RS,CVS charts.ppt answers of cardiovascular system

Answers for physiology mbbs

1. Respiratory system
Competency No – PY 6.1 to 6.13
DR.R.NIRUBA ,MD,
Professor,
Department Of Physiology,
Annapoorana Medical College and Hospitals,
Salem.

2. CHARTS, CALCULATIONS AND
CASE HISTORIES – RS
DEPT OF PHYSIOLOGY
AMCH

3. •Identify the diagram.
•Where does it occur?
•Following this phenomenon, what happens to
red blood cell size and what is its significance?

4. 1.Transport of CO2, Chloride shift, Hamburger
phenomenon
2. In RBCs of venous blood
3. Following chloride shift, inside RBC osmotic pressure
increases than plasma. Thus venous blood RBCs have
greater fluid than arterial blood.
PCV of venous blood is slightly higher than arterial
blood
Venous blood RBCS are more fragile than arterial blood.

5. •Identify A, B, C, D, & E.
•Explain the role of each center in the regulation of
respiration.
•What happens to respiration if transection is made
between A and B?
A
B
C
D
E

6. •1.A) Pneumotaxic centre
•B) Apneustic centre
•C) Ventral group of neurons
•D) Vagus, glossopharyngeal nerves
•E) Dorsal group of neurons.
•2. Pneumotaxic centre- inhibits apneustic centre
and shortens the duration of inspiration
• Apneustic centre-sends inhibitory signals to DRG
and prevents theswitch off of the inspiratory ramp
and prolongs duration of inspiration

7. •DRG: send nerve signals to the muscles
of inspiration in a ramp like manner
resulting in steady increase in lung
volume.
•VRG: Inactive during quiet respiration.
Become active during forceful
respiration.

8. What happens to respiration if transection is
made between A and B?
Between A and B- loss of inhibition from pneumotaxic
center to apneustic center , so prolonged apneusis.

9. 1.Identify the event.
2.Mention the
methods of
artificial
respiration.

10. 1. Mouth to mouth breathing
•Artificial ventilation
•Manual methods:
•Mouth to mouth breathing
•Schafer’s method
•Holger Neilson method
•Sylvestor method
• Mechanical methods
•Tank respirators
•Ventilators

11. 1.Identify the structure.
2.What are the layers?

12. 1. Respiratory membrane or pulmonary alveolar
membrane
2.
a.Layer of surfactant
b. Alveolar epithelium
c. Basal lamina of alveolar epithelial cells
d. Layer of interstitium
e. Basal lamina of endothelial cells
f. Layer of capillary endothelial cells

13. 1.Identify the graph.
2.What is P50?
3.Name the factors which influence
shift of this curve.

14. 1. Oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve
2. Partial pressure of oxygen when Hb is 50% saturated
with oxygen. Normal p50 at 37degree pCO2 of 40
mmHg is 25- 27 mm Hg.
3.
Right shift Left shift
Reduced pH increased pH
Reduced pC02
Bohr’s effect
Increased pCO2
HYPOXIA decreased 2,3 DPG
Increased 2,3 DPG decreased temperature
Increased temperature Fetal Hb

15. •1.Identify the graph.
•2.Label the various lung volumes and
capacity.
•3.Give the normal values.
1
2
3
5
4
6
7 8
9

16. 1. Spirogram
2.
1. Tidal volume- 500 ml
2. Inspiratory reserve volume-IRV -2000-3200 ml
3.Inspiratory capacity- TV+IRV=3500 ml
4 Expiratory reserve volume- ERV-1100 ml
5 Expiratory capacity- ERV+TV= 1600 ml
6 Vital capacity- IRV+ERV+TV =4600 ml
7 Residual volume- 1200 ml
8 Functional residual capacity- ERV+RV=2300 ml
9 Total lung capacity= 5800 ml.

17. CALCULATION

18. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: pg61
12) Calculate the alveolar ventilation in the
following cases.
Case Tidal vol(ml). Resp. Rate/min
Min. vent(litres) Dead space (ml)
1150 406L 150
2500 12 6L150
31000 66L 150
a) What does alveolar ventilation indicate?
b) comment on the values?

