Reproductive system male

1. By
Zaib-Ur-Rehman
Lecturer
Department of Poultry Science
PMAS,AridAgriculture University,Rawalpindi,Pakistan

2. AvianReproductivesystemdiffers
Reproduction is organized into distinctdevelopmental and
functionalphases
Male,itinclude
Fertilization
formation of a patent reproductive tract
production of sperms
maniifestation of male-specific behavioral patterns
expulsionofsperm from the body
It consist of testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, papilla and
phallus

4. TESTES
Two elliptical testes lie along the back, near the anterior end of
kidneys
Weight at birth is 2-4g & at maturity 25-35g
Left testis is heavier 0.5-3g
Mesorchiumconnects testes with the body wall
Serves as conduit for blood vessels and nerves
Each teste is made up of two types of parenchymal tissue,
interstitial and seminephrus epithelium
Interstitial tissue contain
Lyding cells
Peritubular epithelial cells
Nerves
Lymphatic vessels
Blood vessels

5. TESTES
Seminephrasepitheliumconsistof
Fibroblast
Myoepitheilialcells
Connectivetissue overbasallamina
Sertoli cells and developing germ cell stages are present
withinseminephrustubules
Their size varies depending upon the age and reproductive
stage

9. EPIDIDYMIS
The series of ducts opening into deferent duct are referred as
epididymis
It is present on the dorso-medial aspect of kidney known as
hilus
Epididymisconsistsof
rete testes
connecting ducts
efferent ducts
epididymal duct
Rete testesare lined by simple cuboidal and simple squamous
epithelium
Efferent dustshave pseudostratified clumner ciliated and non-
ciliatedepithelium

10. EPIDIDYMIS
Connecting DuctsThe epithelium of connecting ducts is also
pseudostratifiedcolumnar
Ductusdeferens
It is the continuity of epididymis having low mucosal folds
covered with non-ciliated pseudostratified columnar
epithelium
From cranial epididymis toward ductus deferens the luminal
diameter increase gradually up-to three times and dense
connective tissue along with smooth muscles surround the
mucosa
Itrunstowardscloacafor opening

11. PAPILLA
Thedeferensductusstraitenstowardscloaca
Abruptlywidensmakingreceptacleabeanshapedstructure
Itterminatesintocloacalurodeum(ondorsalwall)aspapilla
(copulatoryorgan),immediatelybelowthe openingofureter

12. ACCESSORYORGANS
Accessoryreproductiveorgansconsistof
Paracloacal vascular bodies
lymphatic folds
dorsal proctodeal gland
Theyareintegralpartofcloaca
Paracloacalvascularbodyliesalongsidethereceptacles
Lymphaticfoldsarepresentinproctodiumwall
Anon-intromittentphallus(usedfor sexidentification)forms
tumescenceof lymphaticfoldsthatisseen evertedimmediately
afterejaculation
Andthe lymphisformedinside vascularbodiesbythe
ultrafiltrationofblood

13. ONTOGENYOFREPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS
Pronephros,mesonephros and metanephrosare the three pairs
ofprimaryexcretoryorgansformedafterincubation
Pronephros(wollifian duct) disappear after 4 days of
incubation
Pronephros gives rise to mesonephros tubule, Mullarian duct,
connect mesonephros and cloaca and eventually persist as
deferentductinmales
Gonadsarise fromgerminalridge ofmesonephros
Primary sex cords and rete cords are present in
undifferentiatedgonad

14. ONTOGENYOFREPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS
Gonadal differentiation takes place around 6.5-7 day of
incubation
Progenitors of sertoli cells in sex cords are responsible for the
production of mullarian inhibiting substance (hormone) which
isresponsiblefor regressionof Mullarianducts
Acromatase is an enzyme responsible for conversion of
testosterone into estradiol, so it is the key factor for gonadal
differentiationanddevelopmentof femalephenotype

16. HORMONALPROFILESAND
SPERMATOGENESIS

17. CONTINUE……
The LC being dispersed between the tubules,produce several
androgens,primarilytestosterone
As sexual maturity approaches, production of testosterone is
stimulated by increased plasma concentrations of
gonadotrophins,especially,LH
In mature males, blood levels of LH is maintained by the
followingnegativefeedbackloop:
increasedtestosteronelevels decreased secretion of
GnRH-,inhibitssecretionofLH decreased concentration
ofLH decreased concentration of androgens
increased secretion of GnRH --) increased secretion of
LH.

