Research_Misconduct (2).ppt lecture class

ppt on the class

1. Publication Publication
Misconduct, Misconduct,
Plagiarism, Impact Plagiarism, Impact
Factor, Citation, MetricsFactor, Citation, Metrics
Prof. Johney JohnsonProf. Johney Johnson

2. Research MisconductResearch Misconduct
►What is it?:What is it?:
Fabrication, falsification, or plagiarismFabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in in proposingproposing, ,
performing, or performing, or reviewingreviewing research results. research results.
►FabricationFabrication:: making up resultsmaking up results and recording or reporting and recording or reporting
themthem
►FalsificationFalsification:: manipulationmanipulation of research materials, equipment, of research materials, equipment,
or processes, or changing or omitting results such that the or processes, or changing or omitting results such that the
research is research is not accurately represented in the record.not accurately represented in the record.
►PlagiarismPlagiarism:: the the appropriation of another’sappropriation of another’s ideas, processes, ideas, processes,
results, or words without results, or words without giving proper creditgiving proper credit..

3. Criteria for Research Criteria for Research
MisconductMisconduct

Represents a Represents a significant departuresignificant departure from from
accepted practicesaccepted practices

Has been committed Has been committed intentionallyintentionally, or , or
knowinglyknowingly, or , or recklesslyrecklessly; and ; and

Can be proven by a preponderance of Can be proven by a preponderance of
evidenceevidence

What is What is NOT MISCONDUCTNOT MISCONDUCT : : honest, unintentional honest, unintentional
errorerror

4. Observed instances of misconductObserved instances of misconduct
E.G.E.G.
►"A post doc changed the numbers in assays in order to "A post doc changed the numbers in assays in order to
'improve' the data."'improve' the data."
►"A colleague duplicated results between three different papers "A colleague duplicated results between three different papers
but differently labeled data in each paper."but differently labeled data in each paper."
►"A co-investigator on a large, interdisciplinary grant application "A co-investigator on a large, interdisciplinary grant application
reported that a postdoctoral fellow in his laboratory falsified reported that a postdoctoral fellow in his laboratory falsified
data submitted as preliminary data in the grant. As principal data submitted as preliminary data in the grant. As principal
investigator of the grant, I submitted supplementary data to investigator of the grant, I submitted supplementary data to
correct the application."correct the application."
►"A colleague used Photoshop to eliminate background bands "A colleague used Photoshop to eliminate background bands
on a western blot to make the data look more specific than they on a western blot to make the data look more specific than they
were."were."

5. ORI (Office of Research ORI (Office of Research
Integrity) RecommendationsIntegrity) Recommendations
►Adopt zero toleranceAdopt zero tolerance
►Protect whistleblowersProtect whistleblowers
►Clarify how to reportClarify how to report
►Train the mentorsTrain the mentors
►Model ethical behaviorModel ethical behavior

6. Top “POOR” behaviors
►1. Falsifying or ‘cooking’ research data
►2. Ignoring major aspects of human-subject requirements
►3. Not properly disclosing involvement in firms whose
products are based on one‘s own research
►4. Relationships with students, research subjects or clients
that may be interpreted as questionable
►5. Using another’s ideas without obtaining permission or
giving due credit (plagiarism)
►6. Unauthorized use of confidential information in
connection with one’s own research
►7. Failing to present data that contradict one’s own
previous research ????
►8. Circumventing certain minor aspects of human-subject
requirements

7. Top behaviors
(continued)
►9. Overlooking others' use of flawed data or questionable
interpretation of data
►10. Changing the design, methodology or results of a study in
response to pressure from a funding source (falsification)
►Other behaviors
►11. Publishing the same data or results in two or more
publications
►12. Inappropriately assigning authorship credit
►13. Withholding details of methodology or results in papers or
proposals
►14. Using inadequate or inappropriate research designs
►15. Dropping observations or data points from analyses based
on a gut feeling that they were inaccurate
►16. Inadequate record keeping related to research projects

8. Why does misconduct happen?Why does misconduct happen?

Publish or Perish PressurePublish or Perish Pressure

Desire to “get ahead”Desire to “get ahead”

Personal problemsPersonal problems

Character issuesCharacter issues

Cultural DifferencesCultural Differences

??????

