This document describes the awareness training on Scaffold.
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Language: en
Added: Aug 08, 2024
Slides: 82 pages
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SSAFETY SUPERVISORS SFIRST LINE SUPERVISORS SACCIDENT INVESTIGATION TEAM MEMBERS SSCAFFOLDING FOREMEN AND SUPERVISORS
TTHE AVOIDANCE OF SITUATIONS WHICH MAY RESULT IN
INJURY OR HARM TO ANYBODY
T
IMPROVEMENT IN EFFICIENCY OF PEOPLE WORKING FROM
T
IMPROVEMENT IN EFFICIENCY OF PEOPLE WORKING FROM
SCAFFOLDING
TTO PROVIDE THE BASIC SKILLS NECESSARY FOR THE
RECOGNITION & CONTROL OF HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH
SCAFFOLDING
This program is based on the US Occupational Safety and
Health Administration of 1970, “29 CFR 1926 Subpart L”,
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY SAFETY AND HEALTH CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY SAFETY AND HEALTH
STANDARDS FOR SCAFFOLDING
All scaffolding construction work on this project
must comply with this standard
RECOGNISED SCAFFOLDING PROBLEM AREAS:
• Lack of proper supervision by
“Competent Person”
• The use of unskilled labor •
Inadequate fall protection
–
personnel and materials
•
Inadequate fall protection
–
personnel and materials
• Irregular scaffold inspections
• Substandard equipment
• Unauthorized alteration of scaffolding
Before scaffolding operations begin, Scaffolding Supervisors and Erectors should assess the work area for existing
And
potential future
hazards
Supervisors and Erectors should assess the work area for existing
And
potential future
hazards
which may impact on the work
Interface at an early stage will help to prevent thi s situation from occurring
CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
• Improve planning/coordination
• Establish cooperation between
interfacing disciplines
• Define and follow proper job sequence
• Improve supervision
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
• Job sequence not followed/coordinated
• Lack of co-operation between different
disciplines
• Poor planning
• Poor supervision
Who removes the buried
scaffolding equipment
CUTTING STANDARDS
TO ALLOW ACCESS
CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
Plan the job properly
Improve supervision
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
•No planning
•No supervision
•No coordination between
disciplines
Improve supervision
Establish cooperation
between disciplines
Ensure only scaffolders
modify scaffolds to
WHEN USING SYSTEM SCAFFOLDS
E.G. CUPLOK, KWIKSTAGE ETC,
CONTRACTOR MUST ENSURE THAT CONTRACTOR MUST ENSURE THAT
PRODUCT DATA SHEETS AND THE
SYSTEM USERS MANUAL ARE
AVAILABLE FOR REFERENCE
SCAFFOLDING EQUIPMENT IS OFTEN SUBJECTED
TO
MISUSEAND ABUSE
WHICH CAN RESULT IN
DAMAGE THAT MAKES IT UNSUITABLE FOR THE DAMAGE THAT MAKES IT UNSUITABLE FOR THE
PURPOSE FOR WHICH IT WAS INTENDED.
SOME EXAMPLES OF
MISUSE AND ABUSE
ARE: -
ANSWERS
• Provide the right tools for every job
• Remove unused scaffolding to the lay-down area
• Improve supervision
REASONS
• Lack of task related materials
• Poor housekeeping
• Inadequate Supervision
Don’t allow scaffold
tube to be cut on site -
should be carried
out in scaffold yard.
Use proper cutting
equipment.
Oxyacetylene torch
must NEVER be used to
cut scaffold tube.
Good housekeeping practices will avoid this situation
RUSTING COUPLERS
Contributing factors
Drum has no drain holes, accumulating rain
water, drum not painted promoting rust
CORRECTIVE ACTIONS CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
Storage drums for couplers to have their bottom Storage drums for couplers to have their bottom
drilled with drain holes drilled with drain holes
Metal drums if used for storage should be Metal drums if used for storage should be
cleaned, painted and labeled. cleaned, painted and labeled.
Retain adequate quantity of drums Retain adequate quantity of drums
Sort out and isolate corroded Sort out and isolate corroded
couplers/components, clean and treat them anti couplers/components, clean and treat them anti--
rust solution. rust solution.
