Respiratory system anatomy and physiology.ppt

Synovial joint structure

1. Respiratory system

2. “Respiratory system includes those organs and structures that
function together to bring gases in contact with blood of
circulatory system”
Respiratory system consists of:
Nose
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voice box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi
Lungs
Nose
Larynx
Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Lungs
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3. Functions of Respiratory System
Provides oxygen to bloodstream and removes carbon dioxide
Enables sound production or vocalization (as expired air passes
over vocal folds)
Assists in abdominal compression during
•Micturition (urination)
•Defecation (passing of feces)
•Parturition (childbirth)
Enables protective and reflexive non breathing air
movements:
as in coughing and sneezing (to keep air passageways clean)
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4. Structurally, respiratory system consists of two portions:
(1) Upper respiratory tract
Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx and associated structures
(2) Lower respiratory tract
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
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5. Functionally, respiratory system consists of two zones:
(1) Conducting zone
(Consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and
within lungs)
It includes:
Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into lungs
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6. Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
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7. Nose
Specialized organ at entrance of respiratory system
Nasal cavity
Large space in anterior aspect of skull (inferior to nasal bones and
superior to oral cavity)
Nasal septum divides nasal cavity into right and left sides
Nasal cavity posteriorly communicates with pharynx through
two openings called the internal nares or choanae
Ducts from paranasal sinuses (which drain mucus) and
nasolacrimal ducts (which drain tears) open into nasal cavity
?Paranasal sinuses
Cavities in certain cranial and facial bones lined with mucous
membrane that are continuous with lining of nasal cavity
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Paranasal air sinuses

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Openings of air sinuses
Opening of nasolacrimal duct
Opening of auditory tube

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Nasal septum

11. Pharynx
Lies just posterior to nasal and oral cavities, superior to larynx
Its wall is composed of skeletal muscles and is lined with a
mucous membrane
Contraction of skeletal muscles assists in deglutition
(swallowing)
Pharynx functions as:
•Passageway for air and food
•Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
•Houses tonsils
?Tonsils
Localized collection of mass of lymphoid tissue
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Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Palatine tonsil

13. Larynx/voice box
Short passageway that connects laryngopharynxwith trachea
Lies in midline of neck anterior to esophagus
Wall of larynx is composed of nine pieces of cartilage
Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) consists of two fused plates of
hyaline cartilage that form anterior wall of larynx
Mucous membrane of larynx forms two pairs of folds:
•Superior pair called vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
•Inferior pair called vocal folds (true vocal cords)
Vocal folds are principal structures of voice production
Deep to mucous membrane of vocal folds are bands of elastic
ligaments stretched between rigid cartilages of larynx
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Thyroid cartilage
Epiglottis

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Vocal folds
Vestibular folds

16. Trachea/windpipe
oTubular passageway for air
oLocated anterior to esophagus
oit divides into right and left primary bronchi
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Oesophagus
Trachea

17. Bronchi
Trachea divides into:
Right main (primary) bronchus
Left main (primary) bronchus
Right main bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider
than left
On entering lungs main bronchi divide to form Lobar
(secondary) bronchi (one for each lobe of lung)
Lobar bronchi continue to branch, forming segmental (tertiary)
bronchi (that supply specific bronchopulmonary segments within lobes)
Segmental bronchi divide into bronchioles
Bronchioles in turn branch repeatedly to form smaller tubes
called terminal bronchioles
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19. There is little cartilage in bronchioles
Thick smooth muscle encircles lumina of bronchioles can
constrict or dilate these airways
(2) Respiratory zone
(Consists of tubes and tissues within lungs where gas exchange occurs)
It includes:
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli (main sites of gas exchange between air and blood)
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20. Conduction portion of respiratory system ends at terminal
bronchioles
Respiratory portion begins at respiratory bronchioles
Numerous terminal bronchioles connect to respiratory
bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles leads into alveolar ducts
oAlveolar ducts leads into alveolar sacs
Alveolar sacs are clusters of pulmonary alveoli
Gas exchange occurs across the walls of pulmonary alveoli
Wall of each pulmonary alveolus is only one cell layer thick
oTotal air-blood barrier is only one pulmonary alveolar cell with
its basement membrane and one blood capillary cell across
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21. Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Pulmonary alveoli
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Alveolus
RBC’s within capillary

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23. Lungs
Paired organs within thoracic cavity
Each lung extends from diaphragm to a point just above
clavicle
Separated from one another by heart and other structures of
mediastinum
All structures of respiratory system beyond principal bronchi
(including bronchial tree and pulmonary alveoli) are contained within
lungs
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25. Difference between Right and Left Lungs:
Left lung is somewhat smaller than the right
Left lung has a cardiac impression on its medial surface to
accommodate heart
Left lung is subdivided into a superior lobe and an inferior
lobe by a single fissure
Right lung is subdivided by two fissures into three lobes:
superior, middle, and inferior lobes
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Right lung
Left lung
Hilum

27. Each lung has four surfaces:
Medial surface
Inferior surface (base)
Superior surface (apex)
Costal surface
?Hilum of lung
Vertical slit present on medial surface of lung through which
pulmonary vessels, nerves and bronchi pass
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28. Each lobe of lung is divided into many small lobules
Lobular divisions of lungs make up specific bronchial
segments
Each bronchial segment has its own blood supply (and if
diseased it can be surgically isolated)
Right lung contains 10 bronchial segments
Left lung contains 8 bronchial segments
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29. Pleurae
Serous membranes surrounding lungs and lining thoracic
cavity
Two layers:
Visceral pleura adheres to outer surface of lung and extends
into each of the interlobar fissures
Parietal pleura lines thoracic walls and thoracic surface of
diaphragm
Between visceral and parietal pleurae is slit like pleural cavity
Pleural cavity contains a lubricating fluid that allows
membranes to slide past each other easily during respiration
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Pleural cavity
Parietal layer
Visceral layer