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Safety plan

1. Ministry of Education Technological University ( Toungoo ) Department of Civil Engineering Study on Inspection and Safety Management for Toungoo - NayPyiTaw Expressway ( Mile 146/7 - Mile202/1 ) 23- 9 - 2018 Presented By Group ( 3 ) Ma Kyi Kyi Lwin VI BE C 17 1 23/9/2018

2. 2 Group ( 3 ) Member List 1 ) Ma Kyi Kyi Lwin VI B.E C - 17

3. Title in “ Study on Inspection & Safety Management for Toungoo-NayPyiTaw Expressway” 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES LIST OF SYMBOLS CHAPTER TITLE 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General 1.2 Objectives of the Study 1.3 Scopes of the Study 1.4 Location of the Selected Expressway 1.5 Overview of the Study 1.6 Flow Chart of the Study

4. 4 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ON EXPRESSWAY, INSPECTION & SAFETY MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 2.1 General 2.2 Functional Classification of highway 2.3 Information of Road Inspection & Safety 2.4 Contents of Road Inspection and Safety 2.5 Preparations for a Road Safety Inspection and Safety management 2.6 Traffic Control Devices For Safety 2.7 Signing Principal Type of Sign 2.8 Traffic Safety management 3 INSPECTION OF TOUNGOO-NAYPYITAW EXPRESSWAY ANDROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT 3.1 General 3.2 Inspection, Road Condition & Maintenance for the Selected Highway 3.3 Planning Road Safety Inspection For Traffic Control Devices 3.4 Planning for Pavement Marking at Highway

5. 5 3.5 Annual Cause of Traffic Accident Analysis 3.6 Planning for Inspection and safety Report 4 Possible Improvement of Road Safety Inspection For Highway and Road Safety Management 4.1 General 4.2 Determination of Inspection and Safety Management 4.3 Proposal Management System For Inspection and Safety 4.4 Possible Reduction of Accidents in Road Junction Management 4.5 Possible Improvement of traffic Flow in Expressway 4.6 Comparison of Inspection Result Black Spot 5 Discussion , Conclusion and Recommendations 5.1 Discussion 5.2 Conclusion 5.3 Recommendations

6. 6 Chapter 1 – Introduction 1.1 - General Transportation is the most important facility for moving people and materials . Highways are vital for rapid flow of the gold and people among the states and divisions. The characteristics of traffic on highway and safety control system Observe the existing road safety management system of Toungoo – NayPyiTaw Expressway and development of highway and traffic characteristics

7. 7 1.2 - Objectives 1) To Increase Public Safety. 2) To identify defects which are hazardous to highway users and which must be dealt with as a priority. 3) To identify defects which should be repaired to avoid problems developing and which can be dealt with as part of a works programme . 4) To reduced the possibility of accidents on highway and other hazardous situations. 5) To control speed and safety on the main and secondary highways. 6) To get knowledge of inspection and safety management system for highways. 7) To review the existing situations of Toungoo-NayPyiTaw Expressway inspection and safety management and Proposal to upgrade the performance of highway.

8. 8 1.3 - Scope of the Study Necessary data such as ground data and other relevant data are collected from expressway maintenance section, department of highway ,ministry of construction. The study on inspection and safety management for the selected highway have been undertaken by Australian Road Safety Fund-Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology Stubenring1 A-1011 Vienna, Road Safety Inspection Manual (FMT 2014). The inspection elements and safety management of 55.125 miles portion of selected expressway with design speed of 100 mph in 40 years are designed .

9. 9 1.4 - Location of the selected highway Figure 1.1. Location Map of Selected Road Portion of Toungoo -Mandalay Expressway Source: Public Works (Road Highway and Maintenance Department)

10. 10 1.5 – Overview o f the study The overall Presentation of this study will be carried out in five chapters. After introduction in Chapter one, chapter two reviews on expressway, inspection and safety management. Inspection of Toungoo – Naypyitaw Expressway and Safety Management system are described in chapter three. Chapter four presents possible improvement of road inspection and safety management system for highway. Finally, discussion , conclusion and recommendation for this study are manifested in chapter five.