18. SEMENPRODUCTION
Numberofspermspergramoftestesproducedperdayis
knownasdailyspermproduction
In caseofgallusitis80–120millionspermpergramoftestis
Thisvaluedenotesnumberof spermsreleasedfrom
seminephrousepitheliumto seminephroustubulelumenper
day
Thisphenomenonisknownasspermiation
Galliformspermsare0.5–0.7µmwideand75–90µminlength

19. SEMENPRODUCTION
Acrosome of sperm is conical, nucleus is moderately bent
cylindrical,and flagellum(84% of cell length) is surrounded by
helixhaving25-30mitochondrion
Following spermiation sperms are suspended in seminephrus
fluidthatresultsinformationofseminalplasma
Male ejaculate 0.1-1cc semenwith1.5-8x10
9
spermsin a single
mating

20. SEMEN
Volumeandconcentration
Number of SC and daily sperm production depend on testicular
size
large-sized males will have larger testes and produce more semen
Up to 87% of daily sperm may be collected by abdominal massage
method provided that the males are mating frequently or
ejaculated 5 times a week in artificial insemination (Al) program
In the absence of ejaculation,spermatozoa from lower vas deferens
are reabsorbed
Volume and concentration of sperms decrease if ejaculate is
collected frequently
Color of semen will be pearly white with a pH of 7.0 to 7.2

21. VOLUMEANDCONCENTRATIONOFTHE
SEMEN

22. NUMBEROFSPERMSVSNOOFEJACULATIONS

23. MOTILITYOFSPERMSATDIFFERENT
REGIONS

24. TRANSPORTANDSTORAGE
FluidsfromSTmoveSZreleasedintothelumento RT
Re-absorption of the fluids at RT andvasa efferentiaresulting in
concentration of SZ which then pass through ED tovas deferens
(VD),reservoirof semen
InCoturnix,sperm concentration is enhanced by 60 foldsand
transport through excurrent ducts takes about24 hr (several
daysinchicken)
Cells of RT and ED synthesize and secrete proteins which help
SZtogain motilityandfertilizability
Release of fully formed SZ into lumen of ST is called as
spermiation.

25. CONTINUE….
SZcanreachlowerVDfromED in24hrandmostofSZin ED
wouldhavebeentransportedwithin72hr
40-60%ofSZ/semenisgivenoutin thefirstejaculateon
abdominalmassage
Atejaculation,semenfromVD flowsout,oncontractionof well-
developedmusclesinthelowerregion,through papillaeinto
urodeum,lymph-engorgedlateralphallicfoldsof proctodeum
andto cloacain thatorder;itexitswithsuchaforce thatit
seldomtouchescloaca

26. SECONDARYSEXGLANDS
Domesticbirdslacksecondarysexglands
Seminal fluid is derived entirely from testes and/or excurrent
ducts
Lymphatic exudates may be added to the semen in case of
abdominalmassageforcollectionof semen
Chicken,turkeysandJapanese quailshave a glandin the dorsal
proctodeum
Thisglandcan be consideredan accessory sex gland in case of
Japanesequails

27. METABOLISM
In vivo,fertilizing capacity of SZ lasts for7 to 14 dwhereas, invitro,it
decreases within15 min
From testes up to ED,SZ do not receiveenergy nor dispatch wastedirectly
to blood stream.
Cock can utilize glucose both aerobically and anaerobically
Tom semen only aerobically
Fowl SZ can utilize PL when glucose is not available; but it cannot
metabolize glutamate although it is available at high concentrations
Therefore,glutamate is not an essential component in any semen diluent
but it is beneficial as a preservative probably as an alternative for Cl
-
ions
Seminal fluid is a poor reservoir of glucose and hence cannot cater to the
energy requirements of SZ
If lymphatic fluid is present in semen (as in case of abdominal massage)

