different problems of society.  Therefore, economics is considered as science as well as art, i.e. science in terms of its methodology and arts as in appl ication.  Hence, economics is concerned with both theoretical and practical aspects of the economic problems which we encounter in our day to day life.

21. 11 Lingui stics An academic discipline – a body of knowledge given to — or received by — a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialize in. A field of science – a widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, embodying its own terminology, nomenclature, and scientific journals .  A social science – a field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human societies related to the languages they speak.

22. 11 Ps ychology  Psychology is the scientific study and practical application of observable behavior and mental processes of organisms.  Psychology differs from other social sciences such as: Sociology, History, or Economics, because psychology specifically deals with the study of an individual. The other social sciences will study groups, or history.  Psychology is less a science of reported findings, it attempts asks and answers questions using observable behavior and what can be determined as mental processes of the subject.  The symbol for psychology is the Greek letter “ psi ” ( Ø ). The subject matter of psychology is, affect, behavior, and cogni tion.  The affect for psychology is the actual mental processes that make up: moods, feeling, and emotional state.

23. Table 4: According to Banaag, 2012 the Methods of Creating History : Me thods Descr iption Pos itivism Embraces human agency in history. Uses sources to provide and accurate and complete vision of the past. Also embraces and empathetic approach towards people in the past. Narrative - Chronology The creation of narratives of the past - analysis plays less role as the role of accidents is most important. Biography - Hagiography The “ Great Men ” method which creates chronological narratives. Often look at the agency of one individual in history. Dialectics - Analysis These are created which become orthodoxies. New theses then arrive to challenge these - revisionism - and a synthesis is produced from the old and the new. The synthesis becomes the new thesis or paradigm and the process of clashes (dialectics) rep eats. Meta - Narrative/ Total His tory Works of the Annales school are characterized by a multi - layered approach which seek to integrate long term, midterm and short term factors in a “ total history ” . There is an effort to explain large amounts of human history through the application of theory and social sciences. Ne gativism Rejects human agency in historical affairs. Rejects all sources. Rejects the possibility of empathetic understanding of the past.

24. Table 5: According to Gans, 2020 the School of Psychology School of Psyc hology Propo nents Descr iption Struct uralism Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener  Considered to be the first school of thought in Psych ology.  This outlook focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic compone nts.  The focus was on reducing mental processes down into their most basic elements.  The structuralists used techniques such as introspection to analyze the inner processes of the human mi nd. Functiona lism John Dewey , James Rowland Angell, and Harvey Carr. Founder: William James  A general psychological philosophy that considers mental life and behavior in terms of active adaptation to the person ’ s environment.  A theory of the mind in contemporary philosophy, developed largely as an alternative to both the identity theory of mind and be haviorism.

25. 13 Psychoan alytic Sigmund Freud  Studies the unconscious mi nd.  This school of thought emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behavi or.  Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three elements: the id, ego, and superego. Behavio rism John Watson and B.F. S kinner  Focuses on observable behavi or.  Suggests that all behavior can be explained by environmental causes rather than by internal forces.  Theories of learning including classical conditioning and operant conditioning were the focus of a great deal of research.  An approach to psychology that combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and t heory.  Psychology should concern itself with the observable behavior of people and animals, not with unobservable events that take place in their minds.

26. Cogn itivism  The school of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn.  As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy, and li nguistics. G estalt Ps ychology Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Koffka  Studies the mind and behavior as a whole  A school of psychology based upon the idea that we experience things as unified who les.  Means “ form ” or “ configuration ”  The whole is other than the sum of its parts

27. Independent Activity 1 Directions: Find the words being defined in the sentences inside the word hunt. Encircle them using a pen with blue color for number one, yellow for number two, green for number three, red for number four, and violet for number five. Use a separate bond paper. 1. Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener are the proponents of this school of psych ology. 2. A theory of the mind in contemporary philosophy, developed largely as an alternative to both the identity theory of mind and behaviorism. 3. An approach to psychology that combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and theory. 4. The school of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. 5. This school of thought emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behavi or.

28. Independent Assessment 1 Cros sword! Direction: Complete the crossword puzzle by filling in the word that fits in each clue. Use separate bond paper. ACR OSS 2. The school of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. 7. Geo 8. Greek word meaning city 12.Study of behavior and mental proce sses. 15. “ Father of History ” DO WN 1. Proponent of Structuralism 3. Description 4. Study of language 5. Rejects human agency in historical affairs 6. Study of population 9. Proponent of Psychoanalytic 10. Study of 11. Study of past 13. Study of man 14. Study of group of people

29. Independent A ctivity 2 Experiment 101! Directions: You are required to do a simple experiment with three of your family members. Ask them to help you out with your school project. Once you are assembled as a group, start asking each one of them to complete a part of your research project. Make sure that you vary your approach to each of your family members. Use a separate bond paper to complete this activity. With family # 1 - You should give him/her a high five and sound so warm and frie ndly. With family # 2 - You should act like you are commanding his/her to do the task for you. With family # 3 - You pretend to ignore his/her after you make your request. Note : Observe your family ’ s reactions or responses, and answer the following questions in the worksheet.

