research material for reasearch scholers and main topics

all research topics

1. Research Methodologies
with a perspective of Quality Thesis
1

2. Inventions and Innovations

3. Invention
Itisthe"creationofaproductorintroductionofaprocess
forthefirsttime."
Innovation
Ithappenswhensomeone"improvesonormakesa
significantcontribution"tosomethingthathasalready
beeninvented.

4. 4
Innovation is crucial to the continuing success of any organization"
•a new method, idea, product, etc.
plural noun:innovations
“Technological innovations designed to save energy“
Change
Alteration
Revolution
Upheaval
Transformation
Metamorphosis
Reorganization
Restructuring
Rearrangement
Recasting
Re-modelling
Renovation
Restyling
Variation
New measures
New methods
New devices
Novelty
Newness
Un continuality
Modernization
Modernism

5. If
invention is a pebble tossed in the pond,
innovation is the rippling effect that pebble causes.
Someone has to toss the pebble. That's the inventor.
Someone has to recognize the ripple will eventually
become a wave. That's the entrepreneur.

6. Alexander Graham Bell
Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born scientist,
inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with
patenting the first practical telephone.
Bell was awarded his patent for the telephone
on March 7, 1876

7. Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical
physicist.
Hedevelopedthegeneraltheoryofrelativity,one
ofthetwopillarsofmodernphysics.
In 1921, Einstein won the Nobel Prize for Physics

8. Aryabhatta
Aryabhatta (476-550 A.D.), one of the world’s
greatest mathematician-astronomer
Invented Zero

9. Orville Wright –Wilbur Wright
Orville wright
Completed 3years of
high school
Inventors of Air craft
Wilbur wright
Completed 4years
of high school

10. Inventor Thomas Edison
InventorThomasEdisoncreatedsuchgreatinnovationsastheelectriclight
bulbandthephonograph.
BythetimehediedonOctober18,1931,ThomasEdisonhadamasseda
record1,093patents:389forelectriclightandpower,195forthe
phonograph,150forthetelegraph,141forstoragebatteriesand34forthe
telephone.

11. William Sturgeon
Invention of the Electromagnet
Sturgeonin1824.Sturgeon`soriginaldrawingfromhis1824paperto
theBritishRoyalSocietyofArts,Manufactures,andCommerce.
Themagnetwasmadeof18turnsofbarecopperwire(insulatedwire
hadnotyetbeeninvented)

12. Willem Einthoven
WillemEinthovenwastheinventoroftheECG,
whowontheNobelPrize(1924)formedicine.

13. Inventor of Raman Effect
Sir C V Raman
HewastherecipientoftheNobelprizeforPhysicsin1930
forthediscoverythatwhenLighttraversesatransparent
material,someofthelightthatisdeflectedchangesin
wavelength.

14. Madam Marie Curie
MarieCuriebecamethefirstwomantowinaNobelPrizeandtheonly
womantowintheawardintwodifferentfields(physicsandchemistry).
Curie'sefforts,withherhusbandPierreCurie,ledtothediscoveryof
poloniumandradiumand,afterPierre'sdeath,thefurtherdevelopment
ofX-rays.

15. VA Shiva Ayyadurai
VAShivaAyyaduraiisanIndian-bornAmericanscientist.
Asahighschoolstudentin1979,hedevelopedan
electronicversionofaninterofficemailsystem,whichhe
called"EMAIL"andcopyrightedin1982.

16. Dr.VishalRao,aBangalorebasedoncologist,hasdevelopeda
voiceprosthesisthatcanhelpthroatcancerpatientsspeak
aftersurgery.Andunliketheextremelyexpensiveones
availableinthemarkettoday,thisdevicewillcostjustRs.50.