9. How is misconduct identifiedHow is misconduct identified
►Suspected and reported by a colleagueSuspected and reported by a colleague
►Failure to confirm research results Failure to confirm research results
by own lab or othersby own lab or others

10. Consequences (if misconduct is Consequences (if misconduct is
substantiated)substantiated)
►Withdrawal or correction of all pending Withdrawal or correction of all pending
and published papers and abstracts and published papers and abstracts
affected by the misconductaffected by the misconduct
►Reprimand, removal from project, rank Reprimand, removal from project, rank
and salary reduction, dismissaland salary reduction, dismissal
►Restitution of funds to the granting agencyRestitution of funds to the granting agency
►Ineligibility to apply for Federal grants for Ineligibility to apply for Federal grants for
yearsyears
►I.E. the end of your research career!I.E. the end of your research career!

11. What is plagiarism?What is plagiarism?
►(And why you should care!)(And why you should care!)

12. Definition:Definition:
Plagiarism is the presenting the Plagiarism is the presenting the
words, ideas, images, sounds, or words, ideas, images, sounds, or
the creative expression of others the creative expression of others
as your own.as your own.

13. Did You Know? Did You Know?
The word plagiarism comes from The word plagiarism comes from
the Latin plagiarius meaning the Latin plagiarius meaning
"kidnapper" "kidnapper"

14. Two types of plagiarism:Two types of plagiarism:
►IntentionalIntentional
Copying a friend’s Copying a friend’s
workwork
Buying or borrowing Buying or borrowing
paperspapers
Cutting and pasting Cutting and pasting
blocks of text from blocks of text from
electronic sources electronic sources
without documentingwithout documenting
Media Media
“borrowing”without “borrowing”without
documentationdocumentation
►UnintentionalUnintentional
Careless Careless
paraphrasingparaphrasing
Poor documentationPoor documentation
Failure to use your Failure to use your
own “voice”own “voice”

15. ExcusesExcuses
It’s okay if
I don’t get caught!
I was too busy to
write that paper!
(Job, big game, too much homework!)
My teachers
expect
too much!
I’ve got to get
into a
certain college.!
My parents
expect “A”s!
This assignment
was BORING!
Everyone does it!

16. How to avoid plagiarismHow to avoid plagiarism
►Quote and cite phrases, sentences, Quote and cite phrases, sentences,
and paragraphs taken directly from and paragraphs taken directly from
the original source. the original source.
►Quote and cite statistics, charts, Quote and cite statistics, charts,
graphs and drawings taken directly graphs and drawings taken directly
from the original source. from the original source.
►When you paraphrase or When you paraphrase or
summarize, give credit to the summarize, give credit to the
original author.original author.

17. Do I have
to cite
everything?
Question:

18. Answer: YES!!Answer: YES!!
Except –Except –
When you use your own wordsWhen you use your own words
When the fact used is When the fact used is common knowledgecommon knowledge..
What makes it “common knowledge”?What makes it “common knowledge”?
If you can find the same information in If you can find the same information in at least at least 33
different sourcesdifferent sources, you don’t have to cite it., you don’t have to cite it.
Ex. George Washington Ex. George Washington
wore wooden dentures.wore wooden dentures.

19. What’s the big deal?What’s the big deal?
If I change a
few words, I’m
still okay,
right?
Wrong! Paraphrasing original ideas without documenting
your source,
is plagiarism too!

20. You can “borrow” from You can “borrow” from
the works of others in the works of others in
your own work! Be your own work! Be
very careful.very careful.

21. Use these three strategies,Use these three strategies,
►QuotingQuoting
►Paraphrasing Paraphrasing
►SummarizingSummarizing
To blend source materials in with your own, To blend source materials in with your own,
making sure your own voice is heard.making sure your own voice is heard.

22. QuotingQuoting
Quotations are the exact words of Quotations are the exact words of
an author, copied directly from a an author, copied directly from a
source, word for word. source, word for word.
Quotations must be cited! Quotations must be cited!

23. ParaphrasingParaphrasing
Paraphrasing means putting someone else’s words or Paraphrasing means putting someone else’s words or
ideas into your own words. ideas into your own words.
Although you are using your own words, the ideas are Although you are using your own words, the ideas are
taken from someone else and must be cited on your taken from someone else and must be cited on your
Works-Cited page. Works-Cited page.

