Schools of Criminology.pptx different schools of crminoligy

Schools

1. Schools of Criminology Criminology LL.M.I (criminal law) Dr. Manisha Kale

2. Combination of two wards crimen and logia Criminology is the scientific analysis of the- Nature of the crime Perpetrators of crime Causes of crime Formulation of criminal laws Ways of crime prevention Criminology -Meaning

3. 1. Theoretical or Pure Criminal Anthropology Criminal Sociology Criminal Psychology Criminal psycho- neuro -pathology Penology Victimology 2.Applied criminology Criminalistics Nature and Scope

4. Pre Classical School Classical School Neo Classical Positive School Sociological School Clinical School Schools of Criminology

5. Seventeenth/Eighteenth century Lack of scientific knowledge Demonological Theory is expounded by exponents of this school Man is by nature simple and innocent and his actions are controlled by some super power Evil factors are responsible for criminality Evil factors are called as “demon” or “devil” Omnipotence of spirit Pre classical School

6. Middle of eighteenth century Beccaria laid emphasis on mental phenomenon rejecting omnipotence of spirit Human behavior is self generated or self control Free will theory- Baccaria Pain and pleasure theory-Donald Taft Punishment as a principle method of infliction of pain Classical school

7. According to neo classists mental disorders deprave a person of his normal capacity to control his conduct Neo- classists recognized need for variations in sentencing on the basis of age, mental conditions etc. Neo- classists asserted a need to classify offenders in different categories They recommend lenient treatment for mentally depraved criminals Punishment to be awarded by considering the personality of the offender as a whole Neo Classical School

8. With development of human psychology study of emotional aspect of human nature is recognized Clinical school recognized correctional trend of reformation through individualization Suggests that hardened criminals should be punished with severe punishments and others should be subjected to correctional methods Personality of man is combination of different factors, punishment should depend upon personality of offender Clinical School

9. Nineteenth century Main exponents Cesasre Lombroso Originator of modern criminology Italian doctor in army He laid greater emphasis over individual personality of the offender and his biological nature of human behavior He asserted that physical factors termed by him as anthropological factors are responsible for criminal behavior Classification of criminals into three main classes 1.The atavists or hereditary criminals 2. Insane criminals 3.Criminoids Positive School

10. According to Ferri mere biological reasons were not enough to account for criminality Other factors emotional, geographical conditions etc. play important role in determining criminal behavior Crime is the synthetic product of three main factors 1.Physical or geographical 2. Anthropological 3. Psychological or social According Ferri five classes of criminals 1.Born criminals 2.Occassional criminals 3.Passionate criminals 4.Insane criminals 5.Habitual criminals Enrico Ferri

11. Eminent jurist Senator and professor of criminal law Crime is an act which offends pity and probity Lack of Pity generates crimes against person and Lack of probity leads to crimes against property He classify crimes into 1. Murderers endemic lacking sentiments of pity and probity 2.Violent criminals lacking sentiments of pity 3. Criminals lacking sentiments of probity such as thieves 4.Lascivious criminals He was not in favour of reformation of criminals Gabriel Tarde-Critique of positive school of criminology Raffaele Gruffalo

12. Effect of social environment was most emphatic on criminal behavior and physical factors only had a casual effect . Classification of criminals into urban and rural types Law of insertion and imitation responsible for commission of crime Three laws of imitation 1. The law of close contact or association 2. Inferiors imitating their superiors 3.The law of insertion Gabriel Tarde-Critique of positive school of criminology

13. Factors responsible for crime causation Mobility, culture, religion, economy, political ideologies, density of population, employment situations etc. Differential association theory of Sutherland- Criminal behavior is learnt and not inherited. person becomes criminal through association with other criminals Criminal and non criminal associations and these two forces are constantly counteracting Criminal behavior results in when circumstances favorable to violations of law outweigh those which are unfavorable to law breaking. Sociological School of criminology

14. Mobility Industrialization and Urbanization Expansion of means of communication Migration of people at new places where they are strangers New places offers them greater opportunities of crime commission At new places chances of detection and their identification are very less. Multiple factor theory

15. Cultural Transmission Theory of Crime Three main causes of Culture Conflict 1.Residential Instability 2.Social or Ethnic heterogeneity 3.Poverty Illustrations 1. Indo-Pak Partition Bangladesh Partition Communal Riots Culture conflicts

16. Lack of parental Control Disintegration of joint family system Rise in divorce matters Neglect of child Disorganization of Family Frequent quarrels amongst parents Step motherly treatment to children Family background

17. Political ideology Parliamentarians who are politicians and also law makers Interference of politicians in executive functions of the government Religion and crime Morality standards of morality are framed by religious institutions Religious principles keeps a person away from sinful activities Violation of morality principles results into a crime Changes in religious ideologies and declining influence of religion-rise in crime rate

18. Ecology and Crime Ecological Theory of Criminality Influence of media Impact of radio, television, video films, pictures, newspapers, magazines Propagation of views through press and social media Economic conditions Relation of Crime and economic condition W. A. Bonger –Relation is inverse Enrico Ferri-It is direct and positive

19. Criminality and economic condition- by W. A. Bonger 79% criminals belong to non profitable class Capitalism is a potential cause of criminality Adverse effects of capitalism 1. Unequal distribution of wealth 2.Rise in prices of products 3. Economic cycles of inflation and deflation 4. Competitive tendency among entrepreneurs Economic Theory of Criminality