18. Dr. R.A. Mashelkar, Former DG , CSIR
18
oChild Centered Education
oWoman Centered Family
oHuman Centered Development
oKnowledge Centered Society
oInnovation Centered India

19. 19
Responsibilities of the Teacher
1.Knowledge Acquisition
2.Knowledge Dissemination
3.Knowledge Preservation
4.Knowledge Application
5.Knowledge Evaluation
6.Knowledge Creation

20. Education as the primary means for achieving
a National awakening
and
Research is means for National Development
20

21. •Low Remunerations relative to Industries
•High Qualifications (Desirous)
•Late Settlement in Good position
•Performance evaluation is student centric
•Active learning forever is desired
•High Noble qualities are desired

22. •No Retirement for the Teacher
•Recognition and Respect in the society
•Noble qualities can be achieved
•Good health and no Tensions
•Reasonable standard of life is assured
•Good relations with students occupying high positions
•Exposure to Higher learning societies

23. Role of the Teacher
•Transforming the society towards value driven
•Creating healthy mind sets in students & friends
•Innovative thinking for wealth creation
•Knowledge enhancement as per societal needs
•Bridging the gap between the society and students
•Disciplined environment in and around

24. Responsibilities of the teacher
•Teaching
•Research
•Consultancy
•Administration
•Serving the society
•Sharing the innovations
•Networking with higher learning organizations
•Student counselling after awareness of his /
her psychology

25. Teacher can succeed only if,
•Teacher’s thoughts should be student centric
•Teacher’s thoughts should be for societal needs
•Teacher should not opt for awards and rewards
•Teacher should be with simplicity, honesty, good
natured, and value driven with selfless

26. Oneperson’shalf-bakedsuggestionresonatesin
themindofanotherandsuddenlytakesadefiniteshape.
Aninsightfulcritiqueofonewayofthinkingabouta
problemleadstoanother,betterunderstanding.An
incomprehensiblesimulationresultsuddenlymakes
senseastwopeopletrytounderstandittogether.
(Hakkarainenetal,2004,p.149)
Hakkarainen,T.,Palonen,T.,Paavola,S.,&Lehtinen,
E.(2004).Communitesofnetworkedexpertise:
Professionaland educationalperspectives.
Amsterdam:Elsevier.
26

27. RESEARCH METHODS/
TYPES OF RESEARCH
27

28. BASIC RESEARCH
Theresearchisfor
•Knowledgeenhancement,
•Noimmediatecommercialpotential.
•Humanwelfare,Animalwelfareandplantkingdomwelfare.
Itiscalledbasic,pure,fundamentalresearch.
Themainmotivationistoexpandman'sknowledge,nottocreateor
inventsomething.
Thereisnoobviouscommercialvaluetothediscoveriesthat
resultfrombasicresearch.
Basicresearchlaydownthefoundationfortheappliedresearch.
Peoplecannotforeseethefuturewellenoughtopredictwhatis
goingtodevelopfromthebasicresearch
Example:Howdidtheuniversebegin?
28

29. APPLIED RESEARCH
•Appliedresearchisdesignedtosolvepracticalproblemofthe
modernworld,ratherthantoacquireknowledgeforknowledge
sake.
•Thegoalofappliedresearchistoimprovethehumancondition.It
focusesonanalysisandsolvingsocialandreallifeproblems.And
itisexpensive
•Appliedresearchisaninvestigationforwaysofusingscientific
knowledgetosolvepracticalproblems.Example:improve
agriculturecropproduction,treatorcureaspecificdisease,
improvetheenergyefficiencyofhomes,offices,howcan
communicationamongworkersinlargecompaniesbeimproved?
•Appliedresearchcanbefurtherclassifiedasproblemorientedand
problemsolvingresearch.
29

30. 30
Problemorientedresearch:Researchisdonebyindustry
apexbodyforsortingoutproblemsfacedbyallthecompanies.
Example:WTOdoesproblemorientedresearchfordeveloping
countries,inindiaagricultureandprocessedfoodexport
developmentauthority(APEDA)conductregularresearchfor
thebenefitofagri-industry.
ProblemsolvingResearch:Thistypeofresearchisdoneby
anindividualcompanyfortheproblemfacedbyit.Marketing
researchandmarketresearcharetheappliedresearch.
Example:videoconinternationalconductsresearchtostudy
customersatisfactionlevel,itwillbeproblemsolvingresearch.
Inshort,themainaimofappliedresearchistodiscover
somesolutionforsomepressingpracticalproblem.

31. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
•Quantitativeresearchaimtomeasurethequantityoramountand
comparesitwithpastrecordsandtriestoprojectforfuture
period.
•Theobjectiveofqualitativeresearchistodevelopandemploy
mathematicalmodels,theoriesorhypothesispertainingto
phenomena.
•Theprocessofmeasurementiscentraltoquantitativeresearch
becauseitprovidesfundamentalconnectionbetweenempirical
observationandmathematicalexpressionofquantitative
relationships.
31

32. 32
▪Statisticsisthemostwidelyusedbranchofmathematicsin
quantitativeresearch.Statisticalmethodsareused
extensivelywithinfieldssuchaseconomicsandcommerce.
▪Quantitativeresearchinvolvingtheuseofstructuredquestions,
wheretheresponseoptionshavebeenpre-determinedandlarge
numberofrespondentsisinvolved.
▪Example:Totalsalesofsoapindustryintermsofrupees
coresandorquantityintermsoflakhstonesforparticular
year,say2008,couldberesearched,comparedwithpast5
yearsandthenprojectionfor2009couldbemade.

33. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
•Qualitativeresearchpresentsnon-qualitativetypeofanalysis.
Qualitativeresearchiscollecting,analyzingandinterpretingdataby
observingwhatpeopledoandsay.
•Qualitativeresearchreferstothemeanings,definitions,
characteristics,symbols,metaphors,anddescriptionofthings.
Qualitativeresearchismuchmoresubjectiveandusesverydifferent
methodsofcollectinginformation,mainlyindividual,in-depth
interviewsandfocusgroups.
•Thenatureofthistypeofresearchisexploratoryandopenended.
Smallnumberofpeopleareinterviewedindepthandorarelatively
smallnumberoffocusgroupsareconducted.
33

34. 34
Qualitativeresearchcanbefurtherclassifiedinthefollowingtype.
I.Phenomenology:aformofresearchinwhichtheresearcher
attemptstounderstandhowoneormoreindividuals
experienceaphenomenon.Eg:-wemightinterview20victims
ofBhopaltragedy.
II.Ethnography:thistypeofresearchfocusesondescribingthe
cultureofagroupofpeople.Acultureisthesharedattributes,
values,norms,practices,language,andmaterialthingsofa
groupofpeople.Eg:-theresearchermightdecidetogoandlive
withthetribalinAndamanislandandstudythecultureandthe
educationalpractices
III.Casestudy:isaformofqualitativeresearchthatisfocused
onprovidingadetailedaccountofoneormorecases

35. TYPES OF RESEARCH
35

36. INTERDISCIPLINARY
“Research, teaching, or problem solving that integrates several
disciplines to create a unified outcome”
--James Collins
Aninterdisciplinarycommunityorprojectismadeup
ofpeoplefrommultipledisciplinesandprofessionswhoare
engagedincreatingandapplyingnewknowledgeastheywork
togetherasequalstakeholdersinaddressingacommonchallenge.
Thekeyquestioniswhatnewknowledge(ofanacademic
disciplinenature),whichisoutsidetheexistingdisciplines,is
requiredtoaddressthechallenge.
36

37. •Amultidisciplinarycommunityorprojectismadeupofpeople
fromdifferentdisciplinesandprofessionswhoareengagedin
workingtogetherasequalstakeholdersinaddressingacommon
challenge.
•Thekeyquestionishowwellcanthechallengebedecomposed
intonearlyseparablesubparts,andthenaddressedviathe
distributedknowledgeinthecommunityorprojectteam.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY
37

38. MULTI-AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
A
B
common problem
Work on
A
B
C
A
B
Multidisciplinary
Interdisciplinary
Interaction
forges new discipline
38

39. •Transdisciplinarityconnotesaresearchstrategythatcrosses
manydisciplinaryboundariestocreateaholisticapproach.
•Itappliestoresearcheffortsfocusedonproblemsthatcrossthe
boundariesoftwoormoredisciplines,suchasresearchon
effectiveinformationsystemsforbiomedicalresearchandcan
refertoconceptsormethodsthatwereoriginallydevelopedby
onediscipline,butarenowusedbyseveralothers,suchas
ethnography,afieldresearchmethodoriginallydevelopedin
anthropologybutnowwidelyusedbyotherdisciplines.
TRANSDISCIPLINARITY
39

