Respiratory Infections

Respiratory Infections University of Punjab, Lahore
By Tayyab Sultan.

1. FROM: TAYYAB SULTAN ROLL NO: 34 (E) TO: PROF. DR. ZULFIQAR

2. Respiratory Infections Respiratory tract infection refers to any of a number of  infectious diseases  involving the  respiratory tract.

3. Classification of Respiratory Tract infections ( 1). Upper Respiratory Tract infections ( 2). Lower Respiratory Tract infections

4. Upper Respiratory Tract infection: upper respiratory tract  the airway above   glottis  or vocal cords. It includes   Nose , sinuses, pharynx, and larynx ..

5. Typical infections of the upper respiratory tract include Rhinitis Tonsillitis   Pharyngitis Laryngitis Sinusitis   Influenza Common-cold .

6. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Any infections in the lungs or below the voice box. This Includes pneumonia, Bronchitis, and ,Tuberculosis

7. Symptoms of Respiratory Tract Infection : Cough Running Nose Sore throat Nasal congestion Headache Low grade fever Sneezing Watery eyes Muscle pain Fatigue Chill Chest pain Phelgm in the throat Difficulty in breathing

8. Causes of Respiratory infections Bacterial Causes: Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Staphylococcus A ureus, Streptococcus Pyogens, H-influenza Viral Causes: Influenza virus, Adeno Virus, Rhino Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

9. Environmental Causes Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality Smoking Dust Level of industrialization Pollution Housing conditions Solid Fuel Use Smog Crowding Sudden environmental Changes Allergens Irritant chemical

10. Mode of Transmission Respiratory infections are contagious and Spread by Inhaling Respiratory droplets from coughing Poor hand Washing after contact with a infectious person Patient Care Shaking Hand Shared Food Respiratory Equipment

11. Diagnosis Chest X-Rays Blood test Sputum test Pulse Oximetry Bronchscopy

12. Preventive Measures Improve living conditions Better nutrition Avoid smoking Improve cleanliness conditions Avoid using solid fuels Use medical mask Use smoke filters in vehicles and chimneys Avoid exposure to allergens

13. Treatment For Bacterial infections : Antibiotics such as Amoxil, Penicillin, Augmentin, Clarithromycin are recommended. For viral infections: Oseltamivir (tamiflu) and Zanamivir (Relenza) Painkillers are also used to relieve pain and fever Anti-histamines and Nasal sprays are also used Vaccination against Pneumonia ;influenza and tuberculosis are used Bronchodilators are used to open bronchial tubes

14. Prevalence of Respiratory Infections Leading cause of death among children under 5. Causes 2.5 million death worldwide. In Pakistan 11 .74 million Cases are reported Annually.

15. References 1. Choby Ba . Diagnosis and treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis Am Fam Physician. 2009;79:383-90. 2. Leung rS , Katial r. The diagnosis and management of acute and chronic sinusitis. Prim Care. 2008;35:11-24. 3. tichenor WS. Sinus Ct Scans. available at: http://www. sinuses.com/ctscan.htm. May 2012. 4. Boet S, Guene B, Jusserand D, Veber B, Dacher JN, Dureuil   B. a-mode ultrasound in the diagnosis of maxillary sinusitis in ventilated patients. B-ENT. 2010;6: 177-82. 5. Macky IM. human rhinoviruses: the cold wars resume. J Clin Virol . 2008;42:297-320