….. couplers rusting in a
storage drum filled with water
“Bombing” Materials can
cause people to be hurt or
KILLED Property damage
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
No coupler’s bag - lack of recognition of the
consequences - poor supervision
CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
Provide leather bucket for couplers & ropes for
tubes and planks - always anticipate potential
result - increase supervision
Don’t let your
work area look
like this!
Maintain good
housekeeping
! ! ALWAYS! !
Contractor ______________________ Area _________________________________ Date ___________
Specific Location ___________________________________________________Scaffold number __________
Supervisor __________________________________ Builder ___________________________________
(Print name)(Print name)
Purpose of Scaffold ____ ___________________________________ Length of Time Needed ______________
Type of Scaffold_________________________________ Maximum Number of personnel Permitted _________
Height ________________ Length at Base _________________
Width at base __________________ Load Limit Maximum = Total Kg ________________________
Medium duty: Maximum Load Limit Kg = Width at Base
X
2.5 meters length
X
25 Kg/sq. meter
Heavy du ty: Maximum Load Limit Kg = Width at base
X
1.8 meters length
X
34 Kg/sq. meter
Maximum Personnel = Maximum Load Limit (divided by) 360
NOTE: If a specialty scaffold or an engineer designed scaff old, the design drawing and specifications mus t be
attached.
PRE-ERECTION APPROVALS
The signatories below agree to the information above.
User ________________ Date ____________ Scaffolding Superintendent __________________ Date ________
UNITED
Scaffold Permit
User ________________ Date ____________ Scaffolding Superintendent __________________ Date ________ Safety_________________ Date___________ Construction Manag er ____________________ Date _________
SCAFFOLD COMPLETION
By signing here the scaffold builder verifies that the scaffold is complete, The scaffolding supervisor verifi es that he has
conducted an inspection and confirms that the scaffold is complete an d that is it being build according to the inform ation on
this document and that the scaffold is ready for inspectio n. The user signs verifying that the scaffold is built according to his
needs.
Scaffold Builder ________________________________ Date Completed ________________
Scaffolding Supervisor________________________________ Date _______________________
Scaffold User ____________________________________ Date _ ___________ ___________
AFTER ERECTION INSPECTION AND APPROVAL
By signing below the Scaffolding Superintendent and the Comp etent Scaffold Inspector certifies that the scaffold is complete, meets
all the scaffolding and safety criteria and that it is safe for use. Th e scaffold inspection form must be us ed for the inspection of the
scaffold. A completed green SCAFTAG must be attached to t he scaffold at the access point with the scaffold numbe r written on the
SCAFTAG.(In case of a specialty scaffold or engineered de sign scaffold or a scaffold 12 meter and above in height, th e Scaffolding
Engineer must sign as the Competent Scaffold Inspector. )
Competent Scaffold Inspector ________________________________ Date _____________________
Scaffold Superintendent _____________________________________ Date _____________________
United
ELEVATED WORK PERMIT
COMPANY :
________________________________
DATE :
DATE : TIME : DATE / TIME EXPIRES :
JOB DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION (Be Specific and attach a plot plan indicating the exact location)
Section A : PRIOR TO S TART OF ELEVATED WORK (1.8 METERS AND ABOVE)
ENSURE THAT THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA ARE MET NOTE :
GREEN S CAFFOLD TAG AT ACCES S POINT MUS T BE REMOVED PRIOR TO INS PECTION AND REPLACED ONLY UPON COMPLIANCE OF ITEMS BELOW
Y N NA
100
%
Fall Protection complied
.
Toe boards, guard rails
Y N NA
Cables
/
cords are raised
6
ft
.
above surface and safety flags are provided
are secured
.
Static line provided where required
.
Y N NA
Walkway is clear of scattered debris, tools and ma terials
Y
N
NA
Scaffolds are complete and tagged GREEN Safe for us e
.
Y
N
NA
Scaffolds are complete and tagged GREEN Safe for us e
.
Walk board is firm and secured.
Y N NA
Gas cylinders secured or mounted on a trolley or r ack
Y N NA
Access is clear and free of obstruction
.