24. ParaphrasingParaphrasing
►Paraphrasing is not simply Paraphrasing is not simply
rearranging or rewording an rearranging or rewording an
original passage.original passage.
►You have to understand what the You have to understand what the
author is saying and write the author is saying and write the
ideas entirely in your own words.ideas entirely in your own words.

25. ParaphrasingParaphrasing
►Give the author credit when you Give the author credit when you
quote or paraphrase.quote or paraphrase.
►““According to Jim Carty, the CATS According to Jim Carty, the CATS
are ranked fourth in backcourts are ranked fourth in backcourts
this year with Rondo, Sparks, this year with Rondo, Sparks,
Crawford, Bradley, and Moss.”Crawford, Bradley, and Moss.”

26. DON’TDON’T
►Cut and paste from Cut and paste from anyany source source
►Use another student’s work as your Use another student’s work as your
ownown
►Just change a few words from any Just change a few words from any
source for your papersource for your paper
►Turn in a paper you wrote for Turn in a paper you wrote for
another classanother class

27. ►All you need to do is:All you need to do is:
►Take notes—put in your own Take notes—put in your own
words.words.
►If you do copy words, put “ ” If you do copy words, put “ ”
around them and footnote whose around them and footnote whose
words they are.words they are.
►Keep track of EVERY resource you Keep track of EVERY resource you
use!use!
►Cite all of your sources at the end Cite all of your sources at the end
of your work.of your work.
You can prevent plagiarism You can prevent plagiarism
(stealing words and ideas). (stealing words and ideas).

28. Mentor ResponsibilitiesMentor Responsibilities
MentorsMentors have the have the responsibilityresponsibility to ensure to ensure
that all trainees (post-docs, grad students, that all trainees (post-docs, grad students,
undergrads) are undergrads) are awareaware of the of the responsible responsible
conduct of researchconduct of research
Define the RelationshipDefine the Relationship
Role of TraineeRole of Trainee

Publication/Authorship Publication/Authorship
Serving as PI or Co-PIServing as PI or Co-PI
Obligation to reportObligation to report
Good faith reportGood faith report

29. Responsible Research ConductResponsible Research Conduct
•The Office of Research The Office of Research
Integrity (ORI) defines Integrity (ORI) defines
research integrityresearch integrity as as
“adherence to rules, “adherence to rules,
regulations, guidelines, and regulations, guidelines, and
commonly accepted commonly accepted
professional codes or professional codes or
norms.”norms.”
•Research integrity is essential Research integrity is essential
to ensure the reliability of to ensure the reliability of
research results and to research results and to
preserve public support for preserve public support for
research.research.

30. What Is An Impact Factor ?What Is An Impact Factor ?
►# of current citations a journal # of current citations a journal
receives divided by the number of receives divided by the number of
articles published in the two articles published in the two
preceding yearspreceding years
Citation Half LifeCitation Half Life
►How long articles in a journal How long articles in a journal
continue to be cited after continue to be cited after
publicationpublication

31. Calculating Impact FactorsCalculating Impact Factors
# of citations in the current year for a journal
# items published in the journal for the last 2 years

32. ►Impact Factor?Impact Factor?
The Journal Impact Factor reflects the
average number of citations to recent articles
published in that journal. It’s one measure of
the relative importance of a journal within its
field.
High impact factor ~ more important
A = the number of times articles published in 2012
and 2013 were cited by indexed journals during
2014.
B = the total number of "citable items" published in
2012 and 2013.
A/B = 2014 impact factor 

33. Impact Factor:Impact Factor:
Journals with high IF publish Journals with high IF publish
articles that are cited more often articles that are cited more often
than journals with lower IF. If than journals with lower IF. If
citation numbers are taken as a citation numbers are taken as a
measure of quality, then these measure of quality, then these
journals are high ranking by this journals are high ranking by this
measure.measure.

34. What is meant by citation index?
Citation indexes allow researchers to
trace the impact of an article upon
later publications. Besides including
the bibliographic information about an
article (author, article title, journal title,
date, etc.), citation indexes also provide
each article's references or bibliography
(the list of sources cited).

35. Questions?Questions?