40. INTRA DISCIPLINARY
•AnIntradisciplinaryapproachinvolvesanarrangementofthe
knowledgeandskillswithinonesubjectarea.
•Thisapproachrespectsthesubject'swayofknowingdistinct
conceptualstructuresandmethodsofinquiry.
•Itaimsatintegratingthesubject'sknowledgeandskillsintoa
coherentwhole.Alsoapartofthisapproachisvertical
integrationwhereknowledgeandskillswithinonesubjectarea
areconnectedfromgrade-to-grade
40

41. 41

42. RESEARCH TOPICS
•Air Quality
•Climate Change
•Environment
•Ecosystem Management
(Optimizing the natural
resources)
•Electricity
•Energy
•Environmental Regulation
•Food and Agriculture
•Forests
•Land Use
•Marine Resources
•Policy Instruments
•Risk Management
•Space
•Transportation
•Waste Management and Site
Cleanup
•Water
•Pharmacy
•Engineering disciplines
•Management
42

43. SELECTION OF THE AREA FOR ENGINEERING
➢Electronics and Communication Engg
• Signal & Image Processing
• Communication Engineering
• VLSI Design
➢Civil Engineering
• Structural Engineering
• Soil Mechanics
• Environmental Engineering
➢Computer Science Engineering
• Data Mining and Data ware
housing
• Mobile Computing
• Computer Architecture
➢Electrical & Electronics Engineering
• Power Systems
• Power Electronics
• VLSI Design
➢Mechanical Engineering
• Thermal Engineering
• Production Engineering
• Machine Designing
43

44. SELECTION OF TOPIC
(CHECK FOR VIABILITY, WITH HARDWARE)
•Image Processing
Image enhancement
Image restoration
Image segmentation
Image mosaic
Image matching
Image registration
Image watermarking
Image In-painting
Image compression
Image fusion
Image retrieval
Super resolution
Visual Cryptography
•Pattern Recognition
Voice Recognition
Speech Recognition
Face Recognition
Iris Recognition
Character Recognition
Palm Recognition
Finger Print Recognition
Vein Recognition
Ear Pattern Recognition
DNA Recognition
44

45. Selection of the subjects in the course work
(preferably one subject on advanced maths)
➢Related to the area of the Research
Example:
If the area of research is Image Processing
•Pattern Recognition
•Computer vision
•Image Processing
•Statistics and Random Variable
•Transform Techniques
•Mathematics
45

46. Reading the books in that subject
•http://www.flazx.com/
•http://www.ebooks.com/
•http://www.faadooengineers.com/content/
•http://bookboon.com/en/textbooks
•http://www.ebooksdownloadfree.com/
•http://www.freeengineeringbooks.com/
46

47. Implementing the small projects in the area of the work
•Mini Projects
•UG Projects
•PG Thesis
•Comparison of techniques in Literature
•Understanding the limitations, disadvantages &
advantages
•Identifications of new tools
47

48. COLLECTION OF LITERATURE
(soft copy & Hard copy)
•Elsevier , IEEE Xplore, ASME, ASCE, ACM etc., Websites
•Published papers in reputed Journals
•Published Papers in reputed National & International Conferences
•Indian National Scientific Documentation Centre(INSDOC)
Location:
14, Satsang Marg, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi ,
309 Bipin Behari Ganguly, Street, E-block, 2nd Floor,Kolkata,
Indian Institute of Science Campus ,Bangalore
•Online Journals
•Frequent visits toLibraries of higher learning institutes
48

49. Fundamental Steps
•Study of Survey Papers (Historical background)
•Attending the conferences…
•Discussing with other research scholars
•Acquaintance with the verbatim of the topic
•Applications of the topic selected
•User Community
For example: www.watermarkingworld.org
•File sharing sites (www.mathworks.com)
•FAQ, White papers, Tutorials, and demos
•Implementation of Routine and Standard basic Algorithms which are thoroughly
understood
•Preferably collect all the research papers available in the area of research, in particular for
the last three years from standard journals
49

50. SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR ENGINEERING
•MATLAB (SCILAB)& SIMULINK
•LAB VIEW
•CADENCE
•Ansys software
•Studds software
•NetSIM
•Auto CAD
•Octave–programming language (very similar to Matlab) with
statistical features
•Mathematica
50

51. Benchmarking the algorithms, database
(speech database, image database, video database )
•COREL Database (CBIR applications)
•BIT : (http://biometrics.idealtest.org/)
For Iris, Face, Fingerprint, Palm print, Face, Handwriting & Signature,
Multispectral Palm
Video Database:
http://trecvid.nist.gov/
http://trec.nist.gov/
http://www.open-video.org/
http://ivp.ee.cuhk.edu.hk/index.shtml
51

52. IDENTIFY THE PERFORMANCE METRICS
•Signal compression
•PSNR,
•Entropy,
•Compression ratio
•Watermarking
•PSNR
•Normalized Cross correlation
•Computational complexity
•Information hiding capacity
•Data Retrieval
•Retrieval rate
•Retrieval efficiency
•Computation time
•Image Segmentation
•Segmentation accuracy,
•Sensitivity
•Specificity etc.
52

53. RESEARCH TOOLS IN SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
•Optimization Techniques
oDynamic Programming,
oSimulated Annealing,
oGenetic algorithm,
oArtificial Bee Colony(ABC)algorithm
oParticle Swarm Optimization
•Neural Networks
oMulti Layer Perceptron
oHopfield Network
oAdaptive Resonance Theory
oKohonen Network
•Sub band Decomposition Techniques
oWavelets,
oCurvelets,
oContourlets,
oS-Transform,
oNonsubsampled Contourlet
53

54. 54
f(t)
W(t)

55. •Support Vector Machines
•Deep learning, Compressed Sensing, Sentiment Analysis
•Fuzzy set Theoretic Techniques
•Rough sets/ Fuzzy Rough sets/ Rough Fuzzy sets
•Statistical tools, viz., Probability, Random variables, stochastic
process, Moments, Estimation, and Non-parametric statistics, etc.
•Mathematical tools, viz., Differential Equations, Partial differential
equations, Calculus, Matrix Algebra, Vector calculus, and
Trigonometry, etc.
•Other tools, viz., Graph theory, Combinatorial Analysis, Data
structures, Programming languages etc.
55

56. •Implement one of the research paper available and find the
limitations of the paper
•Identify the tools/ideas which can solve the research problem
effectively, such that one can improve the performance of the
existing paper
•Communicate the research papers only to standard
International Conferences
•The same idea with modifications/extensions can be
communicated to Journals
56

57. •Initially, communicate the research papers to single reviewer
journals
•Thoroughly, discuss with various researchers working in the
area of work, without giving your idea
•Always speak about limitations and tools
•Dedication, Commitment, Perseverance are important for the
execution of the work
•Aim for Ph. D., with Quality in the work
57

58. •Introduction, Literature survey, Three Contributory Chapters
with three publications, Conclusions result the thesis
•Avoid the plagiarism
•Try to solve the Industry oriented problem, so that it results
Quality work with necessary financial resources
•Submit the Project proposals to various funding agencies,
such as DST, UGC, AICTE etc
•Develop your own Laboratory for Research activity
•Enjoy your research while doing your PhD.
58

59. OUTCOME OF THE RESEARCH FOR AN INDIVIDUAL
•Analytical skills
•Logical skills
•Presentation skills
•Communication skills
59

60. SPONSORED RESEARCH
•SubmissionofProjectproposalstofunding
agencies(UGC,AICTE,DST,DBT,DRDO,etc.,)
•Presentationofproposal
•Effectiveutilizationoffunds
•Submissionofoutcome
60

61. INDUSTRY ORIENTED RESEARCH
•Interactionwithindustrypersonnel
•Identifyingtheresearchproblems
•Submissionoftheproposalforsanctionoffunds
•InteractingwithexpertsfromhigherlearningInstitutions
•Effectiveutilizationoftheoutcome
61

