qualitative research design in researchgay3.pptx

qualitative study

1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN GAYATHRI K.V ASST. PROFESSOR OBG NURSING DEPARTMENT SRI DEVARAJ URS COLLEGE OF NURSING TAMAKA, KOLAR .

2. INTRODUCTION The world through a different lens. Researchers approach the task of research differently depending on their world view.

3. Objectives Define qualitative design . Lists different types of qualitative designs Discusses different methods of qualitative methods of data collection Compares quantative research design and qualitative research design.

4. WHAT IS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH? It represents a basic level of enquiry (Naturalistic ) that seeks to discover and understand concepts, phenomena or cultures.

5. Qualititative research is typically used to answer questions about the complex nature of phenomena. The purpose of describing and understanding the phenomena from the participants point of view . The qualitative approach is also referred to as the interpretative, constructivist, or post positivist approach . Cont . . .

6. PURPOSE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Produce information-rich data. Depth rather than breadth. Insight rather than generalisation. Conceptual rather than numerical considerations . Choose information-rich sites and respondents.

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN Qualitative design is flexible and elastic , capable of adjusting to what is being learned during the course of data collection. It involves a merging together of various methodologies . It is holistic, striving for an understanding of the whole. It is focused on understanding a phenomenon or social setting.

8. Cont . . . Researcher should be intensely involved and stay in field for lengthy periods of time . Researcher is the research instrument . It requires ongoing analysis of the data. It provides opportunities for description of the researcher’s role and her biases .

9. Qualitative Research Identifies...... What people think? How they feel ? At what rate? What they say they think ? How they say they feel? It involves feelings and impressions, rather than numbers’ 9

10. QUALITATIVE DESIGN AND PLANNING Identification of potential study collaborators and reviewers of the research plans. Selection of the site where the study will take place. Arrangements for gaining entrée into the site. Collection of relevant written or photographic materials about the site. Identification of the types of settings .

11. Cont . . . Identification of the names and roles of key gatekeepers who can provide access to important sources of data. Determination of the maximum amount of time available for the study. Identification of all foreseeable types of equipment that could aid in the collection and analysis of data in the field. Determination of the number and type of assistants needed. Training of any assistants and self training. Identification of appropriate informed consent procedures.

12. Phases in qualitative design Orientation and overview Focused exploration Confirmation and closure.

13. QUALITATIVE DESIGN FEATURES Intervention or control over independent variable. Type of group comparisons. Number of data collection points. Occurrence of independent and dependent variables. Setting.

14. RESEARCHER QUALITIES An open and enquiring mind. Good listening – Capturing mood and affective components ; Appreciating context; Sensitivity. Adaptiveness & Flexibility . Grasp of the issues to interpret information. Lack of bias with openness to contrary findings. 14

15. Types of Qualitative Research Phenomenology Ethnographic study Grounded theory Case study Historical research Participatory action research. Action research 15

16. 16 Phenomenology : Phenomenological study is a science whose purpose is to describe particular phenomena or the appearance of things as lived experience (Cohen, 1987 ).

17. Example… The lived experience of a mother who lost her children during the Tsunami. 17

18. DATA GENERATION: Formal and Informal Interviews Participant Observation Field Notes Memoing Observation and Participation in Family Activities. Audio Taped Interviews- Triangulation

19. Contd.. Interim summary Formal interviews audio taped and transcribed verbatim by professional transcriptionist. Data presented to families for validation and more input Redundancy (data saturation) provided criterion for ending data collection. 19

20. Contd.. Audit trail-having a full record of all activities (field notes, researcher diary, raw data, coding and analytical process) Debriefing- peers Above were imported into a computer software programme for data management and analysis Coded data clustered into broad categories and further into meaningful themes

21. ETHNOGRAPHY

22. ETHNOGRAPHY- “Portrait of people” Derived from Anthropology. The work of describing culture . Provides a mechanism for studying our own culture and that of others. 22

23. Steps of Ethnographic Research Identify the culture to be studied Identify the significant variables with in the culture Literature review Gaining entry Cultural immersion 23

24. Contd.. Acquiring informants Gathering data Analysis of data Description of culture Theory development 24

25. FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ETHNOGRAPHY Researcher is the instrument ( emic / etic view) Fieldwork. The cyclic nature of data collection and analysis. The focus is on culture. Cultural immersion. Reflexivity.

26. Ethnographic Process The ethnographer is the primary research instrument. One year or more in the field setting long enough to see a full cycle of activity. For example, a full school year. Tension and balance between involvement and detachment. Outsider’s broad and analytical perspective on group studied. Insider view, familiarity, empathy, identification with group.