11. 11 6 . Creation of Road Inspection Safety Report 7 . Implementation of the Proposal Measures 8 . Comparison of Inspection results for Three Years 2 . Study on Background Theory 10. End of RIS 3 . Inspection of the Existing Road Flow Chart of the study 5 . Annual Cause o f Accidents 4 . Road Condition & Maintenances 9 . Discussion & Conclusion 1. Start 1.6 – Flow Chart of the study

12. 12 Chapter 2 - Literature Review on Road Inspection , Safety and Management 2.1 General Road & highway traffic constitutes a various of road users with desires for varying speeds of movement. This demand for movement according to individual desire leads to resistance to movement by others and thus creates accident hazards. The maintenance of accident records and analysis of this records to find out the case of traffic accidents and measures to reduce them should be taken. 2.2- Functional Classification of Highway 2.2.1- Classification of road Road can be classified according to traffic volume, tonnage, location and function they have to perform. Non-urban Road - National Highway, State Highway District Roads - Major District Roads ,Other district Roads Village Roads Urban Road – Arterial, Sub-arterial, Collector street, Local street, Expressway

13. 13 Cities and Towns Arterials Collectors Locals Figure 2.1. Schematic Illustration of Rural Highway Network Figure 2.2. Schematic Illustration of portion of a suburban Street Network

14. 14 2.2.3 – Highway Cross-Section Right-of-way Cut Fill Side slope Back slope Drainage channel Guardrail Roadside Roadway Side slope Right-of-way line C.L T S Median S = Shoulder T = Travel way (a) Rural Divided Highway Right-of-way line Right-of-way Curb and gutter Side walk Residential Commercial Border Border Curb and gutter Side walk C.L (b) Urban Divided Street Figure 2.3. Typical Cross-sections Right-of-way line Right-of-way line

15. 15 2.3 – Information of Road Inspection and Safety ( RIS) 2.3.1-Guideline and Regulation for Road RIS serves to prevent accidents and are a modern form of quality assurance for safe uniform road infrastructure, roadside f eature, and road equipment. RIS is not a conventional maintenance inspection 2.3.2 – Directive of the Myanmar Parliament and the Council Directive states a key instrument in improving the safety of road network. Safety performance of existing road should be raised by targeting investments to the road sections with the highest accidents concentration and / or the highest accident reduction potential Regular inspections are an essential tool for preventing possible dangers for all road users, including vulnerable users. 2.3.3 - Federal Highway Act (FHA) FH A & the regulation on road infrastructure safety management Safety management instruments are ; - 1. Road safety impact assessments - 2. Road safety audit - 3. The safety assessment of the operating road network and the Publication of

16. sections with a high concentrations of accidents . - 4. Road Inspection Safety - 5 . The training and certification of road safety auditors and inspector 2-3-4 Different Between Road Safety Audits And Road Safety Inspection R S As guideline & specify multiple project stages in multi-phase (major) projects. R S Auditors conducted draft design , detailed design , construction Project including road equipment , a final inspection- Before opening for Traffic. RSI inspects after opening of the road for Traffic, Traffic and safety-related functionality and assessed sign of hazards in the traffic flow. 2-4 Benefits Of Road Inspection & Safety Management High Road Safety Road infrastructures Quality Benefits 16 Are key responsibilities Accidents Prevention ,Reducing the severity of accident consequences High Economic Cost avoid, Personal Suffering Averted Public Agencies

17. 17 2-4 Content of a road Inspection and Safety Management ( RISM) There are four steps in the RISM process; Preparatory work such as a review of the existing documents, collection of accident data ,etc. 2. Site visit including discussions with people responsible for the road. 3. Creation of the RIS report 4. Implementation of the proposed measures, monitoring. 2.4.1. Parties Involved in the Road Inspection safety and their Responsibilities The inspection includes at least one meeting with various agencies ( road maintenance agency, police,etc .) so that road-related that have been completed in he preceding years can also be taken into account. W e commissioning party must decide which individuals and agencies are to be involved . The involvement of the road maintenance agency and police in the meeting are required in any case. Government experts and emergency response organization ( fire brigade) can also be involved . The involvement of the road maintenance agency and police in the site is also very advantageous because the individual hazard points that were discussed during the meeting can also be viewed and discussed again on site .

18. 18 2.5. Preparations for a Road Inspection and Safety Management The preparing for a road inspection and safety management on a defined section, the necessary evaluations must be conducted and the required documents must be obtained . 2.5.1 Accident Evaluation The relevant accident incidents must be analysised as part of a road safety inspection in any case. The accident data for the section in question must be considered for a period of 3-5 years so long as there is no reason to limit the evaluation to a shorter period of time (general refurbishment, construction works, etc.) 2.5.2 Technical Traffic Aspects Technical traffic aspects must also be taken into account in an RIS. These can include the volume of traffic and the composition of traffic. 2.5.3 Other Evaluations In some case, further evaluations such as speed measurements , following distance measurement , and the like may be sensible. Other road condition data such as grip, ruts, and water film thickness must be included where available and necessary .