62. PAPERS AND PATENTS
62

63. STAGES IN PUBLISHING
•Choice of a journal
•Manuscript preparation and submission
•Review
•Manuscript revision
•Editorial decision
•Copyright form
•Proof reading
•Publication
63

64. 64
Publication Index
Impact Factor
Author Indices
H index
i10 index
Citations

65. 65
Impact Factor
Inanygivenyear,theimpactfactorofajournalisthenumberof
citationsreceivedbyarticlespublishedinthatjournalduringthetwo
precedingyears,dividedbythetotalnumberofarticlespublishedin
thatjournalduringthetwoprecedingyears.
Forexample,ifajournalhasanimpactfactorof3in2015,thenits
paperspublishedin2013and2014received3citationseachon
averagein2015.
Notethat2015impactfactorareactuallypublishedin2016;they
cannotbecalculateduntilallofthe2015publicationshavebeen
processedbytheindexingagency.

66. 66
H index
The h-index is an author-level metric that attempts to measure both the productivity
and citation impact of the publication of a Scientist or a Scholar.
Formally,iffisthefunctionthatcorrespondstothenumberofcitationsforeach
publication,wecomputetheh-indexasfollows.Firstweorderthevaluesofffrom
thelargesttothelowestvalue.Then,welookforthelastpositioninwhichfisgreater
thanorequaltotheposition(wecallhthisposition).
Forexample,ifwehavearesearcherwith5publicationsA,B,C,D,andEwith10,8,
5,4,and3citations,respectively,thehindexisequalto4becausethe4th
publicationhas4citationsandthe5thhasonly3.
Incontrast,ifthesamepublicationshave25,8,5,3,and3,thentheindexis3
becausethefourthpaperhasonly3citations.
f(A)=10,f(B)=8,f(C)=5,f(D)=4,f(E)=3→h-index=4
f(A)=25,f(B)=8,f(C)=5,f(D)=3,f(E)=3→h-index=3
If we have the functionfordered in decreasing order from the largest value to the
lowest one,
we can compute thehindex as follows:
h-index (f) =max min(f(i),i)

67. 67
i10 -index
i10-Index = the number of publications with at least 10 citations.
ThisverysimplemeasureisonlyusedbyGoogleScholar,andis
anotherwaytohelpgaugetheproductivityofascholar.
Advantages of i10-Index
•Very simple and straightforward to calculate
•Citations in Google Scholar is free and easy to use
Disadvantagesof i10-Index
•Used only in Google Scholar

68. 68
Citations
Acitationisareferencetoapublishedor
unpublishedsource(notalwaystheoriginalsource).
Moreprecisely,acitationisanabbreviatedalphanumeric
expressionembeddedinthebodyofanintellectualworkthat
denotesanentryinthebibliographicreferencessectionofthe
workforthepurposeofacknowledgingtherelevanceofthe
worksofotherstothetopicofdiscussionatthespotwhere
thecitationappears.

69. 69
Citation Index
Acitationindexisakindofbibliographicindex,anindex
ofcitationsbetweenpublications,allowingtheusertoeasily
establishwhichlaterdocumentscitewhichearlierdocuments.

70. 70
Intellectual Property Rights
What is Intellectual Property?
Intellectualproperty(IP)referstocreationsofthemind,
suchasinventions;literaryandartisticworks;designs;and
symbols,namesandimagesusedincommerce.
❖Patents.
❖Copyright.
❖Industrial design rights.
❖Plant varieties.
❖Trademarks.
❖Geographical Indications

71. STAGES IN PATENTING
❖Approaching an attorney
❖Manuscript preparation and submission
❖Review
❖Manuscript revision
❖Decision
71

72. THE ISSUE OF PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism
Usingsomeoneelse’sresearchworkintheformofideas,
resultsorwordsandpassingitoffasone’sownworkby
notgivingcredittotheoriginalwork.
Plagiarism is unethical and incorrect, but is widespread.
Tools for Plagiarism check
Viper-free download (http://viper.en.softonic.com/)
Turnitin -to be purchased (http://turnitin.com/)
72

