Research process made by dr nishant those who want to understand research process read this

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1. Research
Process
Dr. Sanjay Patil

2. Research Process
Scientific research involves a systematic process that emphases on
being objective and collecting a multitude of information for
analysis so that the researcher can come to a conclusion.
This process is used in all research and evaluation projects,
regardless of the research method. In this process, documentation
is done in such a way that any other individual can conduct the
same study again.
This is referred to as replicating the study. The scientific research
process is a multiple-step process where the steps are interlinked
with the other steps in the process.
If changes are made in one step of the process, the researcher must
review all the other steps to ensure that the changes are reflected
throughout the process.

3. Research Process
–a. Selection of the topic
–b. Review of the literature
–c. Formulation of Hypothesis
–d. Aims and Objectives
–e. Materials and methods
–f. Observations and results
–g. Methods of communication of Research

4. Selection of the topic
–Identify the Problem
–A research problem is usually expressed as a question or statement, which enquires into
or deals with the relation existing between two or more variables.
–The first step in the process is to identify a problem or develop a research question.
Problem identification refers to the process of finding or determining what research
area is to be studied.

5. Research Problem
–A problem is researchable when the following pointers are
satisfied:
–1. There is no known answers or solution to it such that a gap in
knowledge exists;
–2. There are possible solutions the effectiveness of which is
unknown yet
–3. There are answers or solutions the possible result of which
may be seen or maybe factually contradicting
–4. There are several possible and plausible explanations for the
undesirable conditions, and when the existence of a
phenomenon requires a solution.

6. Research Problem:
–A problem is good and researchable on the basis of the researcher’s capacity to meet what it
requires: manpower, money, time, and expertise.
–These points can be described by acronym ‘FINER’.
–F = Feasible: the research area should be feasible in terms of technical, financial and administrative
capabilities.
–I = Interesting: the selected problem should be of interest to the health policy managers and
researchers.
–N = Novel: it should be able to fill the gap in existing knowledge and / or able to solve problem in an
area.
–E = Ethical: in applied research, human beings are involved; hence it is necessary to observe ethical
policies and procedures aptly. Never do a research which has a harmful effect on human beings.
–R = Relevant: selected problem should be relevant and have priority for the geographical area,
region and country.

7. Review of the Literature
–The Literature survey (also known as aLiterature Review):
–1. uses a descriptive writing approach
–2. describes the existing and established theory and research in your report area by
providing a context for your work.
–3. can show where you are filling a perceived gap in the existing theory or knowledge
–4. can propose something that goes against or is controversial to existing ideas.
–5. accurately references all sources mentioned in the survey and gives a fullcitationin
the Reference List.
–Sources of information:
–Ideal sources include: literature reviews, especially reviews published in reputable
medical journals; academic and professional books written by experts in the field and
from a respected publisher; and medical guidelinesor position statements from
nationally or internationally recognized expert bodies.

8. Step 3: Formulation of
Hypothesis
–A hypothesis is a supposition or proposed explanation made on
the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further
investigation.
–Ahypothesisis an educated prediction that provides an
explanation for an observed event. Anobserved eventis a
measurable result or condition. If you can’t measure it, then you
can’t form a hypothesis about it because you can’t confirm or
reject it. In addition, a hypothesis typically takes the form of an if-
then statement so you can test it with your research.

9. Step 4: Aims and Objectives
–It is often useful to consider research questions in terms of aim(s) and
objectives. Theprimary focus of research projectis usually expressed in terms
of aims and objectives. Aims are general statements, whereas objectives are
specific statements.
–Aim:
–· An intention or aspiration; that one hopes to achieve.
–· Aims are statements of intent, written in broad terms.

10. Objectives should be S.M.A.R.T.:
– · Specific–should have a definite and particular method about what is to be
done.
–· Measureable–should be assessable and quantifiable. Do you have the necessary
resources to achieve the objective? For example: time, money, skills, etc.
–· Achievable–should be practically reachable.
–· Relevant–should be appropriate and applicable.
–· Time bound–should be destined to complete each stage within the time. Is there
time in your schedule to allow for unexpected delays? A less ambitious but
completed objective is better than an over-ambitious one that one cannot possibly
achieve in the stipulated time span.

11. –Step 5: Materials and methods
–Type of study undertaken to answer the research question.
–· Design of the study with complete details.
–· Study setting –place of work and duration.
–· Recruitment characteristics and criteria for inclusion and exclusion of patients
and controls for entering the study.
–· Sourcing of participants (hospital OPD, IPD, through camps, advertisements,
etc.)
–· Dropouts with reasons thereof.
–· Sample size calculation.

12. Step 5: Materials and methods
–· Full details of the intervention carried out.
–· Criteria for assessment of the effect of interventions including baseline
criteria, clearly defined endpoints, side-effects and adverse reactions.
–· Follow-up details –assessments, frequency and duration of follow-up.
–· Data collection procedures, instruments used and methods for data quality
control.
–· Statistical tools employed for evaluation of the findings.
–· Ethics committee approval.
–· Clinical trial registration number.

13. Step 6: Observations and
results
–This section answers the question, “What did you find?”
–The results section should be in a chronological order with a proper logic. All
photographs should have numbers in Arabic numerical and tables in Roman
numerical. Results should be written in the past tense.
–Importance: The description of the results of a research work forms the most
important section. They form the heart and soul of the manuscript. It is the
communication of facts, measurements and observations of the work done.
Data may be organized clearly and concisely in text, photographs, graphs,
charts, tables and so on. They can be used to help convey the information
accurately and briefly.

14. Step 7: Methods of
communication of Research
–In the earlier days, a medical person would invent new treatment modality and keep it a well-
guarded secret to exploit it for his own material gains and reputation. Today, it’s a need to
benefit the society from every bit of new knowledge developed by researchers and pioneers.
This is achieved by making it mandatory to promptly publicize and publish new research.
There are many opportunities for such presentations at various platforms like:
–1. Conferences –local, zonal, national and international.
–2. Pre-congress and post-congress workshops and seminars.
–3. Various Continuous Medical Education (CME) programs.
–4. Invited presentations at symposia, panel discussions, debates, keynote addresses, guest
lectures, orations, etc.
–5. Publishing research articles in reputed and prestigious journals for a wider reach and much
longer life.

15. Questions:
–Long Questions:
–1.Write in detail the Research process.
–Short Questions:
–2. What are the goals of research?
–3. Write in short about ORthe importance of:
–a. Selection of the topic
–b. Review of the literature
–c. Formulation of Hypothesis
–d. Aims and Objectives
–e. Materials and methods
–f . Observations and results
–g. Methods of communication of Research

16. Thank you