Access ladder is
Y N NA
Adequate number of fully charged fire extinguisher s provided
secured and free of defects
.
Y N NA
Full body harness with
2
lanyards and shock absorber
Y N NA
Open areas
/
gratings are adequately covered and protected
worn where required
.
100
%
PPE compliance
.
Warning signs are conspicuously posted
.
Y N NA
Sufficient illumination provided in the work area.
Y N NA
Vertical ladder is not allowed.
For elevation higher than
12 ft. side step scaffold is required.
Y N NA
Hot work/cold work permit completed where required .
Y N NA
Fire blanket/welding screen for welding, cutting/
grinding works provided
Y N NA
Safety Officer designated to the Area.
Y N NA
Elevated work will not be performed above fuel dri ven equipment
Y N NA
Safe Work Plan submitted
alongside with elevated work permit
.
Y N NA
Safety net to contain falling debris are provided where required
Y N NA
Proper and adequate housekeeping is maintained.
Y N NA
Steel erection work has safe access and egress and secure anchor points
Comments/Remarks :
Before scaffold erection starts, equipment must be checked for
• Excessive rust –
a sign of abuse or neglect
• Straightness –
must be in a serviceable condition
• Compatibility –
with other types of equipment
•
Weld integrity
–
check for cracks/signs of weakness
•
Weld integrity
–
check for cracks/signs of weakness
Inspection must be carried out be the “Competent Person” and
by the scaffold erector
Equipment should be free from damage or defect
– all damaged
or defective equipment must be removed from service
ALL SCAFFOLDS ARE BUILT USING TUBULAR STEEL: -
STANDARDS –
(Posts – Uprights)
LEDGERS –
(Runners – Horizontals)
TRANSOMS –
(Bearer – Putlog)
BRACING –
(Ledger – Facade – Plan)
TUBE & COUPLER SCAFFOLDS ARE CONNECTED BY MEANS OF: -
DOUBLE COUPLER -
(Right Angle - 90º Coupler)
SINGLE COUPLER -
(Putlog – Bearer Coupler)
SWIVEL COUPLER -
(Universal – Brace Coupler)
SLEEVE COUPLER -
(Axial compression and tension)
INTERNAL JOINT PIN -
(Axial compression only)
This is a vertical tube that bears
the weight of the scaffold
Scaffold tube must be
48mm OD & 3.2mm minimum
wall thickness and must be
to BS 1139 or equivalent
ALL joints in adjacent
standards must be
Sole board under two
standards
Use base plate - size 150 x 150
ALL joints in adjacent
standards must be
staggered for stability.
Sleeve Coupler or Joint Pin
may be used
Sole boards (sills) must be used on all
surfaces except concrete of suitable thickness
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STANDARD SPACINGS FOR
LIGHT DUTY AND MEDIUM DUTY SCAFFOLDING
Longitudinal Standard Spacing
MAXIMUM PERMITTED LOADINGS
LIGHT DUTY 120 Kg PER M²
MEDIUM DUTY 240 Kg PER M²
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
Light Duty 2.4m Maximum
Medium Duty 2.1m Maximum
A Horizontal scaffold tube connected to
standards on the Longitudinal plane using load
bearing couplers only (DOUBLES)
Transoms (bearers)
supported by Ledger
Max lift height 2.00m
Ledger joints staggered
using SLEEVE COUPLERS
Also known as “Right Angle” or “90°”
coupler.
Used to connect two tubes at right
angles to each other.
Safe working load 6.25kn (625kg) slip
on tube.
DOUBLE COUPLER
oThe Double Coupler is a load bearing coupler and MUST
be embossed or forge marked, “EN 74” or “BS 1139”.
Use Putlog couplers to
connect to ledgers at
platform level
A tube connected across
the width of the scaffold
Foot tie(Base Lift) - connect TRANSOM
to STANDARD using DOUBLE COUPLERS
Used to connect transom and
intermediate transom tubes to
ledgers at the platform level.
Safe working load 0.53kn.
(54kg) force to pull tube
axially from coupler.