73. English Language
73
The present tenses in English are used:
• To talk about thepresent
• To talk about thefuture
• To talk about thepastwhen we are telling
a story inspokenEnglish or when we are summarising
a book, film, play etc.
Tense Form
Present simple: I work
Present continuous: I am working
Present perfect: I have worked
Present perfect
continuous:
I have been working

74. 74
The past tense in English is used:
•To talk about thepast
•To talk abouthypotheses–things that are imagined
rather than true.
•forpoliteness.
Tense Form
Past simple: I worked
Past continuous: I was working
Past perfect: I had worked
Past perfect continuous:I had been working

75. Tense to be used in writing Research Paper
Introduction: Present / Present Perfect
Literature survey : Past Tense
Conclusion : Present / Present Perfect
75

76. Important points to be remembered
while writing the thesis
,etc.,(Endofsentence...,etc.)
,viz.,
,i.e.,
But,
•AllMathematicalequationsmustbeinItalic
76

77. ❖Whileconverting.docto.pdfformat,verifywhetherall
symbolsareconvertedornot
❖Equationsaretobefollowedbyonlyellipses...(3dots-
Ellipses)andthenequationnumber.
❖Commaistobefollowedbycertainwords(However,
Thereafter,Thereby,Wherein,etc.)
❖Alltablecaptionsaretobeplacedatthetopofthetable.
❖Allfigurecaptionsaretobeplacedatthebottomofthe
figures.
77

78. ❖Allreferencesaretobementionedinalphabeticorder(Typicalmethod).
❖Iftwoauthorsarethereforapaper,thentwoauthorsnamesaretobe
separatedbyand(inreferences)
❖Ifmorethantwoauthorsarethereforapaper,thenbeforethelast
author’snamecommaistoplacedandwriteandthenlastauthorname(in
references)
❖Whenreferencesarereferredintext,Authorlastnameistobecited,but
notfullnamefollowedby[ReferenceNumber].
❖Whenreferencesarereferredintext,(Twoauthors),thenlastnamesof
authorsaretobecited,butseparatedbyand.
❖[Referencenumber]istobefollowedbybothauthors’names.
78

79. •Whenreferencesarereferredintext,(morethantwoauthors),thenlast
nameofthefirstauthoristobecitedfollowedbyetal.[ReferenceNumber]
(Ifitisendofthesentence),etal.,
•[ReferenceNumber]istobementionedifitisinwithinthesentence.
•TimesnewRoman(12font)fortext
•Sideheadings(14font)Timesnewroman
•MainHeading(16font)Timesnewroman–Bold
•HeaderistobeincludedforeverypageasChapterVI:Nameofthe
Chapter–lefttopofthepage
79

80. ❖Pageno.istobegivenattheRighttop:1/2“fromtopflushwith
rightmargin
❖Pageno.istobeexcludedonthepagewherechapterbegins
❖Citationofanyworkreferredistobeincluded-veryimportant
❖Annexuresshouldbegivenonlyattheendofthethesis
❖Linespacingisdoublespace
❖Printingofthesisisonlyonesideofpage
80

81. •Whenyouwritethecontents,Listofsymbols,Listof
Abbreviations,ListofFigures,ListofTablesaretobegivenpage
numbersinromannumbers(i,ii,iii,etc.).Subsequently,the
numberingmaybegivenas(1,2,3,etc.)
•AbstractistobeprecededbyContents
•AuthorspublicationsaretobegiveninReferencesalso
•AuthorspublicationsaretoreviewedinLiteraturesurveyalso
81

82. o Titlecover
o Certificate
o Acknowledgements
o Abstract
o Contents
o listofabbreviations
o Listoffigures
o Listofsymbols
o Listoftables followedby
o Chapter1(Introduction),
o Chapter2(Literaturesurveybutwithsomenameofchapter,
donotgivethechapternameasLiteraturesurvey)
o Chapter3,Chapter4,andChapter5(Contributorychapters),
Chapter6(conclusionsandFuturedirections)
o References
o Annexures
o ListofAuthorspublicationsreferredinThesis,
o Publications(Main)
o Briefbio-dataofonepagewithaddress,mobileno.andE-mail 82

