Report (sir Mac)_20250902_102352_0000.pptx

about mental and health promotions

1. MENTAL AND HEALTH PROMOTIONS

2. The terms mental health promotion and prevention have often been confused. Promotion is defined as intervening to optimize positive mental health by addressing determinants of positive mental health before a specific mental health problem has been identified, with the ultimate goal of improving the positive mental health of the population.

3. Mental health prevention is defined as intervening to minimize mental health problems by addressing determinants of mental health problems before a specific mental health problem has been identified in the individual, group, or population of focus with the ultimate goal of reducing the number of future mental health problems in the population.1 Mental health promotion and prevention are at the core of a public health approach to children and youth mental health which addresses the mental health of all children, focusing on the balance of optimizing positive mental health as well as preventing and treating mental health problems.

4. PROMOTION Mental health promotion attempts to encourage and increase protective factors and healthy behaviors that can help prevent the onset of a diagnosable mental disorder and reduce risk factors that can lead to the development of a mental disorder. It also involves creating living conditions and environments that support mental health and allow people to adopt and maintain healthy lifestyles or a “a climate that respects and protects basic civil, political, socio-economic and cultural rights is fundamental to mental health promotion. Without the security and freedom provided by these rights, it is very difficult to maintain a high level of mental health.

5. PROMOTION Mental health can be promoted through early childhood involvements (e.g., home visits for pregnant women, pre-school psychosocial activities); providing support for children (e.g., skills building programs, child and youth development programs);programs targeted at vulnerable groups, including minorities, indigenous people, migrants, and people affected by conflicts and disasters (e.g., psychosocial interventions after disasters); incorporating mental health promotional activities in schools (e.g., programs supporting ecological changes in schools and child-friendly schools); violence prevention programs; and, among others, community development programs.4

6. PROMOTION Positive youth development is defined by the Interagency Working Group on Youth Programs as an intentional, pro-social approach that: engages youth within their communities, schools, organizations, peer groups, and families in a manner that is productive and constructive; recognizes, utilizes, and enhances youths' strengths; and promotes positive outcomes for young people by providing opportunities, fostering positive relationships, and furnishing the support needed to build on their leadership strengths.

7. PROMOTION It provides a lens for promoting the mental health of youth by focusing on protective factors in a young person's environment, and on how these factors could influence one's ability to overcome adversity.

8. PREVENTION Prevention efforts can vary based on the, audience they are addressing, level of intensity they are providing, and the development phase they target. Figure 1 depicts the different types of prevention as defined by the Institute of Medicine. As prevention efforts move from universal prevention interventions to treatment they increase in intensity and become more individualized.

9. FIGURE 1: LEVELS OF INTERVENTION

10. CONCEPT OF DISEASE

11. INTRODUCTION The concept of disease is a complex and multifaceted topic with various implications in bioethics, healthcare, and society as a whole. It encompasses both naturalistic and normative views, and there is ongoing debate as to whether disease and health can be defined in a value-neutral way. The disease concept is a holistic clinical concept that reflects the dynamic, functional, temporal, and spatial morbid status of the human body. The problem of conceptual definition of health and disease is a background to situate and introduce the discussion of defining value.

12. CONCEPT OF DISEASE Webster defines disease as a state in which body health is impaired, a departure from a state of health, an alteration of the human body interrupting the performance of vital functions. Oxford defines disease as a condition of the body or some part or organ of the body in which its functions are disrupted or deranged. From ecological point of view, disease is defined as a maladjustment of the human organism to the environment.

13. CONCEPT OF DISEASE The simplest definition of disease is that disease is just the opposite of health or any deviation from normal functioning or state of complete physical or mental well-being. WHO has defined health but not disease. Disease literally means “Without ease” (Uneasiness). Disease is just the opposite of ease.

14. CONCEPT OF CAUSATION DISEASE Supernatural theory of disease The theory of humors The concept of contagion Miasmatic theory of disease The theory of spontaneous generation Germ theory of disease Natural History of Disease Various concept of disease causation have existed in the past: It is the way in which a disease evolves over time from the earliest stage of its pre-pathogenesis phase to its termination as recovery, disability or death, in the absence of treatment or prevention.

15. Pre-Pathogenesis Phase It is the period preliminary to the onset of disease in man. The diseases agent has not yet entered the man but the factors which favor its interaction with the human host are already existing in the environment. Pathogenesis Phase The pathogenesis phase begins with the entry of the disease agent in the susceptible human host. Disease results from a complex interaction between man, agent and the environment .