PUTLOG COUPLER
Also called Single Coupler
Putlog couplers should be embossed or
forge marked, EN 7 or BS 1139
Putlog couplers are NOT load-bearing
Can be used in vertical
or horizontal plane
BEAM (GIRDER) CLAMP
SWL 10kn per pair vertical
Load bearing coupler. SWL 30kn (3059kg) per pair horizontal
Must always be used in pairs
ONLY DROP FORGED BEAM CLAMPS WILL BE USED.
Used to connect two tubes
to each other at any angle
Safe working load 6.25kn
(625kg) slip on tube.
SWIVEL COUPLER
Also known as Universal or Brace coupler
MUST be embossed or forge marked, EN 74 or BS 1139
Install Bracing to FULL
HEIGHT of scaffold
Maximum 300mm from node point
Scaffold tied
to structure
TRANSVERSE ZIG ZAG
BRACING TO TUBE AND
COUPLER SCAFFOLD
Typical angle 35°to 55°
from node point
Install Bracing to both ends
of scaffold and to alternate
pairs of Standards between
to structure
300mm maximum
from Node point
TRANSVERSE “CROSS”
BRACING TO TUBE AND
COUPLER SCAFFOLD
Install Cross Brace to
bottom lift and to every
Scaffold tied
to structure
Install Cross Brace to
both ends of scaffold
and to alternate pairs
of standards between
bottom lift and to every Third lift up to the top
of the scaffold
FAÇADE BRACING
SCAFFOLD HEIGHT EXCEEDS LENGTH
Connect bracing
to standard using
swivel coupler OR
Install bracing to both inner and outer rows of standards
All connections
within 300mm
of node point
swivel coupler OR to transom using
double coupler
Install bracing to both inner and outer rows of standards
in opposing directions
Angle of Brace
to Standard -
35º to 55º
Install brace at correct angle from first standard to end of
scaffold and repeat in alternate directions to top of scaffold
FACADE BRACING
SCAFFOLD LENGTH EXCEEDS HEIGHT
Install bracing to both inner and outer
rows of standards in opposing directions
Connect bracing
to standard using
swivel coupler OR
to transom using
double coupler
All connections
within 300mm
of node point
Angle of brace
to standard -
35º to 55º
Install brace at correct angle from
first standard to top of scaffold
Repeat brace every
FIFTH standard for
full length of scaffold
LONGITUDINAL ZIG ZAG BRACING TO
TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDING
Connect bracing to standard using swivel
coupler OR to transom using double coupler
Install bracing to both inner
and outer rows of standards
Maximum 4 open bays
Angle of
brace to
standard -
35º to 55º
Install brace at correct angle
from bottom to top of scaffold
All connections
within 300mm
of node point
Scaffolds must be tied to
a permanent structure
when the platform height
is greater than 3 times the
shortest base dimension
TWO WAY TIE – PLAN VIEW
USE load bearing
Timber packing to
prevent damage
TIES TO BE CONNECTED AT NODE
POINTS WHERE TRANSOM AND
LEDGER SUPPORT THE STANDARD
WALL OR SOLID
USE load bearing
(Double) Couplers
TIE TUBES TO SCAFFOLD
WALL OR SOLID
STRUCTURE
SCAFFOLDS TO BE TIED TO A PERMANENT
STRUCTURE AT INTERVALS
NOT EXCEEDING 32M²
Box tubes
Tie tubes
COLUMN BOX TIE
USE ONLY load bearing
(Double) Couplers to form scaffold ties
TIE TUBES COUPLED TO TWO
STANDARDS (UPRIGHTS)
ALTERNATIVE – COUPLE TIE
TUBES TO TWO LEDGERS
Sole Board
Only 1 lift above
Raker tie point
Raker tie in point
Base plate
RAKERED SUPPORT
Single tube Raker –
maximum 6m long @ 75º
approximate angle
Horizontal tie
tubes required
Detail
Alternative on
hard ground
Base Plate
Short Butt
With the exception of pre-formed units, ALL scaffold platforms shall be constructed
using scaffold grade lumber certified by a recognized Lumber Grading Association or
Certifying Agency, EG NGLA(National Lumber Grading Agency), BSI. Only OSHA
approved scaffold planks shall be used in the construction of scaffold platforms
Scaffold planks must not be used if they are
shown to be defective.