19. 19 2.5.4 Review of the available Documents The planning documents for the relevant road section should be ckecked if available during a road safety inspection . If no plans, aerial photos, or the like are available, the criteria must be assessed based on the site visit. 2.5.5 Checklist and Accident Evaluation The checklist includes relevant criterias for the respective road category (see the example in table ). It must be indicated whether each item is safety relevant (yes/no) in the inspected section . Comment can also be entered. In the accident evaluation, the accidents are depicted by means of tables and any abnormalities discussed. 2.5.6 List Of Measures In the list of measures , identified problems and safety deficiencies are listed and remedial measures proposed. To provide a clear and concise depiction of the measures, these are shown on a form where each deficiency or measure is shown on a separate page in portrait format. The problems and the measures should be stated as briefly as possible in the table for reasons of clarity. If more detailed explanations are needed, these can be referenced in the table and the explanation added after the table.

20. 20 Checklist for Motorways and Express way     Inspected section: ( designation, length, from – to)   Date/time:       Ambient conditions: (weather, road conditions, etc.) Inspectors:       Maximum permissible speed: (any other available speed data can also be entered here) Traffic statistics: (indication of ADT, share of heavy vehicles, special feathers ) Structural conditions Safety Relevant? Comments   Yes No   Site plan       Longitudinal section       Alignment       Cross section       Road surface condition       Sight conditions       Drainage       Junctions       Tunnels       Service Facilities(parking Spaces, etc.)               2) Equipment and roadside environment Safety Relevant? Comments Yes No   Traffic signs/guidance       Markings       Guidance systems       Vehicle restraint systems       Lighting       Vegetation       Wildlife protection systems       Signal system/telematics       Roadside environment, non- traffic systems, other.       Table.2.4. Checklist for expressways

21. 21 Table 2.5. a completed list of measures   Road Safety Inspection Legend:   High safety relevant   Measures Proposals     Moderate safety relevent NO.1       low safety relevant   Road/ section   Direction Location   Road A/ 00 mile - 00 mile   1 mile   Problem/ deficiency         Proposed measure/   Install     expected improvement         Assessment to the   moderate obstacle in the divider island, two, accident risk     accidents with injury in the last       three years   Assessment possible   severe Inflexible ,fixed obstacle   accident consequences         Assessment of imple -   short term Medium term Long term mentation timeframe         and safety relevance         Place holder for photo  

22. 22 2.6 . Traffic Control Devices for Safety . Traffic control devices are all the pavement marking, traffic marker, traffic sign, traffic signals or other devices placed or erected with the approval of a traffic authority having the necessary jurisdiction, to regulate, warn, or guide the traffic. Pavement Markings Stop Lines Traffic Makers Hazard Traffic Makers Delineators 2.7. Signing Principle and Types of Signs In introducing the subject of traffic sign, the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) states: Signs should be used only where warranted by facts and field studies.

23. 23 2.7.1. Regulatory Signs There are several categories of regulatory signs: (1) right of way (STOP, YIELD) ( 2) speed control (3) movement control ( 4) parking (5) pedestrian and (6) miscellaneous .     Figure 2.5 Illustration of Regulatory Signs [7]

24. 24 2.7.1. Regulatory Signs Figure 2.8. Illustration of Typical Warning Signs Figure 2.7 . YIELD Sign Figure 2.6 . STOP Sign

25. 25 2.9. Safety Category Overview For highway system, Safety Management Category System consists of seven primary categories and five subcategories. Primary categories are based on the functional classification of the highway and its strategic importance within the statewide highway system. The subcategories address the highway facility types and differing land use patterns surrounding the specific highway segment. (Table 2.4) provides an overview of the safety categories and subcategories,