83. ❖I,We,me,usshouldnotbeused(Passivevoiceistobeusedfor
writingthethesis)
❖Chapter6presentstheconclusionsandfuturedirectionsisnot
correct,ConcludingremarksandFuturedirectionsaregivenin
Chapter6iscorrect,followthesameprocedurefortheother
chaptersalso,whilewritingtheorganizationofthethesisinthefirst
chapterorinanyotherchapter.
❖1.5”(leftmargin),1”(Right,top,andbottommargins),thenprint
outmaybetaken
83

84. ❖100GSMpapermaybeusedfortakingtheprintout
❖Donotstartthesentencewithword“To”,butstart
with“Inorderto”
❖Latestreferencesaretobegivenandthedetailsare
presentedintextalso
84

85. •Whenyouwritethethesis,redundancyistobeavoided.
Forexample,itshouldnotbewrittenasfollows.
Thestepsofthealgorithmsareasfollows.
Step1:
Step2:
Step3:
Itshouldbewrittenasfollows
Thestepsofthealgorithmareasfollows
1.
2.
3.
85

86. •Abbreviationsmaybementionedinthetext.However,abbreviationsshould
notbementioned,whereitappearsfirsttime.
Forexample,SupportVectorMachine(SVM),shouldbementioned,whenitis
mentionedfirsttime.Subsequently,SVMistobementioned.
•Dr./Ms./Prof.shouldnotprecedethenameoftheauthorinresearch
paperorinreferencesoftheresearchpaper/thesis
•Researchpapershouldbeauthoredbyresearchscholar,supervisor,andco-
supervisor.Ifotherexpertshelpinthework,thentheresearchscholarmay
acknowledgehishelpattheendoftheresearchpaper,butshouldnotinclude
asnewauthor.
86

87. 87

88. Industry 4.0 Technologies
88
❖Thesteammachine–between1760and1840–characterizedthefirst
industryRevolution
❖The second was defined by the utilization of electricity in industrial
processes in the end of the XIX century
❖The third revolution started in the decade of 1960 with the use of ICT
and industrial automation.
❖Thefourthindustrialrevolution–orIndustry4.0–Tobuildsmart
factoriesbytheintegrationofphysicalobjectswithdigitaltechnologies
emergedfromseveraldevelopedcountriesanditwasconsolidated
inaGermanpublic-privateinitiative
❖The key element that characterizes this new industrial stage is the
deep change in the manufacturing systems connectivity due to the
integrationofICT,IoTandmachinesincyber-physicalsystems(CPS)
❖It considers the integration of several different dimensions of the
business, with a main concern on manufacturing issues, based on
advanced manufacturing technologies

89. Industry 4.0 Technologies
89
Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing [CAD/CAM]
Integrated engineering systems
Digital automation with sensors
Flexible manufacturing lines
Manufacturing Execution Systems and
Supervisory control and data acquisition
Simulations/analysis of virtual models
Big data collection and analysis
Digital Product-Service Systems
Additive manufacturing, fast prototyping
Cloud services for products

90. Research Perspective
•Planforintegratingyourresearchcontributionwith
Industry4.0Technologies
•Emphasizetheadvantagesthatcanbederivedby
integratingresearchcontributionwithindustry4.0
Technologies
•ApplicationorientedcontributionhelpstoIndustry
andsociety
•Patentingofyourcontributionishighlydesirable
•CollaborationwithIndustryandaddressingIndustry
problems
90

91. Importance to Research in
National Education Policy 2020
•The research and innovation investment in
India is only
o0.69% of the GDP
o2.8% of GDP in USA
o4.3% of GDP in Israel (with emphasis in
Agriculture)
o4.2% of GDP in South Korea
91

92. Establishment of
National Research Foundation
•FundCompetitivepeerreviewedgrantproposalsof
alltypesandacrossalldisciplines
•Seed,GrowandfacilitateresearchatAcademic
institutions
•Actasliaisonbetweenresearchersandrelevant
branchesofGovernmentaswellasIndustry,sothat
researchscholarsareconstantlymadeawareofthe
mosturgentNationalresearchissues
•RecognizingoutstandingresearchandProgress
92

93. Thank you
93
Thank You