Defective is defined as:- split*, saw-cut**,
twisted more than ½”, drilled, worn,decayed,
broken or otherwise damaged
Standard scaffold planks measure
either 225mm x 38mm or 225 x 50mm
Scaffold planks
MUST NOT
be painted
except on the ends for identification
Lumber grading must be clearly marked
along the edge of the plank
broken or otherwise damaged NB *Allowable split in plank end - 1” without
metal band - 12” with metal band **Saw
cut – maximum 4” across plank – not within 12”
of plank end – not in middle third of plank
EVERY SCAFFOLD PLATFORM SHALL BE: -
Fully boarded across the width between standards
Minimum 675mm (3 boards) wide Not more than
350mm from the workface unless provided with an
inside guardrail Kept free from obstructions, tripping
hazards, projecting nails, excess materials, slippe ry
substances etc.
Every platform 1.8m or higher must be provided with a Guardrail system
and a safe, convenient means of access
substances etc.
Platforms MUST be close
boarded with a maximum gap
between boards of 1”.
Unavoidable gaps in excess of 1”.
between boards must be covered
using either; plywood of ¾”
thickness for gaps up to 12” or
scaffold boards laid at right
angles to the platform for larger
gaps.
Typical Ladder
access opening
Planks 1.8m or less to
be tied at both ends
ALL PLANKS OF A
SCAFFOLD PLATFORM
MUST BE SECURED
AGAINST ACCIDENTAL
DISPLACEMENT
Transoms at maximum
1500mm centers
Overlap
150mm min
300mm max
Support both ends of
planks installed end to end
Standard
Overlap minimum
300mm
Intermediate transom
Transoms
CORRECTIVE ACTIONS CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
Control ‘open flame’ work activities on
scaffold platforms
Enforce 100% spark containment.
Ensure fire blankets are used when
doing ‘hot work’ from scaffolding
Appoint fire watch with extinguisher
Ensure close supervision of all ‘hot
work’ activities
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
Poor work practices
Poor supervision
No spark containment procedures
A guardrail system is a series of posts,
rails and toe-boards whose purpose is to
prevent people and equipment falling from
an elevated platform
REQUIREMENTS
Top rail 0.95 - 1.15 meters (38” - 45”)
above platform
Top rail
Guardrail Post
above platform
Mid rail (knee rail) half way between
top rail and platform
Able to withstand a force of 90Kg
(200lbs) in any direction
Toe-board minimum height above
platform - 4” and must be at least 1”
thick if made of wood
Toe-board able to withstand force of
23Kg (50lbs) downward or horizontal
Protective screen, when used, made of
18 gauge wire or equivalent – maximum
½” mesh – fix to both guardrails and to
toe board Mid (knee) rail
Toe board
Improper platform !
No safety harness !
No fall protection !
NO !NO !
Do not use a ladder
to extend the reach
from a scaffold
platform
STAY INSIDE THE GUARDRAIL
SYSTEM WHEN WORKING
FROM SCAFFOLDING
Only qualified
scaffolders are
permitted to
alter scaffolding
Hinge at this
point using
Swivel Coupler
SELF-CLOSING “DROP BAR” SAFETY RAIL
AT ACCESS TO WORKING PLATFORM
SAFE CLEARANCES
750mm behind user;
250mm behind ladder;
100mm toe clearance;
325mm either side
(measured from ladder
center line)
LADDER ACCESS WAY;
MINIMUM
27
”
BACKGROUND & BRACING
OMITTED FOR CLARITY
Ladder slope
4 up-1 out
LADDER ACCESS WAY;
MINIMUM
27
”
(685mm) – MAXIMNUM
30” (760mm)
ENSURE TOE BOARD
DOES NOT OBSTRUCT
ACCESS
Wire or Nylon rope square
Side rails must be smooth and
without slivers or projections.
