Quantum Computing

This research paper gives an overview of quantum computers – description of their operation, differences between quantum and silicon computers, major construction problems of a quantum computer and many other basic aspects. No special scientific knowledge is necessary for the reader.

1. UANTUM Computing Presented By: M Raja Sekhar (Mca 3 rd SEM) GAYATRI VIDYA PARISHAD College for Degree and P.G. Courses A weekly Case Study Programme on

2. OVERVIEW Introduction and History Classical Computers Quantum Computers Data Representation Conclusion and Scope

3. Evolution of Classical Computers First generation(1939-’54)-Vacuum tubes Second generation(1954-’59)-Transistors Third generation(1959-’71)- IC Fourth generation(1971-’91)- Microprocessor Fifth generation(1991 & beyond)

4. Comment on Classical Computer :: Gordon Moore, Intel Co-founder said that the number of transistors economically crammed into a single computer chip was doubling every two years. Function s of Classical Computers Accurate and speedy computation machine Part of life because logical work can also be done

5. Advantages of Classical Computer Any complex computation or logical work like laboratory work become easy Many kinds of numerical problems cannot be solved using conventional computers. Example: Factorization of a number The computer time required to factor an integer containing N digits is believed to increase exponentially with N.

6. Concepts of Quantum Computers.. Introduction & History Basic concept of quantum computer Applications Advantages Disadvantages and Problems Future work

7. The word "quantum", in quantum computer, originates from "quantum mechanics," a basic theory in physics . In brief, on the scale of atoms and molecules, matter behaves in a quantum manner. What does "quantum" mean? INTRODUCTION What is a Quantum Computer? A quantum computer is a machine that performs calculations based on the laws of quantum mechanics, which is the behavior of particles at the sub-atomic level.

8. HISTORY In 1918 - Max Planck’s -Energy quantum In 1921- Einstein’s discovery of the photon In 1980 - Idea of quantum computation In 1996, Grover’s came up with an algorithm to search a name in unsorted database. Grover’s algorithm and the law of super-positioning makes this possible . ( Super-positioning is discussed later in this PPT) In December of last year, Anton Zeilinger made a fantastic accomplishment. This feat was achieved using a principle called quantum entanglement . (quantum entanglement is discussed later in this PPT)

9. Basic Concept Of Quantum Computers & Differences With Existing Computers: In existing computers, all information is expressed in terms of 0s and 1s, and the entity that carries such information is called a "bit .“ A bit can be in either a 0 or 1 state at any one moment in time . A quantum computer, on the other hand, uses a “ quantum bit ” or " qubit " instead of a bit. A qubit also makes use of two states (0 and 1) to hold information, but in contrast to a bit, In this state, a qubit can take on the properties of 0 and 1 simultaneously at any one moment . Accordingly , two qubits in this state can express the four values of 00, 01, 10, and 11 all at one time .

10. A qubit in superposition is in both of the states |1> and | 0> at the same time.

11. Classical bit Vs Qubits: Classical bit: {0, 1} Qubits: {0, 1, superposed states of 0 and 1}

12. HOW Q-bits Working in QUANTUM COMPUTER(VIDEO 1)

13. There is much that is different between quantum computers and classical computers. But am going to explain only few: Quantum Super Positioning Quantum Entanglement Quantum Teleportation WHAT IS DIFFERENT ABOUT QUANTUM COMPUTERS? Applications :

14. Quantum Superposition Super Positioning is a big word for an old concept: that two things can overlap each other without interfering with each other . In classical computers, electrons cannot occupy the same space at the same time, but as waves, they can. One may think of this as a vector of the probabilities drawn in a two-dimensional coordinate system of the Complex plane, that is, coordinates of the form x+iy where x is a coordinate on the Real number line, and y is a coordinate on the Imaginary number line . Classical bits are either vectors of 0 or 1 and have no Imaginary component.

15. Quantum bits, or "qubits", have both components. If the probabilities were equal, the vector could be represented as 45 degrees from vertical; if the probability of 1 were twice that of 0, the vector could be represented as 30 degrees from vertical. This vector represents the superposition of the probability of 1 and the probability of 0 simultaneously. In this way, the state vectors of classical bits are "collapsed" qubit state vectors

16. How Superposition State Working in QUANTUM COMPUTER(VIDEO 2)

17. Entanglement is the ability of quantum systems to exhibit correlations between states within a superposition. Quantum entanglement is one of the central principles of quantum physics, though it is also highly misunderstood. In short, quantum entanglement means that multiple particles are linked together in a way such that the measurement of one particle's quantum state determines the possible quantum states of the other particles . When this happens, the state of the two particles is said to be entangled . Quantum Entanglement

18. Quantum Teleportation Quantum teleportation is a technique used to transfer information on a quantum level, usually from one particle to another. Its distinguishing feature is that it can transmit the information present in a quantum superposition, useful for quantum communication and computation.

19. Applications : Encryption Technology Ultra-secure And Super-dense Communications Improved Error Correction And Error Detection Molecular Simulations True Randomness Cryptography Searching Factorization Simulating Encryption Problem & Quantum Chemistry Problem

20. Advantages : Could process massive amount of complex data. Ability to solve scientific and commercial problems. Process data in a much faster speed. Capability to convey more accurate answers. More can be computed in less time. These are used to protect secure Web pages, encrypted email, and many other types of data.

21. Hard to control quantum particles Lots of heat Expensive Difficult to build Not suitable for word processing and email. Problem of it need of a noise free & Cool Environment. Complex hardware schemes like superconductors Disadvantages and Problems:

22. Silicon Quantum Computer It may become technology sooner than we expect At the current rate of chip miniaturization, energy efficiency, and economics, the classical computer of the year 2020 (if it could happen at all), would contain a CPU running at 40 GHz (or 40,000 MHz), with 160 GB (160,000 MB) RAM, and run on 40 watts of power . New algorithms and communication Maximum exploitation Simulate other quantum systems. Feature work :

23. Conclusion and Scope Very Advance Technology Very Faster & Powerful Stage of Infancy Implementation is Difficult

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