respiratory system powerpoint 2015.pptnx

A comprehensive notes on the human respiratory system

1. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Robert J. Sullivan , Marist College EXCHANGE OF GASES

2. What is Human Respiration? The human respiratory system allows one to obtain oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide . Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration and expiration Inspiration- the process of taking in air (O2) Expiration- the process of blowing out air (CO2)

3. Human Respiratory System Figure 10.1

4. Organs in the Respiratory System STRUCTURE FUNCTION nose / nasal cavity  warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled pharynx (throat)  passageway for air, leads to trachea larynx  the voice box, where vocal chords are located trachea (windpipe)  keeps the windpipe "open"  trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia which filter air before it reaches the lungs bronchi  two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a lung bronchioles  a network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately to air sacs alveoli  the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases are exchanged

5. Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 10.2

6. Passageway for respiration Receptors for smell Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign material Moistens and warms incoming air Resonating chambers for voice (voice box) Upper Respiratory Tract Functions

7. Components of the Lower Respiratory Tract Figure 10.3

8. Functions: Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production Trachea: transports air to and from lungs Bronchi: branch into lungs Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange Alveoli: Gas exchange occurs Lower Respiratory Tract

9. simple flow pathway of air during gaseous exchange in the lungs: Nose/Mouth → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli → Blood (capillaries around alveoli) Oxygen moves from alveoli → blood (into red blood cells). Carbon dioxide moves from blood → alveoli → exhaled.

10. Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli Figure 10.8A

11. how gaseous exchange occurs in the alveoli: 1. Structure of alveoli The alveoli are tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. They have very thin walls (one cell thick) and are surrounded by a network of capillaries. This provides a large surface area and short diffusion distance, making them ideal for gas exchange. 2. Process of exchange When you inhale, air rich in oxygen (O₂) fills the alveoli. The blood arriving in the capillaries around the alveoli is low in oxygen but high in carbon dioxide (CO₂), since it comes from body tissues. Because of the concentration gradient: Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (high O₂) → into the blood (low O₂). It binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood (high CO₂) → into the alveoli (low CO₂), to be exhaled.

12. Continuous process This exchange happens with every breath, ensuring oxygen supply for respiration and removal of waste carbon dioxide. 👉 In short: Oxygen moves from alveoli to blood, carbon dioxide moves from blood to alveoli, all by diffusion along concentration gradients.

13. Respiratory Cycle Figure 10.9

14. Breathing (ventilation): Oxygen in to and Carbon Dioxide out of the lungs External respiration: gas exchange between air and blood ( what can be exposed to the outside of the body ) Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissues ( what cannot be exposed to the outside of the body ) Cellular respiration: oxygen used to produce ATP (energy), carbon dioxide is the waste product – Where does this process occur? Four Respiration Processes

15. Malfunctions & Diseases of the Respiratory System asthma A severe allergic reaction characterized by the constriction of bronchioles   bronchitis Inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles emphysema A condition in which the alveoli deteriorate, causing the lungs to lose their elasticity pneumonia Caused by the bacteria, pneumococcus. A condition in which the alveoli become filled with fluid, preventing the exchange of gases lung cancer An irregular & uncontrolled growth of tumors in the lung tissue

16. Measurement of Lung Capacity Figure 10.10A