26. 26 Category Land-Use or Facility Type Typical Functional Classification Typical Posted Speed 1 - High-Priority Interregional Corridors (IRCs) 1F Interstate Freeway Interstate Highways 55 - 75 mph 1AF Non-Interstate Freeway Principal Arterials 55 - 65 mph 1A Rural Principal Arterials 55 - 65 mph 1B Urban/Urbanizing Principal Arterials 40 - 55 mph 1C Urban Core Principal Arterials 30 - 40 mph 2 - Medium - Priority Interregional Corridors 2AF Non-Interstate Freeway Principal Arterials 55 - 65 mph 2A Rural Principal Arterials 55 - 65 mph 2B Urban/Urbanizing Principal Arterials 40 - 55 mph 2C Urban Core Principal Arterials 30 - 40 mph 3 - Regional Corridors 3AF Non-Interstate Freeway Principal Arterials 55 - 65 mph 3A Rural Principal/Minor Arterials 45 - 65 mph 3B Urban/Urbanizing Principal/Minor Arterials 40 - 45 mph 3C Urban Core Principal/Minor Arterials 30 - 40 mph 4 - Principal Arterials in the Cities Area and Primary Regional Trade Centers (Non - IRCs) 4AF Non-Interstate Freeway Principal Arterials 55 - 65 mph Table 2.4 Overview of Safety Category

27. 27 4A Rural Principal Arterials 45 - 55 mph 4B Urban/Urbanizing Principal Arterials 40 - 45 mph 4C Urban Core Principal Arterials 30 - 40 mph 5 - Minor Arterials 5A Rural Minor Arterials 45 - 55 mph 5B Urban/Urbanizing Minor Arterials 40 - 45 mph 5C Urban Core Minor Arterials 30 - 40 mph 6 - Collectors 6A Rural Collectors 45 - 55 mph 6B Urban/Urbanizing Collectors 40 - 45 mph 6C Urban Core Collectors 30 - 40 mph 7-Specific Area Safety Management Plans 7 All All All Table 2.4 (Continued) Overview of Safety Category

28. 28 CHAPTER 3 INSPECTION OF TAUNGOO-NAYPYITAW EXPRESSWAY AND ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT 3.1. General Toungoo-Naypyitaw expressway is constructed in 2005 for the transportation of goods, people and communication throughout the country from central Myanmar and opened at 2009 .To save the transport time, to minimize the accidents and to protect the health and welfare of users, inspection and safety management system is essential part of the traffic and highway engineering . There are considerable numbers of accidents during a short period and there are at least six numbers of hazardous locations . By studying inspection and safety management system of this expressway and it’s safety road, some improvements of expressway from safe road view point can be prepared and better performance of road safe to expressway is expected.

29. 29 3.2. Inspection, Road Condition and Maintenance for the Selected Highway Toungoo-Naypyitaw expressway link Yangon and Naypyitaw , passing through Bago division. The study road portion ( Toungoo-Naypyitaw portion) is 55.125 miles long and in some rolling region.   3.2.1. Division of Expressway for Road Inspection and Safety Mana gement To make study easier the road inspection and safety management system along the Toungoo-Naypyidaw expressway, it is divided into two portions. 1 . Kanpaukgyi to Thargara part.(From 146/7 mile to 173/1 mile). Intersection roads in this part are: (1) Kaytumadi Myo Thit road (2) Thargara-Koepin road 2. Thargara to C Junction part. (From 173/1 mile to 202/1 mile). Access roads in this part are: (1) Sa- Ka - Kha (6) Entrance road (2) Thephyu dam road (3) Pattar-Einpinthar road (4) Leway-Shansu road (5) C Junction

30. 30 3.3. Planning Road Safety Inspection for Traffic Control Devices (From 146/7 mile to 202/1 mile ) Speed Limit (day) Speed Limit (night) No Parking on Pavement Road Curves Right Road Curves Left Slow Sign No Parking on Tracks Flashing Amber light No Trucks Two Bends (Right) Down Grade Up Grade   Figure 3.1 The Traffic Control Signs Using in the Expressway

31. 31 3.3.1. Planning of Traffic Control Devices for Safety Road at Intersections Stop-See-Go Slow Sign Motorcycle Prohibited Cart Prohibited ­ Flashing Amber light Tractor Prohibited Trawlergi Prohibited Cross Walk   Figure 3.2 The Traffic Control Signs Using in the Road Intersection Area

