RESEARCH lec #10.pptx for post rn bsn or bs nursing

RESEARCH lec #10.pptx for post rn bsn or bs nursing

1. NURSING RESEARCH LEC#10 SNOBIA MANZOOR POST (RN) ,MPH 1

2. OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lecture the students will be able to: Define ethics & ethical research Discuss elements of ethical research Understand unethical studies Explain elements of unethical research 2

3. ETHICS AND ETHICAL RESEARCH Definition of ethics: Ethics are moral rules and principles that became standard for professional conduct. Ethical research: A system of moral values that is concerned with the degree to which research procedure adhere to professional ,legal and social obligation to the study participant. 3

4. ELEMENTS OF ETHICAL RESEARCH : Protecting human rights. Understanding informed consent. Understanding institutional review of research. Balancing benefits and risk in a study. 4

5. UNETHICAL STUDIES: Nazi medical experiments(1933 to 1945) Tuskegee syphilis study (1932 to 1972) Willowbrook study (1950 to 1970) Jewish chronic disease hospital study(1960) 5

6. 1.NAZI MEDICAL TRIAL(1933 TO 1945) The Nazi medical experiments of the 1933 to 1945 are the most famous example of recent disregard for ethical conduct . Nazi physician tortured and murdered thousand of victims in the name of research . Medical experiments were conducted on prisoners of war and persons considered to be valueless . The experiments involved exposing subjects to high altitudes ,freezing temperatures , infection and surgery without anesthesia and violated numerous rights of subjects with permanent damage and death. 6

7. 2.TUSKEGEE SYPHILIS STUDY(1932 TO 1972) In 1932 ,the US public health services initiated a study of natural history of syphilis in black men in small town of Tuskegee ,Alabama. Many of subjects were not informed about study purpose and procedures. The subjects were examined periodically but were not treated for syphilis . Over 100 infected men died due to deliberately withheld of treatment. In 1972,US department of Health and Education, and Welfare stop the study. 7

8. 3.WILLOW BROOK STUDY (1950 TO 1970 ) From 1950 to 1970,Dr. Saul Krugman conducted research on hepatitis at Willow brook ,an institution for mentally retarded in New York. Gain understanding of natural history of infectious hepatitis. The subjects were children who deliberately infected with hepatitis virus. During study school was closed to all sections except “hepatitis section”. Those Children were admit who’s parents were willing to give permission for study. 8

9. Problems with willow brook study : Children were injected with live hepatitis virus. Lack child consent. No regard of protection Damage the standard of humanity. 9

10. 4.JEWISH CHRONIC DISEASE HOSPITAL STUDY:(1960) Another unethical study was conducted in 1960 in New York. The purpose of study was to determine rejection responses to live cancer cells . The elder people were infected with live cancer cells . A suspension contain live cancer cells was injected and subject did not know about this injection of cancer cell. This unethical study injured and even cause death .which stopped after awareness of public . 10

11. ELEMENTS OF UNETHICAL RESEARCH : Scientists misconduct Fabrication and falsification Forging of data Plagiarism Putting subject at risk Violation of informed consent 11

12. REFRENCES: Burns, N. & Groves, S.K.(2007). understanding nursing research.(4 th ed.). Philadelphia: W .B. Saunders. Polit ,D .F .& Beck, C.T.(2006).Essential of nursing research: Methods ,appraisal, & utilization.(6 th ed.).Philadelphia: Lippincott 12