28. MATING/ARTIFICIALINSEMINATION
NaturalMating
Courtship
Male
Waltz(drops one wing and approaches the hen with short shuffling
side-steps)
Tidbitting
Cornerning
Female

29. MATING
Semen is ejaculated through the engorged phallic folds into
evertedcloaca
Themalequicklyretractsandslidesoffthe female
The female assumes a characteristic stance and in about 3 to 4
sec shakes vigorously while the male may circle and waltz
aroundthefemale
Malesprefertomatewithfemaleshavingaphenotype
In small flocks, females mate with the same male in the
absenceof morphologicaldifferencesin themale
Courtshipincaseofturkeysiscalledstrutting

30. ARTIFICIALINSEMINATION
Advantages
Less number of males
Pedigree mating
Unlimited number of single male matings
Prefential mating
Problems of trap nesting
Pooled semen
Old males (with good characteristics)
Cage system
Turkey & broiler breeders
Male to female ratio in Muscovy ducks
Sexually transmitted diseases

31. CONTINUE……
Disadvantages
Labor consuming
Chances of cross contamination
Involves handling of birds

32. MATING
Male chicken attempts to mate10-30 times a day and 70%
matingissuccessful
Male birds prefer to mate with pullets in the middle of social
orderandmaymatewiththe samehenmanytimesinaday
Competition, availability of female,social order, light,
temperatureandmanyotherfactorseffectcourtingbehavior

33. SEMENCOLLECTION
Inchicken, turkeys, Guinea fowl, Pheasants and Quails, semen
collectioncanbedonebyabdominalmassagemethod
In case ofDucks and Geese, semen is usually collected by
interceptingtheflowofsemenduringnaturalmating.

34. ABDOMINALMASSAGEMETHOD
Semen can be collected from male chicken bymassagingthe
softpartunderpelvicbone
Papillaprotrudesoutandsemenisgentlymilkedoutin avial
An experienced practitioner can collect semen from145 birds
inanhour
Semencollectedatmorningismoreefficientbecauseof
Greater volume
High sperm motility
Concentration
Semeniscollectedbyaspirationintoanampoulecontaining
semendiluentat15°C

35. CONTINUE…
Advantagesofusingdiluentsare
a)preventscold-shocktothe SZsincethevialitselfwillbe
cooler
b)diluentsbuffertheacidicproductsof metabolismof SZand
c)volumeofsementobehandledwillbepracticaland
convenientcommercially
SinceAvianSZcanmetabolizeglucose/fructose
TES,BFSandPO
4
-
- actasbuffersinthe rangeofpH6.8to7.5.
Milkpowderandalbumenareaddedtohelpfreezing

36. SEMENEVALUATION
Fertilizability of the SZ
To fix dilution rate to ensure 10
8
sperms/Al.
Color of semen must be white to pearly white; yellow (fecal
contamination) and brownish red (presence of RBCs) colors are not
acceptable
Neat semen can be viewed under microscope for swirling mass of
cells sweeping across the field
Volume is found to fix dilution rate later and if weigh of semen is
fund, density can be calculated as the ratio of weight to volume;
density of semen is expected to be 1 mg/µL
Concentration can be assessed by automatic counters
(spermatocrit)
Transmittance (spectrometric)
Integrity of SZ can be estimated by staining technique

37. INSEMINATIONDOSE
Theoretically,5x 10
7
SZappeartobesufficient;but,under
commercialconditions,10
8
(chicken)to2 x10
8
(turkeys)SZare
recommended
5to 20AIcanbedone percollection
Eachmalecanyieldsemen4 to5times/week
40to200henscanbeinseminatedoveraweekoutof semen
froma cock

38. TIMINGOFAI
Timingof Alchangesaccordingto ovipositionofthe species
In chicken,AI done at or within 2 hr after oviposition resulted in
20to40%fewerfertileeggs
This is presumably because of fewer contractions of shell gland
andvagina
High fertility can be expected for 7 d (chicken) and 14 d
(turkeys)afterAl
It is highly recommended to repeat AI after 5 d (chicken) or 7 d
(turkeys)toensurehighfertility
Under commercial conditions, some poultry breeders do
performAItwiceaweek.