27. Example…. Exploration of the understanding and meaning of chronically ill adults about their body image. 27

28. GROUNDED THEORY . Studies in which data are collected and analyzed and then a theory is developed that is grounded in the data. 28

29. Example… To describe the experience of patients who were on ventilators & the impact of it on their quality of life. Thematic analysis was used to describe quality of life.

30. CASE STUDY

31. Case study method An intensive investigation of single situations which serve to identify and describe basic phenomena. Case studies provide an excellent opportunity for triangulation: that is, using a number of research methods to complement and confirm findings. U sing observation (participant/non participant), interviews and questionnaire 31

32. Historical approach A narrative description or analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past. Example…….. What causes war? Researcher develop the explanation of the causes of war. 32

33. CONCEPT OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Past oriented, may be longitudinal or cross sectional in nature. Historical research may be more difficult to conduct than some of the other types of research. Concerns identification, location, evaluation and synthesis of data from the past. Discovers past events to relate present and to the future. Uses all the steps of the scientific method. Has no scope to produce or alter the form of data but to find data and accept the data .

34. STEPS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH Defining a problem area. Developing specific Questions/Hypothesis. Collection of Data. Analysis of Data. Interpretation – Researcher should devote considerable efforts to identifying and evaluating data sources on events, situations and human behavior that occurred in the past.

35. COLLECTION OF DATA Collection of data may require months or years of dedicated searching from periodicals, newspapers, magazines, diaries, letters, books, minutes of meetings, medical or legal documents. Non written materials like relics and artifacts. Visual materials in form of photographs and films. Audio Materials like tapes and records. Oral reports in form of Interviews.

36. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Researcher must not only be aware of their own bias and that of ideology but also bias from data sources. Researcher explains not only what happened but how and why it happened. Explores relationships among events, ideas, people, organizations and institutions and interpret them within the context of the period being studied. Researcher be sensitive to material , must show genuine engagement in the subject, balance the forces of self interest, societal interest and historical interest to achieve a coherent , convincing and meaningful account.

37. PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH (PAR) Emphasizes the political aspects of knowledge production Concerned about power and powerlessness – empowerment through conscientisation (building self-awareness and constructing knowledge) Importance of people’s lived experience – ‘honor the wisdom of the people’ Concerned with genuine collaboration Democratic values

38. Action Research Build action theories - action science Aim is to develop effective action, improve practice, and implement change Cyclical process, alternating between action and reflection

39. ACTION RESEARCH GROUPS Action-learning group – facilitated or self-directed Emphasis on individual learning Reflection-in-action Reflection-on-action Action-research team Focus on operational problems Facilitated (technical to empowering continuum)

40. QUALITATIVE VALIDITY Credibility Transferability Dependability Conformability

41. CREDIBILITY (Trust) activities that increase the probability that credible findings will be produced The purpose of qualitative research is to describe or understand the phenomena of interest from the participant’s eyes. The participants are the only ones who can legitimately judge the credibility of the results.

42. How to bring credibility? Prolonged engagement with the subject Participant must recognize the findings of the study is true to their experience Member checking to determine the accuracy of findings

43. TRANSFERABILITY The degree to which the results of qualitative research can be generalized or transferred to other contexts or settings.  The person who wishes to "transfer" the results to a different context is responsible for making the judgment of how sensible the transfer is .

44. DEPENDABILITY The need for the researcher to account for the ever-changing context within which research occurs.  The research is responsible for describing the changes that occur in the setting and how these changes affected the way the research approached the study.

45. CONFORMABILITY The degree to which the results could be confirmed or corroborated by others.  After the study, one can conduct a data audit that examines the data collection and analysis procedures and makes judgements about the potential for bias or distortion.

46. Comparison of quantitative and qualitative research Quantitative Verification of theory -Tests hypothesis Qualitative Discovery of theory -Understanding of phenomena under study . -Suggests hypothesis

47. COMPARISON Quantitative Fixed design Numerical data Closed-ended question format-Fixed response categories Qualitative Flexible design Textual data Open-ended question format-contribute to detailed information Depth information

48. QUANTITATIVE Probability sampling Large sample size. sampling calculated for the required precision QUALITATIVE Produce a wealth of detailed data about a much smaller number of people. Non-probability No rule for sample size. Data saturation depends on what we want to know 49

49. ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE Analysis tend to be Usually inductive deductive. Test hypothesis Unit of analysis using appropriate statistical can be individuals, methods of analysis.

50. CONCLUSION Qualitative Research has various advantages over quantitative research except that it is time consuming. We need to develop positive attitude and required skills to conduct qualitative research.

51. The qualitative researcher is interested in illumination and understanding NOT causal determination or prediction

52. They look beyond the façade, the superficial, to search for purpose, meaning and context.

53. The Ultimate Challenge “ Rich and in depth data” 54

54. 55 THANK YOU