32. 32 3.3.2. Planning of Traffic Control Devices for Bridge Approach There are 36 bridges in this part of the expressway, guard rails for bridges and guard posts are essential at approaching the bridges so as to prevent fall when the users drive with over speed. Again warning sign like “SLOW DOWN” is set up 300 feet ahead before reaching the bridge. Figure 3.3 Traffic Control Signs Using in the Bridge Approach 3.3.3. Planning of traffic control devices for intersection with railway In this “ Thargara to C Junction” part, railway is passing across the expressway. To notify the junction with the railway, “RAILWAY AHEAD” sign and “GUARD RAILWAY AHEAD” sign are used 900 feet away from the junction. “SLOW” sign and “GUARD RAIL” sign are further used 300 feet away from the main road and railway junction so as to slow down the speed. Slow Sign Railway Ahead Figure 3.4 At Railway Line, “SLOW” Sign and “RAILWAY AHEAD” Sign

33. 33 3.4. Planning for Pavement Markings at Expressway For safe traffic and smooth transportation of road accesses, making of pavement markings takes very important part in the traffic management system. ( 1) Median longitudinal white lines (2) Longitudinal white lane lines (3) Arrow markings and words (4) Yellow line bounded islands (5) Road edge block markings and (6) Red and white guard posts. 3.4.1 Figure 3.5 Keep of Median Longitudinal White Lines   3.4.2. Figure 3.6 Longitudinal White Lane Lines

34. 34 3.4.3. Arrows and Words Arrows are also important pavement markings drawn on Toungoo-Naypyidaw expressway. Figure 3.7 At Intersection , “Arrow” Sign and “Word” Sign 3.4.4. Yellow Line Bounded Islands I slands should be drawn at (147/6, 164/6, 201/3) miles . 3.4.5. Red and White Guard Posts   Figure 3.8. The Lack of Red and White Road Edge Blocks and Diagonal Black and White Stripe.

35. 35 3.5. Planning for Maintenances at Expressway Under many condition, Tungoo-Naypyitaw highway surfaces must be kept in a condition suitable for safe travel at the posted speed limit. Keeping the surface of TU-NPT expressway in a safe condition is the number one priority maintenance item . Figure 3.9. Maintenance of Ruts from Highway Maintenance Department 3.6. Annual Cause of Traffic Accident Analysis 3.6.1 Annually and Monthly Traffic Accident Records from 2013 to 2015 The numbers of annually and monthly traffic accident occurrences on the expressway for Yangon- Mandalay ( Ygn-Mdy ) and Mandalay -Yangon ( Mdy-Ygn )directions from 2013 to 2015.

36. Yangon - Mandalay Expressway Traffic and Accident Volume 2013 36

37. Yangon-Mandalay Expressway Traffic and Accident Volume 2014 37

38. Yangon-Mandalay Expressway Traffic and Accident Volume 2015 38

39. 39 No Year No. Of Accident Type Of Accident Cause Of Accident No. Of Injury No. Of Death Car Cycle Anami - nal Over Speed Broken Rule Operat -or Sleepy Tyre Brusting 1 2013 5 3 2 - 1 2 - 2 21 8 2 2014 12 10 - 2 7 2 1 2 30 1 3 2015 18 15 3 - 9 3 2 4 44 1 TOTAL 35 28 5 2 17 7 3 8 95 10 Table 3.4. Annually Traffic and Accident Volume Record on TU-NPT (Both Direction) from 2013-2015.

40. 40 General Information of Technical Specifications and Salient Features of (TU-NPT) 1. Commissioning Party Ministry Of Construction, Highway Department Maintenance 2. Length of Section mile 147/6- 202/1 (55.125 mile) 3. Cross Section See in figure 3.12 4. Right of Way (ROW) 400 ft 5. Number of Lanes 4 lanes extendable to 8 lanes( One Lane Width=12.5 feet) 6. Design Speed 100 km per hour 7. Speed Limit 100 km per hour for cars ,90 km per hour for express bus and 60 km per hour for other vehicles 8. Type of Pavement Rigid Pavement( Concrete) 9. Median Width 30 feet 10. Load Limit 80 Tons 11. Carriageway Slope 3% 12. Thickness of Pavement Quality Concrete Base Concrete Layer = 6 inches (2000 psi) Top Concrete Layer = 12 inchers (4000 psi) 13 Service Facilities Show in Checklist , List of Measure , designation of the travel lanes and travel direction are TU-NPT( To north) and NPT-TU ( To south) 3.7. Planning for Inspection and Safety Report 3.7.1. General information of Inspected Section Table 3.5. General Information of Inspected Section