39. PLACEMENTOFSEMEN
Cloaca is everted by securing the bird and applying a gentle
pressureon theabdomentowardsthe vent;
White Leghorns commonly evert the cloaca with little effort
whereas, broiler breeders may require training and careful
handlingfor satisfactoryresults
Vaginal entry is exposed (constricted opening can be seen on
theleftsideof thebird)
Al pipette is inserted to about3 cm (chicken) or 6 cm (turkeys)
depth
It is highly desirable that the Al is performed within 30 min of
collectionofsemen

40. INVITROSTORAGEOFSEMEN
Aviansemenismorefragilethanthatof mammals
Therefore,whenever AI is not possible to be completed within
30min,invitrostoragebecomesanecessity
Semen can either be held in aliquid medium or be frozen;the
latter is not commercial because of fragility of Avian SZ (98 to
99% of SZ are Lost due to freezing and thawing) as well as cost
andavailabilityof liquidnitrogen
Liquid semen can be stored up to48 hrwith sufficient supply of
oxygen and glucosewith sufficientbufferingto maintain pH
andanambienttemperatureof5to 7°C
Hence,it is possible to hold diluted semen for 24 hr (turkeys) to
48hr(chicken)at5°Cwithminimumloss

41. CAPONIZATION
Surgical removal of testes to castrate a male chickens resulting
thecockerelfailto develop
certain male characteristics
tends to lose them if they are developed
Castrationeliminatethe productionformalesex hormones
caponsare usually docile and quiet,and their head seem small
because comb and wattles cease growing after castration but
thefeathersofhackle,tailandsaddle growunusuallylong

42. CAPONIZATION
These males do not waste energy in courting behavior,fighting
andterritorialprotection
Feed conversion ratio becomes better,fat deposition increases
andmeatqualityimproves
Capon meat has more fat, so this meat is more tender, juicier
andflavorfulthanthatofintactmale
Caponizationisusuallydoneattwoto fourweeksof age
Caponsaremarketedattheageof 15to18weeks
Agoodpractitionercancaponize200birdsper hour

43. FERTILITYINCHICKENS
Goal of a chicken breeder is to produce hatching eggs
Flock fertility is dependent (the level of egg and semen production)
Combined with the chickens' interest in and capability of mating
Fertility decrease as the chickens get older
For females,it is decline in fertility is due to
faster release of sperm from the sperm storage tubules
meaning that the hen cannot store sperm as long
For males,it is presumed that although roosters continue to produce sperm
formany years, sperm quality declines and mating activitydecreases as a
rooster ages
Increase in early embryo deaths occurs when incubated eggs come from
chickens in the second half of their reproduction cycle.These early deaths
often appear as clears and may be mistaken for infertile eggs during
candling or breaking out of unhatched eggs.

44. REFERENCES
Reece,W.O.,2005.Dukes Physiology of Domestic Animals,Panima
publishingcorporationNewDelhi,Banglore,India.
Whittow, G.C., 2000. Sturkie’s Avian Physiology. 5
th
Edition.
AcademicPress,NewYork,USA.
Bell, D.D. and W.D. Weaver. 2007. Commercial Chicken Meat and
Egg Production.5
th
Edition.Springer(India)Private,Limited.
Sreenivasaih, P.V. 2006. Scientific Poultry Production. 3
rd
Revised
Edition,International Book Distributing Company,Lucknow,India.
Pages,134-146.