Introduction 15
which takes a historical approach to the origins of cognitive science.
7
Kemp’s argument is that “medieval views have been surprisingly
persistent.”
8
He argues that the medieval influence is not necessarily,
or exclusively, transmitted by philosophers, and that folk psychology,
in part determined by cultural influences, may well explain some of
the similarities between the medieval and modern. As an example of
the possible influence of folk psychology, he cites Aristotle’s
comparison of the active intellect with light, which, although little
used in academic psychology, occurs in phrases such as “she’s bright”
or “he’s dim” and “it came to me in a blinding flash of inspiration.”
9
There have been some exceptions to the general trend in medieval
studies towards cognitive theory in literature, notably David Rubin’s
Memory in Oral Traditions, which concerns the oral transmission of
epics, ballads and counting rhymes.
10
David Rubin is a cognitive
7
Simon Kemp, Cognitive Psychology in the Middle Ages (Westport, CT; London:
Greenwood Press, 1996). See also, J. C. Smith, The Historical Foundations of
Cognitive Science (Dordrecht; Boston; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990), which extends beyond the Middle Ages to Kant, Husserl, among others. Other books which take a historical approach are John Macnamara’s Through the Rearview
Mirror: Historical Reflections on Psychology (Cambridge, MA.: MIT Press, 1999);
and Kurt Danziger, Marking the Mind: A History of Memory (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 2008).
8
Kemp, Cognitive Psychology in the Middle Ages, p. 121. For Kemp’s presentation of
the similarities and differences between the cognitive psychology of the Middle Ages and modern cognitive science, see especially his seventh chapter “Medieval and Modern Theories of Cognition,” pp. 113-23.
9
Ibid., p. 118.
10
David Rubin, Memory in Oral Traditions: The Cognitive Psychology of Epic,
Ballads and Counting-Out Rhymes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995). A handful of articles take a cognitive approach to the study of medieval French literature in particular, see F. R. P. Akehurst, “Cognitive Orientations in the Fabliaux: Contribution to a Study of the Audience of Thirteenth-Century French Literature,” Reading Medieval Studies, 9 (1983), 45-55; Kathy Krause, “Generic Space-Off and
the Construction of the Female Protagonist: The Chanson de Florence de Rome,”
Exemplaria, 18 (2006), 93-136. Other literary medieval studies include: Ülar Ploom, Quest and Fulfillment in the 13
th
Century Italian Love Lyric: an Idea of Medieval
Cognitive Poetics (Tallinn: Aleksandra, 2000); and Leen Breure, “The Cognitive
Basis of Late Medieval Religious Biographies,” Computers and the Humanities, 12
(1978), 145-54. In the area of philosophy, see Stephen F. Brown, “The Medieval Background to the Abstractive vs. Intuitive Cognition Distinction,” in Geistesleben im
13. Jahrundert, eds. Jan A. Aertsen and Andreas Speer (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2000), pp.
79-90; Allan B. Wolter and Marilyn McCord Adams, “Memory and Intuition: A Focal Debate in Fourteenth Century Cognitive Psychology,” Franciscan Studies, 53 (1993),
175-230.