ROOT CROPS

DESCRIPTION OF ROOT CROPS WITH PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

1. ASSIGNMENT ON DESCRIPTION OF ROOT CROPS WITH PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT: VEGETABLE AND ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE SUBMITTED TO:- DR. PANCY THAKUR SUBMITTED BY:- TIRLOK CHAND ROLL NUMBER:- 1217363 COURSE:- B.SC. ABM 7 TH SEM 1 TIRLOK CHAND, 1217363

2. ROOT CROPS Root vegetables  are underground plant parts eaten by humans as  food. Root and tuber crops are second only in importance to cereals as a global source of carbohydrates. Root crops are rich in carbohydrates specifically dietary fiber, protein, and fats as well as vitamins and minerals. They are used mainly for human food (as such or in processed form), animal feed, and for manufacturing starch, alcohol, and fermented beverages including beer. 2 TIRLOK CHAND, 1217363

3. These crops have prominent and fleshy underground structures that are highly nutand are direct sown winter season crops. These include radish, carrot, turnip, beetroot, parsnip, rutabaga etc. and are Although botany distinguishes true roots (such as taproots and tuberous roots) from non-roots (such as bulbs,  cormms , rhizomes, and tubers, although some contain both hypocotyls and taproot tissue), the term "root vegetable" is applied to all these types in agricultural and culinary usage. Root vegetables are generally storage organs, enlarged to store energy in the form of carbohydrates. They differ in the concentration and the balance among starches, sugars, and other types of carbohydrate.  3 TIRLOK CHAND, 1217363

4. EXAMPLES CORM Colocasia esculenta  (taro):- commonly known as ‘ARBI’ or ‘ARVI’ Colocasia antiquorum  (eddoe or Japanese potato) also a type of ARBI RHIZOMES Curcuma longa  (turmeric) Panax ginseng  (ginseng) Zingiber officinale  (ginger) TURMERIC GINSENG GINGER 4 TIRLOK CHAND, 1217363

5. 3. TUBER Solanum tuberosum  (potato) Apios americana  (hog potato) Arachis hypogea (groundnut) 4. TRUE ROOTS Beta vulgaris  (beet root ) Brassica rapa(TURNIP) Carrot ( Daucus carota subsp. sativus ) Ipomoea batatas  (sweet potato) 5 TIRLOK CHAND, 1217363

6. Among vegetables, root crops include radish, carrot, turnip, beetroot are greatly contributing to the vegetable production basket in India. So, the quality production of these crops is a very important venture. Production of root crops There are almost similar techniques used for production of all the root crops, but may differ slightly on the basis of crop to be grown. Here are these major steps or techniques explained followed for the production of root crops. 6 TIRLOK CHAND, 1217363

7. Climatic requireme :- Most of the root crops are winter season crops. These crops require cool climate and ideal temperature for the growth is 10ᵒ-23ᵒC. About 7ᵒ-12 ᵒ c is considered best for germination of seeds and other propagtive parts(bulbs, croms, tubers etc. ) However extremely cool climate nearly about 4ᵒc may cause boulting effect. BOULTING EFFECT:- emergence of seed/flowering stalk prior the time that results in improper development of edible root part}(root, rhizome, tuber etc.) 2. SOIL:- Being root crops these requires loose and friable soil, rich in organic matter . Deep and well drained friable soils are essential for proper root development.  For early crop, sandy loam and for heavy yield, silt loam is preferred. Long rooted cultivars perform the best in light soil. n hard soils, roots will be rough and coarse.  The ideal soil pH is 6.6 – 7.1 7 TIRLOK CHAND, 1217363

8. 3. Land preparation & sowing :- land is ploughed to fine tilth (avg. depth of 30-40 cm). Lime/potash/MOP or FYM is added during first plowing. Then then seed bed prepared in the form of ridges and furrows for better germination and root growth. The seed rate is different for different crops(potato:-about 20-30q per hec.). treat these seed with fungicide solution before sowing for better germination and growth of the seedling. 4 . Manures and fertilizers:- On sandy soils, organic manure @ 25 t/ha is recommended.  For an average soil, 60-70 kg N, 100-120 kg P and 60-70 kg K/ha is recommended.  Entire farmyard manure, half of N and full P and K should be applied basal at the time of land preparation prior to sowing and remaining at 30-45 days after sowing.  Nitrate sources of N are preferred to ammonium sources . These doses may differ from soil to soil and crop to crop 8 TIRLOK CHAND, 1217363

9. 5.INTERCULTURE:- Most of the root crops require immediate irrigation after seed sowing. Also these crops require frequent irrigation for well growth as well as to survive the frost. The germination of many crop seedling may be slow and both broad leaved and narrow leaved weeds appear. Most of the weeds are eradicated by hoeing or during the earthing up of these crops. 6. Harvesting:- the crop is harvested when the vegetative phase is about to complete and maturity phase is to be started, the crop is harvested . The days taken by crops to mature differs on the basis of variety of the crop used. As the harvesting delays, the root will become bitter and pithy. Most of the root crops are harvested before the setting of flowers. These can be harvested manually by digging the roots by spade, or by the harvesters( eg . Potato diggers) 9 TIRLOK CHAND, 1217363

10. 7. SEED PRODUCTION:- In these type of crops, different types of sowing materials are use, for eg, tubers in potato , seeds in carrots, reddish, rhizome in ginger etc. these parts to be used are selected on the basis of ease of production, availability and efficiency of the reproductive structure to be used. Most of the crops are biennial crops and require flower setting in the plant for the seed production for eg reddish, turnip. These crops require one extra earthing up to prevent the lodging of the plants. 8. Disease and pest management:- There are many insect pests and fungal diseases that occur throughout the season, these grow vigorously when conditions are favorable to them i.e. low temperature at high humidity etc. There are various biological and chemical control method to tackle with these infestaions . For e.g. Imidachloprid 10% is used to control aphids,jassids etc. and copperoxychlooride is used to control various fugus as alernaria , phytopathera etc. 10 TIRLOK CHAND, 1217363

11. 9.Grading and marketing:- The crop is sorted and graded after harvesting and before marketing. Some of tubers, roots etc. get injured during harvesting or may remain undersized or grow oversized, these are to be sorted out of the rest harvest. After sorting the product is sent to the market on basis of their grading. 11 TIRLOK CHAND, 1217363

12. THANK YOU 12 TIRLOK CHAND, 1217363