4 FROST'S NEW ENGLAND POETRY
While references to the "farmer poet," the "Yankee
bard," and the "poet of New England" are now com
monplace, the exact significance of such terms remains
obscure. Surprisingly, Frost's relationship to the region
that dominates his poetry has never been a central subject
for scholarly investigation, despite its importance to the
standard interpretation of his work. Most commentary
proceeds from predictable affirmations of his Yankee
identity to unpredictable generalizations about the re
gion, glossed with quotations from the poems and often
interlarded with personal opinions for or against what is
taken to be New England character. The captivatingly rus
tic identity Frost presented in his spellbinding perform
ances as poet and public figure apparently enabled him to
establish his own definition of his regional importance.
He expounded it so persuasively that it has been accepted,
echoed, and enlarged upon—but never seriously ques
tioned. Admirers and detractors alike have seized on it as
fodder for their critical cannons. Unfortunately, the re
gional identity has seemed such a convenient assumption
that its problematic nature has consistently been over
looked.
The truth is that for the critics, as for the poet himself,
New England creates more confusion and uncertainty
79-136; William Dean Howells, "The Editor's Easy Chair," Harper's
Monthly Magazine, 131 (Sept. 1915), 165; Bernard DeVoto, "The Critics
and Robert Frost," Saturday Review of Literature, 17 (1 Jan. 1938), 3-4,
14-15; W. H. Auden, "Preface" to Selected Poems o/Robert Frost (Lon
don: Jonathan Cape, 1936); Cleanth Brooks, "Frost, MacLeish, and
Auden," in Brooks, Modern Poetry and the Tradition (Chapel Hill: Uni
versity of North Carolina Press, 1939), pp. 110-135; Robert Graves, "In
troduction" to Selected Poems of Robert Frost (New York; Holt, Rinehart
and Winston, 1963); R. P. Blackmur, "The Instincts of a Bard," Nation,
142 (24 June 1936), 817-819; Yvor Winters, "Robert Frost: Or, the
Spiritual Drifter as Poet," Sewanee Review, 56 (Aug. 1948), 564-596;
Malcolm Cowley, "Frost: A Dissenting Opinion," New Republic, 111
(11, 18 Sept. 1944), 312-313, 345-347; Robert Langbaum, "The New Na
ture Poetry," American Scholar, 28 (Summer 1959), 323-340; and
George W. Nitchie, Human Values in the Poetry of Robert Frost: A Study
of a Poet's Convictions (Durham: Duke University Press, 1960).