Ladders must not be painted
Install on a firm
and level surface
Do not support on bricks or blocks to extend the
Wire or Nylon rope square lashing around side rails –
not the rungs
Check tie rod on
wooden ladders
Do not use damaged or weakened ladders
Keep area around
ladders clear of
trash and debris
or blocks to extend the
ladder reach
Do not use as platforms,
walkways or supports for
planks
Use proper trestles to
support scaffold planks
Do not use rebar or
similar to replace
damaged rungs
Do not lash ladders together –
always use an extension ladder
to gain additional height
Do not use ladders with
broken or damaged rungs
WRONG !
Always face the ladder
Pay attention
Keep both hands free
RIGHT !
Keep 3 point contact
2
hands &
1
foot
2
hands &
1
foot
2 feet & 1 hand
WRONG !
Ensure lanyard is
properlysecured to a
stable anchor point
A stable anchor point, EG
life line, structural beam
etc. must be able to
withstand a load of 2500Kg
Scaffold erectors
must be tied off at all times during scaffold
erection, alteration
WRONG !
A ladder is not a
secureanchor point
times during scaffold
erection, alteration
and dismantling
operations.
Hinged top rail at
ladder step off point
Vertical Ladder
to be tied at
Top
Middle
PLAN BRACE
Installed at bottom lift,
under platform and at every
three lifts between
Ladder attachment tubes; attach
ladder to short side of scaffold
wherever possible
Can be mobile (as
shown) or static using
base plates and sole
boards as required
Maximum height to top
platform = 3 x smallest
base dimension
Side elevation showing
ladder tying points
& Bottom
LOCKING CASTORS
Replace with base plates and
sole boards for static tower
Tank shell
Top rail & Mid rail of
scaffold strength tube
or 10 MM wire rope
Bracket strap and
bracket assembly
(Typical)
Guardrail post is fixed
to bracket strap
LIGHT DUTY CLASSIFICATION ONLY
SAFE WORKING LOAD 120KG / M²
75mm x 5mm fillet
weld to tank shell
75mm (min.)
10mm thick
steel plate
(Typical)
Anchor plate hooks
over bracket strap
Rakers
Girder(Beam) clamp -
must be used in pairs
Section A - A
Preferred method of
hanger tube fixing
Detail
B
A
A
Check couplers
Check couplers on
trapeze tubes
Section B - B
hanger tube fixing
Alternative method of
fixing hanger tubes using
swivel couplers (minimum 4)
ALL under hung(hanging) scaffolds are classified as
engineered scaffolds and must be designed
by a qualified person before erection commences
Detail
B
RED, “Do not use” scaffold tag to
be displayed, as soon as scaffold
erection starts, at any time when
the scaffold is being modified and
at all times when the scaffold is
being dismantled
GREEN, “Safe for use”
scaffold
tag to be displayed after scaffold GREEN, “Safe for use”
scaffold
tag to be displayed after scaffold is inspected by ‘Competent person’
and handed over for use
Remember to inspect scaffolds
BEFORE dismantling commences
Front Reverse
Inspection to be carried out by
competent person and result recorded in
the scaffold register
Inspect weekly and after:-
• Bad weather defined as rainfall in
excess of 40mm/hour and/or wind speed
of
65
Km/hour or greater and/or
All details to be completed All details to be completed
by Competent Person by Competent Person
appointed by contractor appointed by contractor
of
65
Km/hour or greater and/or
electrical storm.
• Major modification.
• Any mishap resulting in tilting,jarring
or overloading
Record of inspection here
“
Yellow Tag” scaffold can only
be authorized by Fluor Safety
“Yellow Tag” scaffolds are only
permitted under special
circumstances when it is not possible
to erect a “Green Tag” scaffold
INDICATE SPECIAL
SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
HERE
be authorized by Fluor Safety
Scaffolding Specialist
HExtensive training required for “Competent Persons and for scaffold workers
HNo scaffolding work above unprotected employees
HWarn those below when scaffolding work commences
HBarricade the area where scaffolding work is in progress
HUse proper PPE at all time
HReport unstable footings, ties and connections immediately
HBe observant for unstable or missing boards
HUse the ladder to reach the working platform(s) DO NOT CLIMB THE SCAFFOLD FRAMEWORK
HDo not use ladders on top of scaffolds to increase the working height
HNever overload the scaffold beyond the stated limits
HOnly scaffolding personnel are permitted to alter scaffolds