19. 1. Alveolar ventilation is the amount of air reaching the
gas exchange area in 1 min 4500 ml/min
Alveolar ventilation = (Tidal volume – dead space)x
Respiratory rate ml/min.
2 case 1 (150-150)x40= 0 ml
case 2 (500-150)x12 = 350x12 = 4200 ml
case 3 (1000-150)x 6 = 850x6 = 5100 ml
Alveolar ventilation is increased in case 3,
indicating that even if the minute ventilation is
equal in all the 3 cases , alveolar ventilation is
different.

20. 13) Calculate the breathing reserve& Dysnoeic
index
Maximum voluntary ventilation =120L/min
Minute ventilation =8L/min
1. Define Dysnoeic index and breathing reserve
2. Comment on the value.

21. ANSWERS:
Maximum voluntary ventilation is the maximum
amount of air breathed in and breathed out per
minute.
Breathing reserve = (MVV- MV) Lts./min = (120-8)=
112 Lts./min.
 

Dyspnoeic index = (BR/MVV) x 100 = (112/ 120)x 100 =
93% (NORMAL > 70% )
2. Value is normal , as the dyspnoeic index more than
90%

22. Find out the Inspiratory capacity from the
following data
Vital capacity = 4500 ml
Tidal volume (T.V) = 500 ml
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) = 1100 ml
What does inspiratory capacity indicates?
Name lung volumes and capacities?

23. ANSWERS :
Inspiratory capacity indicate amount of air
breathed in by forced inspiration.
VC= IRV+ERV+TV
IC= IRV +TV
Inspiratory capacity = tidal volume+ inspiratory
reserve volume
Inspiratory reserve volume = VC- (Tidal volume+
ERV) = 4500- (500ml+
1100) = 2900ml.
Inspiratory capacity = 2900ml+ 500 ml= 3400ml

24. Calculate the respiratory minute volume and alveolar
ventilation from the following data
Respiratory rate – 16/ min
Tidal volume – 400 ml
Anatomical dead space – 160 ml
Define respiratory minute volume and alveolar
ventilation?
What happens to alveolar ventilation when
respiratory rate increases?

25. Answers:
Amount of air breathed in and out per minute is
RMV.
Alveolar ventilation is the amount of air reaching
the gas exchange area in 1 min 4500 ml/min
Respiratory minute volume RMV = Tidal volume *
RR = 400* 16 = 6400 ml
Alveolar ventilation = (Tidal volume – dead space )
* RR
= ( 400- 160) * 16 = 3840 ml
When respiratory rate increases, alveolar
ventilation increases.

26. Which of the following is likely to have airway obstructive?
Vital Capacity (Ltrs)
FEV1(Ltrs)
Subject A 5.0 4.0
Subject B 4.0 2.3
Subject C 2.4 2.0
Explain your answer.
Define = VC and FEV1.

27. ANSWERS :
Vital capacity is the amount of air expired out
forcefully after forced inspiration.
FEV1 % OF VC EXPIRED IN FIRST SECOND
FEV1% = (FEV1/ VC)x 100
Subject A FEV1 % = 80% Normal
Subject B FEV1 % = 57.5% Obstructive
( Bronchial asthma)
Subject C FEV1% = 83.3% Restrictive (Fibrosis
of lung tissue) eg. Tuberculosis

28. CASE HISTORIES

29. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
• A premature infant was admitted with severe
dyspnoea and cyanosis. The cardio vascular
system was found to be normal .

 
•QUESTIONS:
•1.What could be the underlying disorder?
Respiratory distress syndrome. ( Hyaline
membrane disease)
•2.Mention the cause . Surfactant deficiency .
•3.Explain why dyspnoea is seen. Due to the
presence of areas of atelectasis ( collapse of
alveoli) & edema in lungs.
 

30. •10) A patient with congestive cardiac failure
was admitted in the intensive care unit. He is
seen to breathe rapidly for a few minutes
followed by a short period of apnea.

31. 1.What is this breathing called? Cheyne-stokes
breathing.
2.Briefly state the underlying mechanism.
Pulmonary congestion--- hypoxia---- stimulation of
respiratory centre---- increased alveolar po2-- &
decreased pco2----
Due to prolongation of circulation time between the
lungs & brain. Blood with low pco2 reaches brain
slowly.------ inhibits respiratory centre---causing
apnoea
 

32. 3.Name two physiological conditions
where this type of breathing is seen.
Voluntary hyperventilation, deep sleep,
high altitude.
 

33. Thank
you
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