16. Agent The disease agent is a substance , living or non living, or a force, tangible or intangible, the excessive presence or relative lack of which may initiate or perpetuate a disease process. Disease may have a single or a number of independent agents or a complex of two or more factors. Biological agents– living agent of disease Bacteria, Viruses, protozoa, fungi, rickettsia Nutrient agents– Protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals and water Any excess or deficiency of the nutrient elements may result in nutritional disorders, anemia, goiter, obesity Physical agents – Exposure to excessive heat, cold, humidity, pressure, radiation, sound Chemical agents– metal fumes, dust, gases, insecticides Mechanical agents – exposure to chronic friction and other mechanical forces may result in crushing, tearing, sprains, dislocations Social agents – poverty, smoking, abuse of drugs, unhealthy life style, social isolation

17. Host Human host is referred as soil and the disease agent as seed. Host factors play a major role in determining the outcome of an individual’s exposure to infection. Host factors Demographic – age, sex, race Biological – genetic factors Social and economic factors Lifestyle factors

18. Environmental factors All that which is external to the individual human host, living or nonliving and with which he is in constant interaction. This include all surrounding such as air, water, food, housing etc. Physical environment Biological environment Psychological environment Spectrum of health Health and disease lie along a continuum, and there is no single cut off point. The lowest point on the health-disease spectrum is death and the highest point positive health.

19. Spectrum of Disease Variation in the manifestations of disease. Disease spectrum are sub clinical infections (unidentified) to fatal illnesses. Illnesses ranging in severity from mild to sever Iceberg of Disease Floating tip of the iceberg represents what the physician sees in the community- the clinical cases. The vast submerged portion of the iceberg represents the hidden mass of disease- latent, in apparent, presymptomatic and undiagnosed cases and carriers in the community. Water line represents the demarcation between apparent and in apparent disease.

20. Prevention of Disease Prevention may be: Primordial Prevention Primary Prevention Secondary Protection Tertiary Prevention The goals of prevention are: To promote health To preserve health ·To restore health when it is impaired To minimize suffering and distressLevels of Prevention

21. Primordial Prevention Prevention of the emergence or development of risk factors in a population in which they have not yet appeared is known as primordial prevention. Example:Obesity origin is in childhood and depends on life styles e.g. eating patterns and physical exercise. Main intervention in primordial prevention is through individual and mass education. It is directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful life styles. Example – smoking leading to COPD, it should be discouraged to prevent development of COPD. Primary Prevention Action taken prior to the onset of disease is known as primary prevention. It removes the possibility that the disease will ever occur. It is the intervention in the pre pathogenesis phase of a disease or health problem and involves: Health Promotion Specific Protection

22. Health Promotion Measures to promote optimal level of health including: Provision of adequate nutrition Health counseling to parents and community Provision of adequate housing Health education, counseling Periodical health examinations Environmental changesProvision of safe water Sanitary latrines Insect and rodent control

23. Specific Protection Measures applicable to a disease or group of diseases to intercept the cause before the involvement e.g. Specific immunization -Communicable diseases Specific Nutrient – Nutritional deficiency Dental carries — Fluoride Goiter – Iodine Protection against hazards Cancer– smoking Chemoprophy laxis

24. Secondary Protection Secondary prevention involves early diagnosis and prompt treatment. It starts when patient comes in contact with health worker or health facility and includes actions which halts the progress of a disease at its early stage and prevent complication. The aim is to arrest the disease process and restore health. Example: For Tuberculosis skin and sputum test for early detection.

25. Tertiary Prevention All measures to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, minimize suffering from disease and to promote the patients adjustment in society e.g. Disability limitation Limiting further progress of disability Measures of prevention at this level is provision of therapeutic substances to arrest the disease and prevent further disability Concepts of Control Disease control Disease Elimination Disease Eradication Aim is to reduce: The incidence of disease The duration of disease The effects of infection The financial burden

26. Disease Elimination Disease elimination lies between control and eradication. It is the INTERRUPTION of transmission of disease. Examples include Polio and Measles. Disease Eradication Disease elimination is tearing out by roots. It is the termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of infectious agent. Examples include Small pox. Universal prevention Universal prevention addresses the entire population (national, local community, school, district). Aim to prevent or delay the abuse of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. All individuals, without screening, are provided with information and skills necessary to prevent the problem. Selective prevention Selective prevention focuses on groups whose risk of developing problems of alcohol abuse or dependence is above average. The subgroups may be distinguished by characteristics such as age, gender, family history, or economic status. For example, drug campaigns in recreational settings or polio

27. Indicated prevention Indicated prevention involves a screening process, and aims to identify individuals who exhibit early signs of substance abuse and other problem behaviors. Identifiers may include falling grades among students, known problem consumption or conduct disorders, alienation from parents, school, and positive peer groups etc. Prophylaxis Prophylaxis ” is to guard or prevent beforehand . Any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure a disease.

28. Prophylactic measures include: 1. Primary prophylaxis (to prevent the development of a disease) 2. Secondary prophylaxis (whereby the disease has already developed and the patient is protected against worsening of this process). Prevention is better than cure This is a proverbial saying of 17th century. This proverb is often used in relation to health and disease. It’s better to take care that a problem so that it does not happen than to have to solve the problem afterwards. It’s easier to stop something bad from happening in the first place than to fix the damage after it has happened. Latin saying of 13th century It is better and more useful to meet a problem in time than to seek a remedy after the damage is done.

29. THANK YOU