30. How did your friends react? (single words or adjective only) Who among your friends helped you out with your research project? Please put a ( √ ) or (x) mark. Who do you think among your family helped you out? Or did not help you out? family # 1 family # 2 family # 3 Pr ocessing Quest ions 1. Do you think your manner of approaching each one of them, that is, your way of asking/requesting for help mattered to each one of them? Explain your answer. 2. Would you get the same results if you approach each one of them in the same manner? Elaborate your answer.

31. Independent Assessment 2 Contextualizing Social Sciences Disciplines Direction: Determine the appropriate discipline applicable in the given situations. Explain your answer. Si tuation Appropriate Social Sciences Discip line 1. Evaluation of the career path with respect to the qualifications of the individual employees in your company. 2. An analysis of the consumption patterns among housewives in a middle - income community. 3. A description of the different cultural practices of the Igorots. 4. An analysis of the voting behavior among young adults. 5. An analysis on the causes of fraternity wars and gang violence.

32. Si tuation Appropriate Social Sciences Discip line 6. A policy recommendation on how to raise the incidence of birth in countries that have an aging pop ulation. 7. A study on what causes severe depression which leads to suicide. 8. An injury on how colonial occupation has changed the values of the native pop ulation. 9. An investigation of areas or locations where the incidence of earthquakes are most likely to occur. 10. An inquiry on the causes of juvenile delinquency among adolescents.

33. Independent A ctivity 3 Direction: Fill in the table below. List down the nine disciplines of social sciences on the first column then give social issues on the second column and explain how these disciplines help the issues on the third column. Use a separate bond paper. Disciplines of Social Scie nces Social Issues How the Discipline can help the issue

34. Independent Assessment 3 Chart Completion! Direction: Compare and contrast the different social sciences disciplines by completing the table below. Use a separate bond paper. Dis ciplines Fu nction Nat ure Anthrop ology Demog raphy Econo mics Geog raphy His tory Lingui stics Political Science Ps ychology Sociolo gy

35. What I Have Learned Direction: Answer the following questions below and write your answer on a separate bond paper. 1. How do the disciplines of social sciences differ from natural sciences and humanities in terms of nature and function? Explain your thought in at least five sentences. _ _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. Cite at least five examples on how the disciplines of social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities come in common. _ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

36. What I Can Do Crime and Punishment! If you have been a victim of the following crimes, state whether or not you will inform the police, and why. Cri me Tell the Police (Yes or No) Wh y? Robb ery Blackm ail As sault Car theft Cyber bullying

37. ASSESSMENT Which of the following is NOT an example of a social science? Anthropology c. Physics Economics d. Psychology 2. If you were to explore the reason why a group of people speak the way they do, which discipline would be the MOST applicable to use? Chemistry c. Linguistics b. Economics d. Psychology 3. Which of the following BEST describes what social sciences have in common? A focus on material culture b. The study of the human mind c. Research that overlaps with genetics d. An interest in studying human beings

38. 4. This social science is most closely related to sociology. Anthropology c. Psychology Biology d. Social Psychology 5. One would study this to learn about past events and how we are affected by them. Anthropology c. Political Science b. History d. Social Sciences 6. The study of choices people make to satisfy their needs and wants. Economics c. Political Science History d. Sociology 7. With this social science one would study voting patterns, and the formation of politically based groups. Economics c. Political Science History d. Sociology

39. 8. Being able to put yourself in someone else’s shoes is important in this social science. a. Economics c. Social Psychology b. Geography d. Sociology 9. _____________ studies the relationship the human race has with its environment. Geography c. Psychology Geology d. Sociology 10. This social science deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms. Anthropology c. Science Psychology d. Social Psychology 11. Anthropology most often studies the relationship between ________________. Physics and Biology Marketing strategies and geography The natural environment and trading system Biological traits and socially acquired characteristics of humans

40. 12. Who believed that the human mind was composed of three elements: the id, ego, and superego. Kurt Koffka c. Sigmund Freud Max Wertheimer d. Wolfgang Kohler 13. A school of psychology based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes. Behaviorism c. Functionalism Cognitivism d. Gestalt Psychology 14. The study on why different cultures grow different sorts of crops is a question of _____________. Cartography c. Geography Demography d. Geology

41. 15. In the statement “the less time you spend online, the higher your test scores are”. Test scores are the independent variable. The amount of time spent online is the dependent variable. There is a positive relationship between time online and test scores. There is a negative relationship between time spent online and test scores.

42. Additional Activities Additional Activity 1 Creating an Imaginary Nation! Directions : Create a physical map of an imaginary nation. Write the name ofthe country on the top of the map. You should include at least five different land or water forms in the map and give each of them a unique name (e.g. The Shadow Mountain). You should also include at least five major cities including a capital designated by a star. The cities will be designated by a large black dot and these must be named. Neatly color the maps with colored pencils or crayons. Explain how your imaginary nation is conducive to be a productive and developed society. Use separate bond paper.

43. Additional Activity 2 Use of Historical Evidence: Personal History Directions: Describe yourself to the future generation by providing clues as to your personality, character, values, and ideas. Paste five pieces of evidence that best represent you. Only one can be a description of yourself and explain why the evidence provided describes you as a person. Do this on a separate bond paper. De scription: _________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________ _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ _______ _______________________