41. 41 Checklist for Taungoo - Naypyitaw Express way Inspected section: Taungoo - Naypyitaw Express way ( Mile 146/7- 202/1)(Both Direction) Date/time: 8-6-2018; 9-6-2018; 29-7-2018 ; 30-7-2018; 31-7-2018 ( 8:30 AM) Ambient conditions: Weather fine , cloudly , raining; road conditions are clear vehicles Inspectors: Ma Kyi Kyi Lwin (6 BE) & MOC, Highway Maintenance Group Maximum permissible speed: 100mph for home vehicles ,90mph for express Bus and 60 mph for other vehicles. Traffic statistics : 11170 of ADT According to MOC & Highway Maintenance 1)Structural conditions Safety Relevant?   Comments Yes No Site Plan             - The speed level is appropriate for the design parameters. -But the existing speed limit is not adequate for the horizontal and vertical design parameters of the alignment at mile 165/0-169/0,170/0-171/0, and 174/0-218/0. At this point, radius are not sequences appropriate. Longitudinal section       -There are low longitudinal gradients, but this isn’t influence the traffic flow. -The speed level is appropriate for the sight distances. 3.7.2. Completed checklist by Inspected Section Table 3.6.Completed checklist for Taungoo - Naypyitaw Expressway(Both Direction )

42. 42 .3.7.3. List of Measures by the Inspected Section Table 3.7.A Completed List of Measures by the Inspected Section Road Safety Inspection Measures Proposal Legend: High safety relevance No.1 Moderate safety relevance Low safety relevance Road/ Section Direction Location Toungoo-Naypyitaw ( Mile 147/6-202/1) 2 Both direction Mile 55.125;Between 18 56’ 34.48” N to 19 44’ 42.00”N latitude and 96 26’2.69” E to 36 07’46.99” E longitude. Problrm / Deficieities Problem: There are neither an end piece nor an impact absorber at the end of the concrete divider island; a collision with the blunt end of the concrete divider is possible. Proposal measures/expected improvement Install an impact absorber ; this will reduce the consequences of the collision. Assessment of the accident risk high Obstacle in the divider island ,34 accidents with personal injury in the last 2013 to 2015 years. Assessment of possible accident consequences moderate Inflexible, fixed obstacle Assessment of implementation timeframe and safety relevance Short term Medium term Long term

43. 43 CHAPTER 4 POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENT OF ROAD INSPECTION AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT FOR EXPRESSWAY 4.1. General Yangon–Mandalay Expressway is the first and only one expressway in Myanmar . The primary objective of this study is to reduce the accidents and the hazardous locations and visualize accident data on Toungoo-Naypyitaw Expressway in Myanmar . 4.2. Determination of Inspection and Safety Management Inspection and safety management is important in management of inspected roads approaching Toungoo-Naypyidaw expressway. 4.3. Proposal Management System for Inspection and Safety 4.3.1. Managing the Median Openings in Expressway .3.2. Managing the Interchanges and Ramp at Expressway Figure 4.1. Right Merging Traffic Ahead Sign and Yield Sign

44. 44 Figure4.3. On-Ramp Management of Toungoo-Naypyidaw Expressway and Taungoo Junction Road Figure 4.4. Advisory Exit Speed Sign and Double Object Markers Figure 4.6. Off-Ramp Management of Toungoo-Naypyidaw Expressway and Thargara-Koe Pin

45. 45 4.4. Possible Reduction of Accidents in Junction Management 4.4.1. Possible Reduction of Conflicts at Toungoo-Naypyitaw expressway 4.4.2. Reduction of Accident Frequency at Minor Road 4.5. Possible Improvements of Traffic Flow in Expressway When an incident occurs, traffic diversion of the expressway to other routes is essential. It is better to use planned diversion route rather than the choice of less congested route by motorist themselves . 4.6. Comparison of Inspection result Black Sports for Toungoo-Naypyitaw Exp : The accident database tables compared and involved attributes such as accident location, number of accident occurrence, type of accidents, cause of accidents , number of injury and number of death on the expressway from the analysis, according to the data from the Ministry of Construction and Highway police Force in Naypyitaw .

46. 46   No   Year   No.of Acci -dent   Type of accident (Car) Cause of accident   No of Injury   No. of Death Over Speed Tyre Brustring Operator Sleeply 1 2013 - - - - - - - 2 2014 - - - - - - - 3 2015 3 3 1 1 1 17 - Total 3 3 1 1 1 17 - Table 4.1. Frequently of Accident (Black Sport) at Mile 152/2-153/4 from 2013-2015

47. 47   No   Year   No.of Acci -dent Type of accident Cause of accident   No of Injury   No. of Death Car Cycle Over Speed Tyre Brustring Broken Rule 1 2013 2 1 1 1   1 - 1 2 2014 2 2 - 2 - - 2 - 3 2015 3 3 - 1 2 - - - Total 7 6 1 4 2 1 2 1 Table 4.2. Frequently of Accident (Black Sport) at Mile 153/7-154/0 from 2013-2015

48. 48   No   Year   No.of Accident Type of accident Cause of accident   No. of Injury   No. of Death Car Cycle Over Speed Broken Rule 1 2013 - - - - - - - 2 2014 1 1 - 1 - 15 - 3 2015 5 4 1 4 4 13 1 Total 6 5 1 5 1 28 1 Table 4.3. Frequently of Accident (Black Sport) at Mile 188/0-188/5 from 2013-2015

49. 49   No   Year   No.of Accident Type of accident Cause of accident No. of Injury No. of Death Car Cycle Animal Over Speed Broken Rule 1 2013 1 - 1 - - 1 19 7 2 2014 2 - - 2 - 2 2 - 3 2015 2 1 1 - 1 1 - - Total 5 1 2 2 1 4 21 7 Table 4.4. Frequently of Accident (Black Sport) at Mile 192/0 from 2013-2015

50. 50   No   Year   No.of Acci -dent Type of accident Cause of accident   No of Injury   No. of Death Car Cycle Over Speed Tyre Brustring Brok -en Rule Operat-or Sleeply 1 2013 - - - - - - - - - 2 2014 5 5 - 2 - 2 1 10 - 3 2015 1 - 1 - 1 - - 1 - Total 6 5 1 2 1 2 1 11 - Table 4.5. Frequently of Accident (Black Sport) at Mile 199/1-199/6 from 20132015

51. 51   No   Year   No.of Acci -dent   Type of accident (Car ) Cause of accident   No of Injury   No. of Death Over Speed Tyre Brustring Operator Sleeply 1 2013 2 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 2014 2 2 2 - - 1 1 3 2015 4 4 4 1 1 13 - Total 8 8 4 3 1 16 1 Table 4.6. Frequency of Accident (Black Sport) at Mile 201/5-202/1 from2013-2015

52. 52   No   Mile Cause of accident Year No. of accident No. of Injury No. of Death Remark 2013 2014 2015 1. 152/2-153/4 - - 3 3 17 -   2. 153/7-154/0 2 2 3 7 2 1   3. 188/0-188/5 - 1 5 6 28 1   4. 192/0 1 2 2 5 21 7   5. 199/1-199/6 - 5 1 6 11 -   6. 201/5-202/5 2 2 4 8 16 1   Total 5 12 18 35 95 10   4.6. Between Toungoo and Naypyitaw Black Spot Places from 2013-2015 Table 4.7. Frequently of Accident (Black Sport) List from 2013-2015

53. 53 CHAPTER 5 DISSCUSSION , CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1. Discussion Toungoo-Naypyidaw expressway is constructed in 2005 and open 2009 and 55 miles 1 furlong long. In this study, there are three portions to be presented. First, existing highway and road safety management system is developed, according to the Manual of Standard Traffic Signs and Pavement Markings for safe road. Secondly, by using the access type categories, the Toungoo-Naypyidaw highway is included in road access type seven. For reduction of accidents , the speed of vehicles using the expressway should be reduced to about 30 mph to 40 mph when approaching the minor road accesses. Finally the fact that although the main aim is to promote the traffic flow in the expressway, prevention of the accidents is also important should be considered. So, measures to maintain the balance between congestion and rapid flow should be taken.

54. 54 5.2. Conclusion This study is inspection and safety management for Toungoo-Naypyitaw Expressway including traffic signals, markings etc ; and investigated and identified the accident types and hazardous locations . The most accidents due to vehicles defects were caused by break defects, with the least of all being caused by defective or missing mirrors. Most automobile accidents and over speed accidents are caused by human errors in TU-NPT expressway. 5.2. Recommendations The followings are recommended for further study in this field: 1. It should be considered the detail planning for geometric design of Toungoo-Naypyitaw expressway, hydraulic design and design of drainage structures . 2. Other inspection element such as Geographical Information System (GIS) application should be considered for the protection in serious damage to the highway .

55. 55 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION